Ethereum side chain lightning Trading

1.

Ethereum energy coin is not MLM

Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. Ethereum provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency Ethereum

in 2013, vitalik buterin, 19, first mentioned the idea of Ethereum in a book entitled "Ethereum white paper: next generation intelligent connection and decentralized application platform". Then, in 2014, the algorithm and protocol of Ethernet coin were officially implemented, and $150 million was raised. The system itself was finally completed on July 30, 2015

as the representative of blockchain 2.0, the mainstream currency Ethernet is regarded as the wind vane of crypto digital currency market. However, over the past week, the price of ether currency has continued to fall. On August 14, 2018, the ethereal currency plummeted by 20%, reaching a record low of $257 this year. Compared with this year's peak of $1295, the price of Ethernet currency has shrunk by more than 80%. Affected by this, on August 15, 2018, none of the top ten mainstream currencies in the digital money market was spared, falling across the board, with a number of single day declines exceeding 10%

extended data

Ethereum started planning almost in 2013, and started to implement the project in 2015. Before that, there were many digital currencies imitating bitcoin in the market, and they made various modifications on the basis of bitcoin code. In this way, it is very difficult to develop a new blockchain application, to re deploy a new chain, and then to develop an application on this chain. Using a consensus mechanism of pow alone is a huge maintenance workload. It's like developing an app on a mobile phone and developing the Android system together

after Ethereum comes out, it is equivalent to the underlying operating system of the blockchain. On Ethereum, it is very convenient to develop various dapps without considering the underlying development, and it can also share the computing power and storage of Ethereum. For programmers, the threshold of blockchain development is lowered instantly. The emergence of Ethereum has played a very important role in the development and popularization of blockchain applications. That's why Ethereum is called blockchain 2.0

2.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

3. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

4. The most popular is bitcoin. Bitcoin has been popular for a long time. It can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items
in China, the other one I know is the network mutual aid blockchain, which represents the platform of concentric mutual aid. Blockchain technology is used to solve the shortcomings of the network mutual aid instry. At present, blockchain is also very popular in the network mutual aid instry.

5. The degree of decentralization of public chain. This kind of public blockchain, represented by bitcoin and Ethereum, is not controlled by a third party. All people in the world can read the data records on the chain, participate in transactions and compete for the bookkeeping rights of new blocks
program developers have no right to interfere with users, and each participant (i.e. node) can freely join and exit the network, and carry out relevant operations according to their wishes
private blockchain is on the contrary. The write permission of the network is fully controlled by an organization or institution, and the data read permission is regulated by the organization, either open to the outside world or with a certain degree of access restrictions
in short, it can be understood as a weakly centralized or multi centralized system. Because the participating nodes are strictly limited and few; Compared with public chain, private chain has shorter time to reach consensus, faster transaction speed, higher efficiency and lower cost
the alliance chain is a blockchain between the public chain and the private chain, which can realize "partial decentralization"
each node in the chain usually has its corresponding entity or organization; Participants join the network through authorization and form a stakeholder alliance to jointly maintain the operation of the blockchain.

6. Lightning bitcoin has not been well known because it is a bifurcated coin of bitcoin. Many users in the coin circle instinctively dislike this kind of token. Fork coin has now become synonymous with money and running. But what you may not know is that all bifurcated bitcoin can be called currency in the eyes of foreign regulators. The US SEC only recognizes bitcoin and Ethereum as currencies because they have not concted ICO in public channels. Accordingly, these bifurcated currencies are regarded as currency. And lightning bitcoin is the only one that doesn't pre dig in the fork coin. You can imagine that bitcoin is 100 banknotes issued by a bank, and all kinds of bifurcated banknotes are equivalent to banknotes of different denominations issued by the bank. You may not be able to understand the valuable value of this. When it comes to the circulation of entities, if you are a bifurcated coin of bitcoin, it is easy to pass the government compliance. In short, the reason why the Grand Prince BCH can get through the physical circulation in Japan so quickly is just the light of bitcoin
then why should I say that lightning bitcoin is a great currency experiment? We compare lightning bitcoin to a free economy with three major stakeholders: developers, miners and holders

