Common virtual currency in the market
1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions
In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information
However,however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency
(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear
as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control
(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP
The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention (2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market
(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger
(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency
(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system
in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities (5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation (6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term
virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />
1. Litecoin is similar to bitcoin, which is also an encrypted digital currency, and its price has risen sharply recently. It is a P2P open source digital currency, which can be regarded as a branch of bitcoin. However, although lightcoin is based on bitcoin protocol, it does not require very high computing power. It can also be mined using ordinary computers. Lightcoin's algorithm comes from the algorithm designed by Dr Colin Percival for tarsnap secure online backup service (backup for Linux and other open source operating systems)
2. Namecoin
namecoin is also based on bitcoin, which is another branch of open source. Namecoin is a distributed DNS protocol -- generally speaking, it can transform the website name (such as ifeng. Com) that can be understood by human into the address that can be understood by machine. As its own DNS, this kind of currency can operate outside the normal Internet, so it can break away from the control of ICANN
the monetary value and domain name of namecoin are stored in the user's blockchain records, limiting the total number to 21 million
3. Peercoin
peercoin is a peer-to-peer variant of bitcoin, which can improve mining efficiency and security, and improve safeguard measures to avoid group mining. Now, group mining has been considered as a potential defect of bitcoin. According to the statistics of emerging currencies by coinmarketcap.com, peercoin currently ranks fourth in the market value of digital currencies
4. Primecoin
primecoin is a cryptocurrency similar to bitcoin, but it uses a completely independent mining algorithm. Bitcoin uses the hashcash algorithm, while prime coin uses the long Cunningham chains to create the value of money - a sequence of prime numbers named after mathematician AJC Cunningham
in the process of bitcoin mining, as the amount of money goes on, the difficulty will increase sharply. But prime is different. Every time a primecoin is mined, the mining difficulty will increase slightly, and the process is much more stable< 5. Feathercoin
based on the design of litecoin, released in April 2013, can adjust the mining difficulty more frequently than litecoin. Feathercoin will be updated frequently, adding new features and improvements to eliminate malicious mining behavior
6. Novacoin
another P2P digital cryptocurrency. Novacoin is different from most other currencies in that it integrates a protection mechanism in the currency core, which can identify illegal mining activities
the total number of novacoin is limited to 2 billion, which is considerable. If necessary, the total can be adjusted upward
7, infinitech
published in June 2013. A by-proct of litecain. According to the mining situation and the total amount of money, infinite money can frequently adjust the mining difficulty ratio< Megacoin was only released in the fourth quarter of 2013, imitating bitcoin in the early stage. The total number of megacoin is limited to 42 million, which can be mined like other virtual currencies. Its biggest selling point is brand publicity, which other digital currencies lack< It was released in 2013 and is still in its infancy. In the security part of quarkcoin, nine independent loops are deployed and six different algorithms are used.
e-money: in fact, it is the electronization of legal currency, including our common bank card, online banking, e-cash, etc; There are also third party payments developed in recent years, such as Alipay and WeChat payment. No matter what the form of these electronic money is and through which institutions it circulates, its original source is the legal money issued by the central bank
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency, and its existence state is intangible. The most important difference between virtual currency and electronic currency in narrow sense is the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, game currency, q-coin, and ticket counting are mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment
digital currency: a digital currency that applies the latest digital network technologies such as blockchain and has the characteristics of Distributed Accounting, unique encryption technology and decentralized settlement. Of course, digital tools with these characteristics must be supported by national credit if they want to become sovereign currency or legal tender
commonly referred to as Q / currency and bitcoin, all belong to virtual currency. Compared with digital currency, the most fundamental difference lies in the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency. The issuer is not the central bank, and it can only circulate in a specific virtual environment, such as Tencent Q / currency and other game currencies; Digital currency can be used for real goods and services transactions, but only the digital currency issued by the state is legal digital currency, bitcoin is illegal digital currency.
network virtual currency can be roughly divided into
the first category is familiar game currency. In the era of stand-alone games, the protagonist accumulates money by knocking down the enemy, entering the gambling house to win money, and using these to buy Herbs and equipment, but it can only be used in his own game console. At that time, there was no "market" between players. Since the establishment of Internet portal and community, the realization of game networking, virtual currency has a "financial market", players can trade game currency
the second type is the special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging service provider, which is used to purchase the services in the website. The most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase membership, QQ show and other value-added services
the third kind of virtual currency on the Internet, such as bitcoin (BTC), Fuyuan coin (FTC), Wright currency (LTC), etc. bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Some people also translate bitcoin as "bitcoin", which is a kind of network virtual currency. It is mainly used for Internet financial investment, and can also be directly used in daily life as a new currency.
but there is no problem, so it can not be determined
few investors and poor liquidity; Lack of supervision and serious manipulation.
the investigation conclusion of public security organs is the most authoritative
however, judging from the current public information, it is difficult to identify or have no authoritative conclusion.
