The logic of virtual currency
in the era of stand-alone games, the protagonist accumulates money by knocking down the enemy, entering the gambling house to win money, etc., which can be used to buy Herbs and equipment, but only in his own game console; The special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging service provider is used to purchase the services within the website
there are four types of virtual currency in the market:
1. Game currency developed by game operators for players to use as a trading medium in online games
2. A special virtual currency issued by the portal or instant messaging tools for use in the operating cyberspace
3. Interactive virtual currency, which can be used in the issuing entity of virtual currency and can purchase goods and services from non issuing entities
4. Based on cryptography and modern network P2P technology, a special electronic and digital network cryptocurrency is proced through complex mathematical algorithm
the instrialization of virtual money will form a virtual money market. If the emergence of the stock market is the proct of the combination of instrial capital and financial capital, then virtual currency will be the proct of the combination of service capital and financial capital. Modern service instry, especially personalized modern information service instry, will become the instrial foundation of personalized virtual currency
the personalized virtual money market is different from the stock market and derivative financial instrument market. The latter is more established for the needs of instrialization, which is also reflected in meeting the needs of the so-called modern service instry; The instrial foundation of the former is closely related to the demand of informatization
The future of the tertiary instry is different from the service instry, its development direction is the post-modern service instry, that is, the experience instry, that is, more personalized instry to meet the development needs of spirit, culture and entertainment. The stock market will make more use of information to guide the rational investment of instry and service instry, while the personalized virtual money market will make more use of information to guide the perceptual consumption of experience instry1、 Different definitions:
1. Virtual currency:
virtual currency refers to non real currency
digital currency:digital currency is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy
3. Cryptocurrency:
cryptocurrency is a kind of transaction medium that uses cryptography principles to ensure transaction security and control the creation of transaction units
4. Token (token):
a kind of article whose shape and size are similar to currency, but the scope of use is limited and has no currency effect, and its token is the homonym of token in English
Second, the characteristics are different:1; It can also be said that virtual currency is personalized currency. In another way, it can also be called information currency
2. Digital currency:
is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of specific virtual communities
Cryptocurrency:cryptocurrency is based on the decentralized consensus mechanism, which is opposite to the banking and financial system relying on the centralized regulatory system
4. Token (token):
usually needs to be exchanged for money, used in shops, playgrounds, mass transportation and other places, as a voucher to use services and exchange goods
extended data
at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investment company
digital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields except digital currency, which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market and financial stability
The price of a bitcoin soared from more than $20000 to $40000. This can not help but arouse my research interest, or simply understand what bitcoin is, what its mechanism looks like, and uncover its mystery. Therefore, after a simple search of some information and some understanding of the special currency, I sorted out the information on hand< (3) purpose: decentralize, rece risk
all servers in the distributed network can store and process data, and each server has equal status, which can store more data and has higher security<
this is the general content of popular science. If you want to know more about it, you can take a look at Nakamoto's paper and the official popular science video below
There is no definition and distinction between game currency and stock, derivative financial instruments, especially electronic currency. In fact, there is an internal thread that can run through these different forms of virtual currency, which is the performance maturity of personalized value. We can summarize it logically as follows:
Bank e-money
