The consumption of Ethereum gas is all for miners
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilityAt present, the mining mode can be roughly divided into PPLNs, PPS and PPS +. However, if you want to get a stable income from mining, it is recommended to choose the mining software of PPS mode
when miners are mining, if you want to know how many etheric coins you get, you can use ha Yu miner to see clearly the daily mining income
Harbin miners showed a unified display of revenue for BTC, easy to see, and support for cash withdrawals to Alipay wallet and bitcoin wallet. p>
first, smart contracts are so good that they are not useless
smart contracts. As the name suggests, smart contracts refer to contracts that can be executed automatically by computer code; Ethereum virtual machine is used to execute smart contract; Smart account is the carrier that smart contract can be executed. In other words, smart account, this "account" can be controlled by Ethereum virtual machine. According to what control, according to smart contract
there is no free lunch in the world. The smart contract function is so good that it's not useless. When you trade in Ethereum, you have to pay the miner's handling charge. So what's the handling charge you have to pay on Ethereum system, and what's the relationship between
gas and handling charge
2. What's the matter with Ethereum gas
Ethereum gas is similar to automobile fuel. It needs Ethereum gas to drive smart contract. Gas is an English word, Chinese meaning: gas, gasoline, this thing in daily life, is a consumable. Why does Ethereum proce fuel
what is the meaning of gas in Ethereum? In fact, Ethereum's gas is closely related to transaction costs. Ethereum transaction needs service charge. This gas is the calculation mode of service charge of Ethereum
in the setting of Ethereum, the transaction fee is similar to an encrypted fuel, namely gas, which can drive the movement of smart contracts. When Ethereum executes transactions on the blockchain, the fuel will be graally consumed according to the rules of the characteristics
from this point of view, gas is really the same as its original intention, like automobile fuel. If you want to start a car, you must need fuel
What is the difference between the transaction fees of Ethereum gas and bitcoin In essence, Ethereum is a virtual machine, which is decentralized and controlled by people all over the world, forming a "world-class computing network". When you send a token, execute a contract, transfer Ethereum, or do other things on the block, the computer needs to calculate when processing the transaction, which consumes network resources. In this way, you have to pay the "gas" to get the computer to work for you and the miners to process the transaction for yougenerally, the higher the gas price the sender is willing to pay, the greater the value the miners get from the transaction, and the more likely the miners are to choose the transaction. In this way, miners are free to choose to trade. In order to set the gas price for the sender as a reference, miners can directly put forward the lowest gas price they need to execute the transaction
How to calculate the gas consumption of Ethereumwhen Ethereum virtual machine processes transactions, Virtual Opportunities process one by one according to the operation instructions determined in the transaction, and each operation instruction has a specified gas consumption
Ethereum system stipulates two accounts: one is normal account and the other is smart account
for ordinary transfer transaction, that is to call "normal account", the required gas is fixed 21000
when calling "smart account", because the complexity of smart contract is different, the required gas is also different. The more resources (computation, memory, etc.) used to process transactions, the more gas will be needed. For example, an addition operation will consume 3gas. If more complex operations are performed, the more gas will be consumed
then you may ask a question: when a user's transaction involves a malicious smart contract, the contract is extremely complex, and the execution of the contract will consume unlimited fuel, what should we do? The solution of Ethereum system is: in order to avoid unlimited gas consumption caused by malicious
smart contract, the user needs to set the maximum allowable fuel consumption when sending the transaction, namely
gaslimit. In this way, even if there is a malicious smart contract, the worst case is only within the fuel consumption range specified by gaslimit
What is the relationship between Ethereum gas and transaction feeson Ethereum, the service charge you pay is equal to gasprice times gasused
you can understand gasprice as the unit price of fuel and gasused as how many liters of fuel the car needs
for a car, if you say 20 yuan per liter of gasoline, 10000 liters of gasoline is 200000 yuan. For Ethereum, each
gas is 20 gigabytes (gigabytes is the unit of quantity of Ethereum currency), and 10000 gas is: 20 times 10000 equals 200000 gigabytes, 20000 gigabytes equals 0.0002 Ethereum, that is to say, the transaction procere is 0.0002 Ethereum
the specific exchange value is shown in the following table:
for specific exchange rate query, you can check the following website:
for details https://jin10086.github.io/etherconVerter/