so far, no blockchain project can effectively govern the three. Why? The reason is very simple. In an ICO project, the developers, coin holders and even miners are the same group. It's easy to understand. Why should he give the best interests to the ICO holders? This is obviously not in line with human nature. The reason why lightning bitcoin dares to do chain governance is related to the issuing mode of lightning bitcoin. LBTC's "governance on the chain" is another attempt to "decentralize", which is also very eye-catching. Dpos mechanism determines that there are 101 nodes in the network. At the same time, unlike pow, the right of choice is in the hands of the coin holder. These nodes will be elected by the vote of the coin holder. When the node does not act, the user can vote out of the network. According to last week's weekly report, LBTC's block browser has also added this function, which can view the operation of nodes in real time. It also paves the way for LBTC's "chain governance". In the LBTC system, all coin holders can vote to decide whether the project development proposal will go or stay, and all members of the organization can participate in the decision-making and operation of the organization. In addition, the 5000 standard of lockup after the election of the lightning node ensures that the node is both a mine pool and a coin holder. In this way, the relationship among miners, developers and users is well balanced, and the foundation of an autonomous organization is formed.

7. Compared with BCH and BSV, lightning bitcoin LBTC is also derived from bitcoin, and its original intention is to solve some shortcomings and defects of bitcoin itself. However, the biggest difference of LBTC is that it adopts dpos consensus mechanism instead of pow consensus mechanism. The most significant advantages of LBTC are as follows:

first, it greatly improves performance, As we all know, the number of transfers per second of bitcoin, that is, TPS, is only about 7, and other bitcoin forked coins using POW consensus mechanism are almost the same. The theoretical value of TPS of LBTC can reach 2800, and the current actual level can reach more than 1000, and the performance has been improved by several orders of magnitude. The slogan "fast as lightning" is by no means empty words. If you are interested, you can download a wallet from the official website of LBTC or Cobo to experience it

Second, it greatly reces the energy consumption and participation threshold. As we all know, the high energy consumption caused by POW mining represented by bitcoin has been criticized by the outside world. At the same time, because mining has already become a heavy asset instry, mining machinery, mining and other fields have been monopolized by a few big players, ordinary small and medium-sized investors and new manufacturers have little room to survive, It has formed a situation in which the strong are always strong. However, POS / dpos currencies only need ordinary PCs or even mobile phones to run wallets and stack, so as to obtain revenue

thirdly, it introces chain governance, which achieves a good balance between democracy and efficiency. At the same time, it encourages users to actively participate in community affairs through voting and staging mechanism. In the world of pow, power is power, simple and crude; In the world of POS, those who hold more money will have more right to speak and gain

in the world of dpos, it is not simply to see who holds more money. At the same time, it needs the extensive support of the community to exercise power on behalf of the community. At the same time, the majority of small and medium-sized users also have the opportunity to launch motions, express their demands, and participate in decision-making

because bitcoin has carried too many interests, we are very cautious about any improvement of bitcoin, and the pace is very slow, which leads to the division of the community and the proction of many forked coins. However, in fact, compared with bitcoin, the improvements made by BCH and BSV are quite limited, so the improvement in all aspects is also very limited

therefore, if you take a closer look at LBTC, you will find that it is actually a very interesting bitcoin fork coin. I think it is a very bold and imaginative experiment based on bitcoin. If lightcoin has been used as a testing ground for new technologies and new ideas for bitcoin in many cases, LBTC can be regarded as a testing ground for bitcoin with greater and more thorough changes

just mentioned, one of the biggest obstacles in the promotion and use of bitcoin is that TPS is too low to carry high-frequency transactions. Compared with bitcoin and some well-known bifurcated currencies such as BCH and BSV, the performance of LBTC is improved by several orders of magnitude, and the actual TPS can reach more than 1000

increasing TPS can rece verification time, but it will inevitably sacrifice security or decentralization. If TPS increases blindly, blockchain will completely sacrifice "decentralization". At the same time, the requirements on the miner's machine configuration will be more stringent. If it can not upload the transaction in time, it will proce more unfinished transactions, and the hidden danger will be greater. Although EOS uses 21 super nodes to achieve high efficiency, it also sacrifices some "decentralization" and security, and introces potential risks such as DDoS