Bank e-money was initially a kind of "pseudo virtual money". It only has the form of virtual currency, such as digitization and symbolization, but it does not have the essence of virtual currency and has nothing to do with personalization. For example, it is just the counterpart of paper money; It may be issued by the central bank; It may be in the same market as the money market. However, bank e-money has broken through the extension of money, that is, it can also be issued not by the central bank, but by information service providers, as was the case with several early e-money. The second breakthrough is the liquidity of bank e-money, which far exceeds that of ordinary money. Therefore, it implies a challenge to the pricing power of currency price level. For example, in overnight lending, if the same money is turned over several times in the form of electronic money, although from the traditional monetary point of view, nothing has happened, but from the perspective of virtual money circulation speed, it has actually changed the conditions of money price level
credit information currency
stock is the most typical credit information currency. Its essence is virtual and it is a kind of virtual currency with personalized characteristics. It is the most realistic foundation of the current virtual economy. Stock market and derivative financial instrument market constitute a large-scale and unified virtual money market. They are not only based on entity business, but also supported by a wide range of information services such as trust business and insurance business. The so-called unified market refers to that the market as a whole can be exchanged with the money market at the overall level of national income. Historically, only when money forms a unified market, that is, the main body of the national economy is monetized, can the adjustment of money quantity and interest rate on the national economy be discussed. The same is true for the virtual economy. This issue is not without dispute. Although the scale of the virtual economy is several times larger than that of the real economy, a large part of the real economy has not entered the unified market. If the game currency is compared with stocks, its progress in this respect is far from satisfactory. Only through the two stages of entertainment instrialization and instrial entertainment, it is possible to reach the level of unified market
analyzing the stock market and derivative financial instrument market, the biggest difference between the stock market and the general money market is that its circulation speed cannot be directly determined by the central bank. For example, as a virtual currency, the price level of stock index can not be directly determined by the central bank like the interest rate, but by the so-called "confidence" of people. The fundamentals of the central bank and the real capital market can only indirectly determine the stock market, not directly. So I think the stock market is an information market, not a money market
compared with the mature virtual money market, the main characteristics of the stock market are incomplete. The stock market integrates the noise at all reference points (i.e. indivial gain and loss values) into a unified reference value, which is combined with the standard value (utility value on the basis and general equilibrium value) to form the continuous fluctuation of the market around the utility value. Although it is different from the money market with the central bank as the center for orderly centripetal movement, it is not different from the money market. From the point of view of the real virtual money market, the characteristic of this market is the incommensurable personalized fixed value. In this sense, the centralized stock market has not achieved this function, and the independent role of the stock market as the so-called "casino" has not been played. Thirdly,
the fundamental function of personalized credit voucher
virtual currency is to synthesize value on the spot of personality, rather than to determine a rational value in isolation at an equilibrium point separated from the real world. The significance of virtual currency is to establish a value system centered on the final consumer. After the full realization of virtual currency, the single currency with general equivalent function will tend to be backward. Game currency is the experimental field of virtual currency at a higher stage, and it is difficult to be a major task. The ideal virtual currency is the value symbol of the real world. In the general equivalent exchange, the specific use value and the corresponding subject of the specific use value, namely the non-homogeneous needs and personalized needs of people, are completely filtered out. Virtual currency will change all this, through the virtual way, people's heterogeneous needs and personalized needs will be anchored to the fundamentals by indivial reference point, and the value will be synthesized. Therefore, virtual currency must have two sides, one is to have the function of commodity exchange, the other is to have the function of barter. Through the former to overcome the relativity and subjectivity of value, through the latter to achieve personalized value confirmation. In order to achieve this goal, virtual currency must realize a huge