both gas price and ether price are freely regulated by the market, but they are different in that the price of ether fluctuates according to the market situation, while the price of gas is determined by miners, If the price of fuel falls below the miners' minimum requirements, the miners refuse to process the deal. The separation of gas and Ethereum can protect the system from the possible fluctuation with the rapid change of Ethereum price
generally speaking, most miners will choose to give priority to their interests. When dealing with the transaction, they will arrange according to the gas price from high to low, and give priority to those with high gas price. If you are in a hurry to trade, you need to raise the gas price so that the miners can see you earlier; If you are not in a hurry, you just need to set a gas price, which is above the bottom line of gas price set by miners
How is gas obtainedin fact, gas is the ether coin purchased from the miner. The ether coin in the user's own account can purchase gas from the miner, and the Ethereum client will automatically purchase gas with Ethereum according to the specified maximum transaction expenditure limit
Where did gas go in the endfor each transaction, the initiator of the transaction must set the gas limit and gas price. Different operations will proce different gas costs. When the gas is used up, the miner will stop executing, and the gas used will be used as a reward to the miner. This will involve several situations:
the first situation is that if there is a surplus gas, the miner will stop executing, Then the remaining gas will be returned to the transaction initiator or the creator of the smart contract. For example, if I send an Ethereum to Yiyi, the gas limit I set is 50000, and the gas normally consumed is 21000, then the remaining 29000 that has not been consumed will be returned to me
in the second case, if the gas limit I set is too low, or the Ethereum in my account is not enough to pay for my gas consumption, then the transaction will be cancelled e to insufficient gas, and the gas used for calculation will not be returned to my account
in the third case, if the transaction fails, I have to pay the handling charge for the occupied computing resources
How to set a reasonable gas pricebefore each transaction, you can query this website to confirm the gas price to be set: https://ethGasstation.info/ To sum up, in this article, we mainly introce the gas and service charge of Ethereum: gas is equivalent to fuel oil. When you process transactions on Ethereum virtual machine, you will consume computing resources, that is, gas. On Ethereum, the service charge you pay is equal to gasprice multiplied by gasused, that is, the unit price of gas multiplied by the total amount of gas consumed. The complexity of the operation is different, and the cost of gas is also different. When the gas is used up, the miner will stop executing, and the gas used will be used as a reward to the miner. The miner will give priority to the trader with higher gas price
Ethereum miner fee
1. In a public chain, anyone can read and write data. Reading data is free, but writing data to the public chain costs a certain amount of money, which helps to prevent junk content and protect its security through payment
Secondly, any node on the network (each connected device containing a of the account book is called a node) can participate in the mining method to protect the network. As mining requires computing power and electricity charges, miners need to be paid for their services, which is also the origin of miners' fees Third, the difference between Ethereum and bitcoin, Ethereum introces the concept of gas, the purpose of which is to limit the amount of work required to execute the transaction and pay for the execution. Gas is used to measure the resources (including computation, storage, bandwidth, etc.) consumed by your transaction (or contract code call)
extended data:
ten rights of miners:
1. The "ten rights" of coal mining enterprise workers in safe proction include: the shift leader does not go down the well, and the workers have the right not to go down the well; The workers have the right to leave the well early if the shift leader leaves the well early; Workers have the right not to work if potential safety hazards are not investigated; If the management personnel command against rules and regulations, the workers have the right not to carry out them
Without safety measures, workers have the right not to start work; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they don't organize safety study before class; If the "Trinity" (monitor, safety inspector and gas inspector) safety inspection is not carried out, workers have the right not to start work The workers have the right not to start the work if the detection and monitoring system is not installed in place and operates abnormally; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they are not equipped with fully qualified labor protection and protective equipment; The route to avoid disaster is not marked, and workers have the right not to go down the well. The coal mine shall not dect the wages and dismiss the workers for the above reasonsIf you forget the stock capital password and transaction password, there is no other way, you can only bring your ID card, shareholder account card and other relevant materials to the securities counter. For specific questions, you can consult the customer manager
stock account refers to the account opened by investors in securities companies for stock trading
opening a stock account is a prerequisite for investors to enter the stock market
precautions for opening stock account