in the past two years, many public chain projects blindly pursue high TPS, and often claim to have achieved tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions of TPS. In order to improve TPS, some project parties buy millions of equipment to test in a laboratory, which only plays a PR effect or amuses themselves. Such a high TPS is meaningless. Even if it can reach or close to such a number, for the current market demand, it also belongs to excess performance, which is bound to cause unnecessary waste of resources

according to the calculation of relevant research institutions, even if the public chain processes 100 million transactions every day, thousand level TPS is enough. It's worth noting that the TPS of Libra, which is to be launched by Facebook, is also around 1000. You should know that Facebook has as many as 2.7 billion users in the world, which should be determined by them after careful consideration

this means that LBTC's TPS can meet the needs of processing 100 million transactions per day, which is quite pragmatic and can fully meet the needs of global users in the next few years. Moreover, LBTC also has a high degree of scalability. With the further improvement of global Internet infrastructure, the performance of LBTC will continue to improve. It can be said that the current LBTC has found a good balance in the "Impossible Triangle" of efficiency, security and decentralization

in the view of many bitcoin fundamentalists, only the pow path chosen by Nakamoto is the only right way. POW consensus mechanism has experienced nearly 10 years of stable operation and continuous market test, and dpos has been more than 6 years since its birth. So how about doing an experiment to see what wonderful chemical reactions can be proced by combining bitcoin with dpos

if this dpos version of bitcoin can also withstand the continuous test of 10 years, will we still insist that only POW is the only right way for bitcoin? Of course, we don't have a definite answer to this question. Time will tell

although I also claim to be a believer of bitcoin, I think the existence of LBTC is very meaningful. This significance does not mean to replace bitcoin, or like some fans of other forked coins, I think that only the branch I support is the real bitcoin, but to explore more and wider possibilities in technology and form a useful supplement to bitcoin.