transformation, which is to transform to dialogue system and become interactive currency. The bargaining here is aimed at the level of currency price. Recall that the transformation from text to dialogue, which has been realized for decades, is the direction of the transformation of virtual currency. The value of game currency is uncertain. When people exchange game currency, it is uncertain whether the ultimate happiness they may get is above or below the currency value until they participate in the game. The game is a dialogue process. Of course, various value-added functions of game currency have not been developed in combination with personalized information services. If this kind of value-added business is fully developed, game currency will not be used because of the different businesses providing services, which may become an advantage over stocks
a fully personalized virtual currency may be a kind of currency card with additional information, and its value is to be confirmed. Virtual currency with specific undetermined function and resial value, on the one hand, its information can have room for reinterpretation like text, on the other hand, it has the potential of karaoke like redevelopment. Its information value has an open interface and can be added again. If they are exchanged in the secondary market like the stock market, they may float up and down in the basic par value with their personalized information, and they will have more attractiveness like stocks. Game currency only has the function of value circulation, but not the function of market platform, so it is only an imperfect virtual currency. The reason is the lack of corresponding instrial base
No. Virtual currency with good operation and investment will survive for a long time and will not go bankrupt in a few months, such as bitcoin and internet currency of Internet companies
there are various types of virtual currencies. The virtual currencies with high acceptance abroad are Facebook's f currency, online game second life's Linden currency, etc., while the representative virtual currencies in China are Tencent's Q currency, Sina's u currency, online currency, Shanda Yuanbao, etc
virtual currency is different from check and telegraphic transfer. The value that virtual currency can't realize can't be transferred by bank. At present, it can only circulate in the network world. Virtual currency is released by various network organizations, and there is no unified issuance and management standard
2. The special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging service provider is used to purchase the services in the website the most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase value-added services such as membership and QQ show
3. Virtual currency on the Internet. For example, bitcoin, Wright currency, etc. bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Some people also translate bitcoin as "bitcoin", which is a kind of network virtual currency. It is mainly used for Internet financial investment, and can also be directly used in daily life as a new currency
money, in essence, is the contract of exchange right between owners. Different forms of money are unified in essence. In the past, e to people's unclear understanding of the nature of money, people mistakenly divided money into different categories from different angles, such as debt currency and non debt currency according to the commodity value of money, convertible currency and non convertible currency according to whether the exchange ratio of precious metals is agreed, etc
formally, according to the commodity value of money, it can be divided into physical money and formal money. Physical money itself is a special kind of goods, including the amount of value, such as sheep, precious metals, etc; The formal currency itself has no value, its value is contractual, only contractual value. The two forms are different, but they are unified in essence, that is, they are both agreed as the medium of exchange, and both have contractual value. The purchasing power of money depends on the contract value of money, but the purchasing power of physical money is also affected by its own commodity value. Generally, the commodity value of physical money is less than its contract value as money
in high school textbooks, the essence of money is interpreted as a general equivalent[ 3] This definition only starts from the function, in fact, it does not explain the essence of money, nor can it answer the inherent logical question, that is, why money can act as a general equivalent
for questions about the nature of monetary contract, please refer to monetary contract
secondly, virtual currency
refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
according to the notice and announcement issued by the people's Bank of China and other departments, virtual currency is not issued by the monetary authority, does not have legal compensation and mandatory monetary attributes, is not a real currency, does not have the same legal status as currency, cannot and should not be used as currency in the market, and citizens' investment and transaction of virtual currency are not protected by law.
