The essence of virtual currency is general equivalent
The form and expression of "virtual" is not the first important, the first important is the internal value. In other words, what is the relationship and difference between the value of virtual currency and that of general currency. In view of the depth of the background of the problem, we need to stand higher in the starting point of the research. The problem of currency is the problem of modernity, and the problem of virtual currency is the problem of post modernity. They do not share the same basic paradigm. It is the difference of paradigm, not virtual phenomenon, that leads to the difference between them
the formation mechanism of value is different
the value basis of general currency and virtual currency is different, the former represents utility, the latter represents value. From the point of view of behavioral economics, money, as a general equivalent, is called value in language, but it actually refers to utility. Virtual currency does not represent the "effect" of general "price", but the value itself. Virtual currency is not a general equivalent, but a manifestation of value relativity, or a symbol; It can also be said that virtual currency is personalized currency. In another way, it can also be called information currency. Their commonness lies in that they are symbols of uncertain value and relative value. When we say that, the traditional meaning of currency has been broken through. Money in its original meaning can only be a special case of the new currency in a broader sense. Money can be used as the symbol of general equivalent or relative value set
the monetary decision mechanism is different
the general currency is decided by the central bank, and the virtual currency is decided by indivials. The sovereignty of general currency is in the center of the Republic; The sovereignty of virtual currency lies in distributed indivial nodes. From the perspective of information economics, general currency is a special case of virtual currency. The special points of this special case are: first, the reference point does not change. Therefore, value is specialized from a set to a recible value. When the reference point remains unchanged, value is equivalent to utility; Second, the gain and loss of utility relative to the reference point remain unchanged. This means that the value of reference point is a stable rational value and equilibrium value. In a rational economy, the reference point may remain unchanged, but it is still a scattered set. The difference is that every point (the actual transaction price) of this decentralization is unstable, and only the equilibrium value is stable; But in the value concentration of virtual currency, every point may be stable, on the contrary, the rational equilibrium value may be unstable. Reflecting on the monetary decision mechanism, the central bank is the personified representative of a fixed reference point of rational value, while the virtual money market (such as stock market and game money market) is determined by forces other than the central bank. In this sense, some people in economics call the stock market as the virtual money market, and the economy formed by the stock market and derivative financial market as the virtual economy. The essence of virtual economy is information economy with indivial as the center
the value exchange mechanism is different
the value conversion of general currency is completed in the money market; The value conversion of virtual money is completed in the virtual money market. The value exchange between general currency and virtual currency is completed through the overall exchange of the two markets. Under special conditions, there is an immature exchange relationship between indivial markets. Therefore, it can be said that general currency and virtual currency are in different markets. Fisher Equation (QP = MV) describes the value conversion relationship between commodity market and money market; The extended Fisher Equation (MV = BH) describes the value conversion relationship between money market and virtual money market. Some people worry that the game virtual currency may cause inflation. This is because he does not understand the market exchange mechanism of virtual currency and confused the money market with the virtual currency market. Just as the imbalance of supply and demand in the commodity market can not directly lead to the imbalance of supply and demand in the money market, it must lead to inflation by issuing more money in the overall market; The imbalance of supply and demand in the virtual money market can not directly lead to inflation in the money market. The key to the problem is whether a unified virtual money market has been formed. The stock market is a unified market, but the game market is not. For example, the ratio of a game virtual currency to RMB may initially be 800000 to 1, and then it may change to 8 million to 1. Maybe we can buy a castle's virtual currency today, and maybe we can only buy a Tomahawk tomorrow. This phenomenon is indeed possible; If virtual currency forms a unified market, it may indeed exert pressure on the money market. The problem is that there is no such unified market. The issuers of game currency are independent of each other and do not have the status of financial subject, let alone the exchange with money at the level of financial market. What's more, whether it's base money or value-added money, the amount of money (m) and the level of money price (V, i.e. velocity of circulation) have not changed, so we can't think that there will be monetary inflation or deflation. For the current game currency depreciation phenomenon, it is better to explain that the service conditions of a game as a value-added service have changed. Due to the general improvement of the level of players or the increase of the number of players, the demand for virtual currency increases, and the price of services and virtual currency decreases. As a result of this change in the supply and demand conditions of services, service prices have declined. This is a phenomenon that can be explained by a real commodity market
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
"I give what I have to the market in exchange for what I need". Currency is the agreement in this process, which reflects the economic cooperation between indivials and society
the nature of money contract determines that it can have different forms, such as general equivalent, precious metal currency, paper currency, electronic currency and so on. It can be used as a medium of transaction, storage value, deferred payment standard and accounting unit. Physical currency is a special commodity that serves as an equivalent in the exchange of goods and services. It is the material and symbolic appendage of people's commodity values. It includes not only currency in circulation, especially legal currency, but also all kinds of savings deposits. In the field of modern economy, only a small part of the field of currency is shown in the form of real currency, that is, the paper money or coins used in practice, and most transactions use cheques or electronic money
currency area refers to the country or region that circulates and uses a single currency. Different currency areas need to introce the concept of exchange rate when they exchange currency with each other. In modern economy, money plays a fundamental and fundamental role
in macroeconomics, money is not only cash, but also cash plus some tangible and intangible assets.