(1) required certificate: ID card. If a legal person's stock account is opened, the original (or ) of the business license and the power of attorney of the legal person shall be issued at the same time
(2) fees include: application form fee and account opening fee(3) operation process: investors need to fill in the application form and pay the handling fee; Hold relevant certificates, application forms and receipts of account opening fees to the account opening counter and hand them to the counter undertaker; After the undertaker checks the above materials, the applicant takes back the relevant certificates and receipts and gets the stock account card
extended information:
stock account loss reporting and re handling
(1) Shenzhen securities account loss reporting and re handling
1. If an investor loses his securities account card, he / she can report the loss and re handle the new number of securities account at Shenzhen Branch of China Securities Regulatory Commission or its designated securities business office with his / her ID card
2. If the investor loses the securities account and ID card at the same time, he / she should report the loss and go through the replacement proceres with the ID card loss certificate, account book and its issued by the public security organ
3. If the investor entrusts others to report the loss, the agent should present the legal notarization document at the same time
(two) the loss of the securities account in the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the replacement of the
securities business department will apply for the loss of the securities account according to the following proceres:
1, carefully examine the identity card of the investor (for example, if the identity card is lost at the same time, it must provide the certificate of loss of the body certificate issued by the public security police station under the registered residence, and paste the official seal of my recent certificate); p>
2. All securities in the securities account will be frozen
3. After the investor provides a new securities account with the same securities account registration information opened by the agency of Shanghai Securities Central Registration and Clearing Company, the corresponding securities account transfer proceres shall be handled for the investor
(4) after the securities business department has accepted the transfer of investors' accounts and registered their securities subsidiary accounts, it will send the change information to Shanghai Securities Central Registration and Clearing Company for change registration before the closing of the market on that day5. The securities business department can handle the application for investors to cancel the loss report, but the securities account that has gone through the proceres of securities transfer can not cancel the loss report
6. When the securities business department accepts the loss report of investors' securities accounts, the Shanghai Securities Central Registration and Clearing Company will change all the securities rights and interests in the loss report account to the account of the transferor at one time
eth0 to awk for processing
where - F & # 39;:|< br />+'
this is a separator defined by awk and then matched with "BCAST & quot;, Take the content of the fourth column
since your command is not universal, you can't output the result here, but you should intercept the broadcast address
Gas is translated as "gasoline cost". Gas was originally implemented on the Ethereum blockchain to measure the computing and storage resources consumed by messages
in other blockchains, node participants specify gasfee in local currency, and then pay priority fees to the proction node participants' blocks according to the natural gas consumed by the message
In fact, gas is similar to gasoline, which is used as the energy of a car to ensure that the car can run normally. Gas on Ethereum network "refuels" the transaction behavior and allows users to perform different operations
{rrrrrrr}
the reason for the existence of gas. Gas fee will be priced from high to low. Messages with low price may not be packaged, while messages with high price will be packaged first, so gas fee is a market behavior
when the news is congested, the cost of gas will rise. If we do not deal with the congested news in time, we will lose the computing power. If the computing power does not recover for two consecutive days, we will be severely punished
if there is no gas, users can execute a program that will never stop. The reason may be that there is a problem with the code, or someone does evil. In order to prevent this situation, Ethereum introces the gas cost associated with each operation, which will prevent the program from running forever, and finally make the whole network stagnate
miners will give priority to the deals with reasonable gas and high gas price. If the miner's fee paid by the user is very low (out of gas), the transaction may not be packaged by the miner, resulting in the failure of the transaction. The transaction cost of tokenpocket (also the transaction cost of Ethereum) = gas quantity * gas price
gas is the unit used to measure the calculation workload required to perform specific operations on the Ethereum blockchain. The name itself was not chosen by accident. Gas is actually similar to gasoline, which is used as the energy of a car to ensure that the car can run normally. Gas on Ethereum network "refuels" the transaction behavior and allows users to perform different operations
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.