The birth of four virtual currencies
It is illegal to issue virtual currency privately
According to Article 29 of the regulations of the people's Republic of China on the administration of RMB, no unit or indivial is allowed to print or sell token tickets to replace RMB in circulation on the market In addition, the "emergency notice of the State Council Office for rectifying unhealthy tendencies in the instry, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the people's Bank of China on prohibiting the issuance and use of various token certificates (cards)" also strictly prohibited similar issues 
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
market formation
the Internet has led to the emergence of a new market, which is a virtual market based on cyberspace. The Internet provides a lot of communication places for consumers, and also provides business market for enterprises. Enterprises must change from proct centered to service centered to customer centered. With the development of computer artificial intelligence technology and database technology, enterprises can conveniently collect customers' information, understand customers' needs in time, change business strategies and grasp economic arteries in real time
With the rapid development of computer and network communication technology, the application of Internet technology has graally penetrated into various fields of human activities, and the unlimited business opportunities that it contains make businesses turn their eyes to e-commerce. E-commerce is penetrating into all aspects of social and economic life at a speed that people can hardly imaginethe traditional finance is also closely watching this irresistible trend of global economic integration and networking. As a result, value-added services take art as the selling point and can be regarded as commodities; The sword in the game is not a brand-new financial services business philosophy - e-finance came into being
from the historical development process, to understand e-finance, we must start from the electronic finance and e-commerce. The so-called e-financialization means that financial enterprises adopt modern communication, computer, network and other information technology means in addition to Internet technology to improve the work efficiency of traditional financial service business, rece operating costs, realize the automation of financial business processing, informatization of financial enterprise management and scientific decision-making, and provide customers with faster and more convenient services, And then enhance the financial enterprise is the behavior of market competitive advantage
e-finance is a transcendence of financial electronization. Different from the electronic finance, the main technical basis of e-finance operation is the increasingly perfect Internet technology. Due to the characteristics of global connectivity, openness, quickness and low marginal cost of Internet technology, e-finance strengthens the restructuring and innovation of financial services business based on Internet technology, so that customers are free from the restrictions of business hours and places, and enjoy all kinds of high-quality and low-cost services provided by financial enterprises anytime and anywhere
with the development of Internet, the form of money is becoming more virtual, and there is an electronic money that only exists in the form of electronic signal
reference source: Network: virtual currency
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland
on May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Laszlo hanyecz, a Florida programmer, bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC
on July 16, 2010, the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008. The first sharp price fluctuation shows the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund Union Square's US $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was US $112.09 at this time< On May 28, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for its suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99
on November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt. GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.
unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity
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2 in 1998, Wei Dai's paper elaborated an anonymous and distributed e-cash system: B-money. At the same time, Nick Szabo invented bitgold and put forward the workload proof mechanism. Users solve mathematical problems competitively, and then publish the results in series with encryption algorithm to build a property rights authentication system. Hal Finney improved the mechanism as a "reusable workload proof"
3 on the basis of previous work, in 2008, the little-known "Nakamoto Tsung" published "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer cash payment system" in the cryptography mailing list of metzdowd.com. On January 3, 2009, bitcoin network was born, and Nakamoto himself released the first version of open source bitcoin client
since then, the monetary history of mankind has opened a new page.
Bitcoin was founded on January 3, 2009
in terms of user groups, Linux is a developer centric operating system, while windows is a consumer centric operating system, which is the fundamental difference between the two operating systems. In short, the choice between the two systems depends on whether you develop them or use them as consumers
the advantages and disadvantages of Linux and windows can be summarized as follows
1. Linux can see the source code, but windows can't
the direct result of this point is that the required kernel moles can be tailored and customized in special applications, which is quite beneficial to the optimization of advanced system kernel management and the development of drivers. In addition, because the code is visible, there is no need to worry about malicious functions or backdoors, which is beneficial to the use of military and government enterprises. In addition, when there is a serious problem in the system, you can modify the code by yourself, or you can compile and use it after a few K patches. For windows, you have to wait for a Microsoft patch
2. Linux command line is powerful and can do anything. Windows also has a command line, but it is an accessory
the command line is the foundation of Linux. Even if you are not satisfied with some commands, you can modify or write your own commands. The advantage of the command line is that it is repeatable. To know exactly what the command line is, you can visit old boy ecation. If you want to tell others how to do a thing, you can send a command line to it. If you want to do a thing that you did before again, you can call up the historical command record and execute it again. A lot of things that need to be done regularly are written into scripts. If you set a crontab timer, it's done. In addition, this also ensures that you do the same thing with the same command line
3. Open source and highly customizable
the original intention of open source is not for freedom, but for customization. At & T UNIX has always been righted, but the source code is still available, so that users can modify it according to their needs. Most of the software and systems appreciated by the Linux community follow the same rules - they should be able to adapt to different environments of different users, easily change their behavior, and easily integrate with different environments. Instead of assuming that others are in line with your needs, give them the freedom to customize the system
4. Decentralized
software development also predestinates that the interface and form of the system are not unified because everyone likes to invent wheels. And everyone's wheel is more or less suitable for themselves and the community, rather than everyone. In the Linux environment, no one can force everyone to use their own wheel (except kernel developers, but in fact many distro also have patches on the kernel). Therefore, instead of formulating a practice, Linux allows users to choose a way of life
you can see that there are a large number of distros in the Linux ecosystem. Different distros have different init modes, different package managers and installation strategies; Everyone's habit of using different VCs, different shells and different editors is the embodiment of more choice philosophy
5. Linux is based on the network and was born in the network
when you connect to SSH remotely, you can easily control the Linux server thousands of miles away. As long as you have the corresponding permissions, it's almost the same as sitting in front of a physical machine. Even if the network speed is poor, it's just some encrypted characters being transmitted, and the bandwidth required is very small.
at the end of 2013, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions jointly issued the bitcoin risk notice, which clearly defined bitcoin as a special Internet commodity that people can buy and sell freely at their own risk. At present, no financial institution is allowed to provide bitcoin related services
these rules are also applicable to; Wright coin, Ruitai coin, dog coin and other digital cryptocurrency.
Origin: the earliest currency in China is seashell. Seashells are often found in the prehistoric Yangshao culture, Longshan culture, Dawenkou Culture, Erlitou culture and tombs of Shang and Zhou dynasties
there is also a record of "xuanbei after the summer" in the wrong coin of Yantielun. Seashells are proced from the warm sea in the south of the distant exchange of goods, is a beautiful and precious decoration. It can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty, when China entered the class society and the state came into being. In Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty, it was the main currency in circulation
essence: in essence, money is the contract of exchange right between owners, and different forms of money are unified in essence. In the past, e to people's unclear understanding of the nature of money, people mistakenly divided money into different categories from different angles
For example, according to the commodity value of money, it can be divided into debt currency and non debt currency. According to whether the exchange ratio of precious metals is agreed, it can be divided into convertible currency and non convertible currency
in the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared, and then there were other paper currencies: Huizi and Guanzi, which were more and more important. In addition, money for children, money for supervision, money for stove and money for new year also came into being. Zhao Ji, the emperor of Huizong of Song Dynasty, was a great scholar in the field of thin gold style
Liao was founded by the Qidan nationality. At first, it used the currency of the Central Plains. Later, it made its own coins, and the Chinese characters were used as the characters of money
there were two kinds of written currency in Xixia, one is Xixia, which is called "house carrying money"; One is Chinese money, similar in shape and size to song money. Xixia coins are finely cast with beautiful characters