With the development of social proctive forces and social division of labor, the exchange of things is constantly expanding, and more and more kinds of commodities participate in the exchange. A commodity can be exchanged with a variety of commodities
the obvious disadvantage of barter is that barter requires both sides to need each other's goods in order to succeed, otherwise the exchange cannot be carried out. In order to overcome the difficulty of barter, people have found a way in the long-term practice of countless exchanges
the general equivalent is a commodity separated from other commodities, which can exchange with all other commodities and show the value of all other commodities. Generally, what kind of commodity is used as the equivalent is the same in different regions, and there are different periods in a region. In history, livestock, cloth, shells, grain, salt, metal and so on all served as general equivalents
Finally, the general equivalent becomes the medium of commodity exchange and plays the role of currency. However, it is not money. Only when the function of general equivalent is stable on precious metals, can it develop into money.
extended data:
understanding of money:
in essence, money is the contract of exchange right between owners, and different forms of money are unified in essence. In the past, e to people's unclear understanding of the nature of money, people mistakenly divided money into different categories from different angles
For example, according to the commodity value of money, it can be divided into debt currency and non debt currency; According to whether the exchange ratio of precious metals is agreed, it can be divided into convertible currency and non convertible currency In terms of form, money can be divided into physical money and formal money according to the commodity value of money. Physical money itself is a kind of special commodity, including the amount of value, such as sheep, precious metals, etc; The formal currency itself has no value, its value is contractual, only contractual valuethe two forms are different, but they are unified in essence, that is, they are both agreed as the medium of exchange, and both have contractual value. The purchasing power of money depends on the contract value of money, but the purchasing power of physical money is also affected by its own commodity value. Generally, the commodity value of physical money is less than its contract value as money
In middle school textbooks, the essence of money is generally regarded as a general equivalent The following is the debt theory about the essence of money, that is, they think that money is a kind of creditor's right of the holder to the issuer, which is obviously flawed and can not answer the basic questions such as why the issuer borrows rights and how to repay themthe equivalent is the commodity which is in the status of equivalent form in commodity exchange and used to express the value of other commodities. It has the nature of direct exchange with other commodities
with the further development of commodity exchange, a kind of socially recognized thing that can express the value of all other commodities is separated from the commodity world, which is the general equivalent
the general equivalent is the material to show the value of all goods, the measure to measure the value of all goods, and the special goods that can be directly exchanged with all goods. That is to say, in the past, if you could only exchange cattle for sheep or other livestock, now cattle can exchange rice for daughter-in-law-
later, it was graally fixed on gold and silver, and the general equivalent of gold and silver was money, which was the essence of money
that is to say, money is born to price and exchange goods, which is the essence
with the further development of commodity exchange, a kind of socially recognized thing that can express the value of all other commodities is separated from the commodity world, which is the general equivalent
the general equivalent is the material to show the value of all goods, the measure to measure the value of all goods, and the special goods that can be directly exchanged with all goods. That is to say, in the past, if you could only exchange cattle for sheep or other livestock, now cattle can exchange rice for daughter-in-law-
later, it was graally fixed on gold and silver, and the general equivalent of gold and silver was money, which was the essence of money
that is to say, money is born to price and exchange goods, which is the essence
the process of running MRP is as follows:
ü Set the plan outlook period
the plan outlook period is the cycle of the plan, which is set according to the actual situation< br />
ü Set the plan operation scheme
the calculation scheme includes the control parameters in the calculation process, which are set according to different business backgrounds< br />
ü Calculate the MRP
use the MRP wizard to calculate the MRP and generate the planned order. If you select the parameter "operation complete direct release planned order" in the planning scheme, the target Mo, repetitive proction plan and purchase requisition can be generated directly. The following two steps can be omitted< br />
ü Query the MRP results
after completing the MRP calculation, the planner confirms the process data generated by the plan and the accuracy of the plan through MRP query - MRP operation result query
or click View planned order by sales order to confirm the process data generated by the plan
or click View planned order by material to confirm the process data generated by the plan
or confirm the process data generated by the plan through planner workbench MRP< br />
ü MRP maintenance for MRP
for enterprises that do not directly release planned orders after calculation, after MRP calculation is completed and plan confirmation is carried out through MRP query - MRP calculation result query, view planned orders by sales order, view planned orders by material and planner workbench MRP, Planned orders can be adjusted through MRP maintenance to approve and release them< br />
ü Perform MRP log log query
after MRP calculation, the system will automatically record the MRP calculation log according to the set log parameters. If there is any doubt about the plan, enterprise planners can find or analyze the problem through the log file, and the implementation service personnel can also find the reason by analyzing the log.