1. Process: it is equipped with the latest generation of 5nm manufacturing process to bring the strongest processor performance to users. The 5nm manufacturing process brings the most top technology, cost and functional performance requirements
2. Core: the three cluster architecture of super core + big core + small core is used, in which the super core is cortex x1, the big core is cortex A78, and the small core is cortex A55
3. Experience: Super core cortex-x1 has 1MB L2 cache, while A78 has 256Kb L2 cache, which can give you better performance experience,
brings the strongest architecture for users at present, with A78 20% higher in performance and machine learning 100% higher in performance
4. Optimization: for game optimization, provide users with variable coloring rate, It can improve the performance by 30%
5. Other aspects: for other aspects of the game, 144hz high refresh rate / high frame rate, true 10 bit HDR, surreal enhanced image quality, fast mixing,
GPU driver update, Xbox cloud / Google stadia / Amazon Luna cloud game, etc<
second place: snapdragon 870
1. Process: 1 * 3.19ghz + 3 * 2.42ghz + 4 * 1.8GHz eight core configuration,
2. Architecture: one large core and three medium cores adopt a77 architecture, and four small cores adopt a550 +
3. Other aspects: the GPU of snapdragon 870 is the frequency upgraded adreno650, and the baseband is still x55 modem< GPU: the performance of the new generation kryo 585 CPU is improved by 25%, and the overall performance of the new Adreno 650 GPU is also improved by 25% compared with the previous generation platform
5. Experience: it brings 7Nm proction technology, which brings the best mobile phone performance experience for users
6. Pixel: 1 billion pixel high-speed ISP, processing speed up to 2 billion pixels per second, supporting new shooting features and functions
7. Video: users can take 4K HDR video with 1 billion colors, 8K video or capture photos up to 200 million pixels<
third place: snapdragon 865
1. CPU: new kryo 585 architecture, up to 2.84ghz
2. GPU: with Adreno 650, the performance is 25% higher than that of snapdragon 855
3. With snapdragon x55 5g baseband, it can support up to 7.5gbps download speed and WiFi 6 protocol
4. It adopts the fifth generation AI engine and supports the computing power of 15 tops
5. It supports lpddr5 memory, 144hz screen refresh rate, 200 megapixel camera, 8K 30 frame video recording and 960 frame slow motion shooting
6. The main frequency of CPU is consistent with snapdragon 855. The new cortex-a77 architecture should have about 20% performance improvement according to the official data of arm
7. GPU is 25% higher than snapdragon 855, and the overall performance is 20% higher. Lpddr5 memory is also a bonus
fourth place: snapdragon 855 +
1. Both snapdragon 855 and snapdragon 855 + CPU adopt the same architecture kyro485. The difference is that their large core frequency is different. The large core frequency of 855 + is 2.96ghz higher than that of 855< In terms of GPU, 855 and 855 + are both adreno640, but their frequencies are also different. The frequency of 855 + is 672mhz, while that of 855 + is only 585mhz. The graphics ability of 855 + is 15% higher than that of 855
3. The same 7Nm process, both of them adopt the 1 + 3 + 4 8-core design. Except for the different frequencies of the large cores, the frequencies of the other 7 small cores remain unchanged< So in theory, snapdragon 855 + has stronger mononuclear ability
5. The iqoo equipped with Xiaolong 85 and Nubia z20 equipped with Xiaolong 855plus are compared. According to the running points, the actual performance of Xiaolong 855 + is more than that of Xiaolong 855 in both single core and multi-core performance. The actual performance of 855 + is still better than that of 855
fifth place: Xiaolong 855
1 CPU: the memory delay is higher than that of the Kirin 980, but the overall performance of the CPU is still slightly higher than that of the Kirin 980. The performance of specint2006 is 51% higher than that of the 845, and the CPU energy efficiency ratio is 39% higher than that of the 845. In specfp2006, it is 61% higher than that of the 845, and it is 4% and 9% higher than that of the Kirin 980. Although the highest core reaches 2.85ghz, the energy efficiency is still excellent
2. AI: after the blessing of hexagon 690, compared with 845, AI performance has been greatly improved, which is about 2.5-3 times that of 845
3 and application: it is not awesome in terms of system application performance, stronger than 845, but weaker than 980, official expression may be the relationship of scheling on the engineering machine, and the official commercial equipment will be improved. GPU: the peak performance of Adreno 640 GPU is still far behind A12, but the energy efficiency ratio is good. The average power consumption of off screen rendering of gfxbench3.1 is 4.44w. In terms of energy efficiency, the peak state of A12 is 17.36fps/w, the down frequency state is 20.18fps/w, 855 is 16.05fps/w, 845 is 11.99fps/w, 980 is 11.93fps/w, and the overall energy efficiency ratio is 30% higher than 845<