8. virtual currency, or more formally, digital currency. Although it carries the words of currency, it should be a kind of digital financial asset. Its value comes from the application of blockchain technology in payment, clearing, notarization, digital verification and other aspects, which brings efficiency improvement and cost rection
as you can understand it, it's like the stock of these technology service providers. As these technologies become more and more widely used, these virtual coins will become more and more valuable
bitcoin, which appeared in 2009, is the first kind of virtual currency in the world. It is also the first time that it has applied the blockchain technology which is popular all over the world
after bitcoin, there are many imitators in the market. They either improved on the basis of bitcoin, or put forward more grand technical ideas than bitcoin. Virtual currency, which is common in other markets and considered as "regular army" by instry insiders, is collectively referred to as competitive currency. Together with bitcoin, it forms the whole digital currency market, with a total market value of nearly 100 billion US dollars
there are thousands of virtual currencies in the market, most of which are risky; In addition, there are many MLM coins that are simply for the purpose of deceiving people< In order to help you avoid being cheated, the following is a brief introction to the main "regular army":
1. Bitcoin (BTC)
bitcoin is the first virtual currency in the world, with a total of 21 million. At present, more than 16 million bitcoins have been "g up", with a total market value of about US $45 billion, equivalent to half of the total market value of all virtual coins. It is well deserved to be the number one in the coin circle
bitcoin has been accepted as payment currency by hundreds of thousands of businesses around the world; In addition, bitcoin has also become a common money raising currency in various blockchain technology startups. Therefore, with the increasing demand for bitcoin, the value of bitcoin is likely to grow in the long run
2. Eth is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0" and is the most likely competitor to surpass the market value of bitcoin. Some time ago, the market value of bitcoin was close to that of bitcoin. However, e to the price rection in the recent month, the market value of bitcoin is only about half of that of bitcoin
Ethernet coin was born in the summer of 2014. It is issued on the Ethereum blockchain, which is different from bitcoin. Ethereum blockchain is a decentralized application platform, which solves the problems of bitcoin's technical limitation in currency application and insufficient function expansion, so it has great technical advantages
3. Bitcash (BCH)
BCH inherits a small part of bitcoin's legacy, the name of bitcoin's cash is also good, and the image logo also inherits a part of bitcoin. The ecology of BCH is also good
BCH pursues to be a world currency and an underlying platform for chain application. BCH is actively deploying the main chain expansion and developing the two-tier network to realize the ideal
the whole ecology should be made efforts from two aspects. The first direction is the expansion of the main chain, payment experience and function improvement. Capacity expansion is the guarantee to keep the certainty of monetary transaction fees very low. Improving the payment experience, including popularizing zero confirmation, pre consensus, and possibly shortening block time, are all evolving towards a better payment experience. The main chain function is perfect, including Op_ Return expansion, token issuance, new opcode addition
with the expansion of BCH main chain function, BCH based applications can be developed. The most famous are the decentralized microblog like memo, the paid download seed application like joystream, and the decentralized encrypted communication like Keyport
the second direction is to develop layer-2 network. Build a new blockchain based on BCH network, such as wormhole and kenoken, which are similar to Ethereum network based on BCH. BCH undertakes more complex block chain functions, such as notification contract, through two-layer network. The competition direction of BCH layer 2 network is to compete with the side chain of BTC
4. Lightning bitcoin (LBTC)
bitcoin has been developing for 10 years. In this decade, bitcoin has experienced three important splits, and now it has become four kinds of currencies. The first is BTC, which has inherited most of bitcoin's heritage; The second is BCH; The third is BSV and the fourth is LBTC
LBTC was born to break the power monopoly of big miner and bitcoin core bitcoin, introce more new features and functions for bitcoin, and greatly improve its performance. Lightning bitcoin (LBTC) is a peer-to-peer e-cash system, which is an innovative experiment based on bitcoin. It uses the dpos consensus mechanism based on utxo to separate the voting right and accounting right, so that the token will not be kidnapped by any party. It is a global value Internet transmission protocol with high speed, low handling charge and high scalability. Due to the adoption of dpos consensus mechanism, users can participate without professional mining machines, achieving real decentralization
the above four are the most mainstream bifurcated versions of bitcoin protocol. They are also investment procts that can realize your desire of soaring wealth. Senior managers can play with them, but the premise is that you need to be prepared for huge losses - because they are very volatile
for Xiao, I would like to say: Although virtual currency is a secret weapon for ordinary people to counter attack the sudden wealth, it's very difficult for you to make a lot of money from it
in addition, at present, the price of virtual bitcoin is at a high level, and it can not be ruled out that it will mainly be sideways in 2019. At this time, I think it is a good choice to some other mainstream bifurcation currencies, such as BCH, BSV and LBTC.

9. Generally, blockchain, especially public chain, has main network and test network. The main network is a trusted blockchain network recognized by the blockchain community, and its transaction information is recognized by all members. Effective blocks will be added to the block ledger of the main network after the consensus of the blockchain network
many people don't understand what side chain is. This concept comes from bitcoin community and was put forward in December 2013. There are some problems with the birth of bitcoin itself or the mechanism of a blockchain itself. But if you modify bitcoin protocol or chain directly, it is easy to make mistakes. Moreover, because the bitcoin block has been operating continuously, if it is wrong, the amount of funds involved will be very large, which is not allowed
in fact, sidechains do not refer to a particular blockchain, but to all blockchains that comply with the side chain protocol. This term is relative to the main chain of bitcoin
for more information, what is a side chain

10. The problem of transaction delay and blocking has plagued bitcoin and Ethereum network for a long time, and it is also one of the reasons for the high transaction cost. The recent example is a popular cryptokitties project, which makes all transactions based on Ethereum stop. Block expansion or lightning network can not solve this problem from the root. The business implementation strategy of main chain + multi-level side chain adopted by aelf project can be regarded as the divide and conquer method adopted at the application end. The side chain mode of "one chain, one scene" makes the chain function more single, and the throughput bottleneck of a single business will not affect the whole network business, At the same time, taking different collection incentive and mining incentive strategies according to different business chains can also urge the self-improvement of the business and facilitate the main chain to connect with more complicated business side chains.