Strategic vision of talent cultivation
in the next 15 years, we will always maintain a world-class talent team that is good at large-scale hydropower project construction and power operation, and can lead the comprehensive development and utilization of the Yangtze River Basin, build a domestic first-class talent team with comparative advantages in the field of clean energy, and form a good environment for the common development of people and enterprises
talent cultivation concept and guiding ideology
establish the talent concept of pursuing first-class, paying attention to responsibility, encouraging innovation and achieving transcendence, take the scientific outlook on development as the guidance, take the development strategy of the head office as the basis, take solving the talent problems faced by the head office ring the strategic transformation period as the priority, focus on building the core and backbone talent team, and optimize the talent structure as the main line, We should focus on cultivating our own talents, appropriately introce high-end talents in urgent need, and form a talent management system that is compatible with the development strategy of the head office and with the group management, so as to make the overall strength and use efficiency of the talent team reach the level of world-class enterprises
talent training planning objective
1. Total amount objective. On the premise that the total number of basic talents remains basically stable, we should improve the overall basic quality in the dynamic adjustment, and cultivate about 1800 core and backbone talents, including about 200 core talents and about 1600 backbone talents. 2. The goal of talent structure. We will continue to maintain the dominant position in the number of technical personnel for hydropower project development and power operation management, and increase the proportion of professionals in immigration management, new energy, investment and financing, marketing, law, environmental protection, and public relations management in an orderly manner. Among the core talents, about 30% are large-scale hydropower project development talents, about 25% are large-scale hydropower station operation talents, about 15% are specialized company operation talents, about 10% are comprehensive development and utilization talents in the Yangtze River Basin, and 5% are cascade dispatching talents, capital operation talents, new energy development talents and headquarters. The professional structure of basic talents meets the requirements
3. Capacity building objectives. The five core competitiveness have been significantly improved, including the ability to build and manage large-scale engineering projects, to operate and manage world-class clean energy power stations, to develop and utilize cascade large-scale water conservancy projects, to operate capital market investment and financing, and to comprehensively develop and utilize the Yangtze River Basin; The sense of internationalization and marketization of the decision-making and senior management personnel of the group company and its affiliated companies has been further enhanced, and the strategic decision-making ability, the ability to grasp the team and lead the team, the market judgment ability, the development and innovation ability, the operation and management ability and the ability to control complex situations have been significantly improved; The ability of professional and technical personnel to make plans and carry out experiments, the ability of cooperation, innovation, foreign language ability, learning ability in multi-disciplinary teams, and the ability to solve challenging professional and technical problems have been significantly enhanced, forming a group of core technologies with instry-leading and independent intellectual property rights, and building a high-level professional leading talent team; The ability of skilled personnel to master high and new technology and master applicable technology has been significantly enhanced; The professional dedication, learning ability, professional level and team cooperation consciousness of basic talents have been greatly improved
talent training plan
1. Implement the basic talent training plan. By holding the "Three Gorges class", we can recruit potential excellent college students in advance. Strengthen the basic training of new recruits according to the three-year period. 2. We will implement the plan to promote key talents. We will establish a training system for young backbone personnel, which will be carried out every two years. We will select management technical backbone personnel under the age of 35 for centralized training, so as to speed up the growth of young talents
3. Every year, combined with the assessment of "four good teams" and employee performance assessment, we select and establish a reserve talent team, strengthen the training on the post by handing over tasks and burden, and promote the growth of reserve talents and the formation of echelons through job rotation, temporary training and overseas training
staff training principles and management system
staff training adheres to the principle of training on demand and learning for application, implements the management system of "unified planning, centralized management, hierarchical responsibility, classified implementation and covering all staff", and graally forms a sound, efficient and complete training system of the head office, so as to improve the ability of employees, enhance the performance of the organization, and promote the operation and management The coordinated development of the three teams of professional technology and skills can meet the strategic needs of building an international first-class clean energy group and realize the common development of enterprises and indivials< The training management organization is divided into five levels, including the human resources department of the head office and the training center; All functional departments, engineering construction departments and affiliated companies of the head office; All project departments and branches; Business department, workshop; Division and team
staff training curriculum system
the staff training curriculum of the head office is divided into management courses, professional courses and skills courses. The management category includes: inction training courses for new employees, training courses for excellent employees in recent five years, training courses for general managers, training courses for newly promoted cadres, training courses for middle-level cadres (Level 6 and 7), training courses for reserve talents / cadres (Level 5 and 6), training courses for department heads and team members of their companies. Professional categories include: engineering technology, power proction, finance and law, human resources, safety and environmental protection immigration, strategic planning, information technology, ideological and political (Corporate Culture), marketing, skill service and other categories. Skills include: general skills, professional skills< The training center of China Three Gorges Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "training center") is located in the dam area of the Three Gorges project, which attracts worldwide attention. It is an ecational resource and training center of the development company of China Three Gorges Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "China Three Gorges Corporation") The base of engineering ecation resources and social ecation resources (referred to as "three kinds of ecation resources") is also an important carrier of "building dam to ecate people and repay society" of China Three Gorges Corporation. The training center was established in 1994. After more than ten years of hard work, it has become "National College Students' teaching practice and social practice base, staff training base of China Three Gorges Corporation, National Water Conservancy and hydropower engineer training base, post doctoral research workstation of China Three Gorges Corporation and correspondence Station of three Gorges University Training Center" (referred to as "three bases and two stations"), More than 50000 college students from nearly 100 universities in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been received to practice in the construction site of the Three Gorges project, and more than 10000 talents have been trained for China Three Gorges Corporation and the hydropower and water conservancy instry. At the same time, the training center also undertakes the organization and arrangement of various large-scale reception activities of China Three Gorges Corporation, with an annual reception of more than 5000 people
the training center is 5 km away from the Three Gorges water control project and is closely connected with the famous scenic spots such as Jiuwan River, Shennong River and Sixi river. The 28 km "Three Gorges special road" is connected with Yichang and has convenient transportation. It is an important platform for experts' investigation, students' teaching practice, social practice, professional training, and so on It is an ideal place for investigation and tourism
the training center is composed of Jiaoyuan building, Xueyuan building, Yixin building, Yihua building and Zuixian building, with a construction area of 27000 square meters, and can accommodate 550 people at the same time
in the future, the training center takes "building dams to ecate people and repay the society" as its service purpose, takes the development of "three kinds of ecation resources" as its starting point, and takes "three bases and two stations" as its link to strengthen the close cooperation between enterprises and all sectors of the society. It has become an important window for China Three Gorges Corporation to face the world and the society