sixth place: snapdragon 845
1. Snapdragon 845 still adopts eight cores of 10nm process, which is the most advanced technology in the market. Compared with snapdragon 835, it has made improvements in both large and small cores. The four cores are A75 architecture and the four small cores are A55 architecture
2. At the same time, snapdragon 845 introces a new security processing unit SPU, while GPU adopts Adreno 630, which improves the overall efficiency by 25% - 30% compared with Adreno 540 of snapdragon 835
3. Snapdragon 845 is equipped with 5g frequency regulator; In terms of overall performance, 845 is 20% - 25% better than 835
4. Snapdragon 845 supports Gigabit LTE connection through X20 LTE modem, and supports 2x2 al channel Wi Fi and 4x4 MIMO technology, providing more stable and faster network connection for players<
seventh place: snapdragon 730g
1. The multi-core performance of snapdragon 730g processor is not as good as that of snapdragon 845 processor, and the single core performance is better than that of snapdragon 845 processor. Each processor has its own victory or defeat
2. Snapdragon 730g has built-in CPU with kryo470 architecture, which is built by instry-leading 8nm process technology
3. Snapdragon 730g integrates frequency enhanced adreno618gpu, which makes its graphics processing performance 25% higher than snapdragon 710 and graphics rendering speed 15% higher than snapdragon 730. The g of snapdragon 730g refers to game
4. The snapdragon 730g also supports some of the snapdragon elitegaming functions, which can bring more amazing game screen effects
5. Snapdragon 730g also supports qcommaqstic audio technology, which can bring clear and smooth surround sound<
eighth place: snapdragon 730 AIE
1. 730 has surpassed 835 as a whole. If the price control is in place, it will be a god u, which can replace 835 in all aspects. 730 Angou has exceeded 835
2. Snapdragon 730 chip is made by 8nm process. According to Angou's running score test, Lenovo Z6's running score is as high as 200000, And Master Lu's running score is 250000
3. Xiaolong 730g is equipped with the enhanced version of Adreno 618 GPU (supporting Vulkan version 1.1), and its performance is 15% higher than the ordinary version of Xiaolong 730
4. With the support of the new A76 architecture, the CPU performance of snapdragon 730g has caught up with that of snapdragon 845 with only two A76 cores, and the daily application experience is very smooth
5. The CPU frequency of snapdragon 730g is 2.4GHz, and the GPU frequency is 825mhz; The main CPU frequency of snapdragon 730 is 2.2GHz, and the main CPU frequency is 700MHz. This means that the CPU and GPU frequency of snapdragon 730g is higher than that of snapdragon 730<
No.9: snapdragon 765G
1. Compared with the previous generation snapdragon 730 processor, the main frequency of snapdragon 765G is increased to 2.4GHz, adopting the architecture of 1 * kryo 475 prime (2.3 / 2.4GHz) + 1 * kryo 475 gold (2.2GHz) + 6 * kryo 475 silver (1.8GHz)
2. The processor adopts the 7Nm EUV process manufactured by Samsung, which reces the power consumption by 35% compared with the 8nm snapdragon 730. The GPU is upgraded to the Adreno 620
3. Snapdragon 765G supports up to 192mp pixels, single shot 3600W pixels and zero delay shooting, which is equivalent to the previous generation's level. It supports Bluetooth 5.0, WiFi 6 and 120Hz refresh rates, and AI 5.5tops
4. The most important feature of snapdragon 765G is that it integrates snapdragon x525g baseband and and supports SA / NSA al-mode networking. Its theoretical maximum peak download rate is as high as 3.7 Gbps and upload rate is 1.6 Gbps. At the same time, it also supports 5g millimeter wave, band below 6GHz, global 5g roaming, WiFi 6 and other features<
No.10: snapdragon 765
1. Snapdragon 765 adopts kryo 475 CPU, with a maximum dominant frequency of 2.3ghz; The Adreno 620 GPU is 20% faster than the previous generation< 2. The fifth generation AI engine adopts hexagon 696 tensor processor; Spectrum 355 ISP supports up to 192 megapixel camera, 480fps 720p slow motion video capture and 4K HDR video capture capability
3. Built in X52 modem, it supports millimeter wave, TDD and FDD band below 6GHz, and can achieve 3.7 Gbps download peak and 1.6 Gbps upload peak.
according to the above logic, if bitcoin abandons the road of becoming the world currency and payment currency, it means that it will not challenge the government's bottom line (such as currency issuance right) and will not affect the country's financial security. With the more mature and stable implementation of bitcoin foundation, the positioning of digital gold has been recognized by more and more people, Then the government may take the initiative to allocate bitcoin. Just as the government allocates a certain amount of gold, this is undoubtedly a huge benefit compared with the special currency