Representative of ancient virtual currency

1. QQ coin is more famous in China. If you are talking about cryptocurrency, the well-known ones are Yuanbao coin, Zhaocai coin, Malaysian coin and so on

but bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency at present, while dog coin, Wright coin and reborn coin are relatively popular

bitcoin is a consensus network, contributing to a new payment system and a fully digital currency. It is the first decentralized peer-to-peer payment network, which is controlled by its users without a central management organization or middleman. From the user's point of view, bitcoin is much like Internet cash. Bitcoin can also be regarded as the most outstanding three style bookkeeping system.

2. 1. Development trend of core key technologies
from the point of view of the current technology and application of blockchain, its core is distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other existing computer technologies. With the deepening of blockchain application, new and higher requirements will be put forward for these core technologies. The research results in consensus mechanism, security algorithm, privacy protection and other related technology fields will play an important role in the leapfrog development of blockchain technology and application, and will be very critical to the continuous innovation and breakthrough of these technologies
(1) the development trend of consensus mechanism
in the public chain, the common consensus mechanism has the disadvantages of low performance and high energy consumption“ The "side chain" technology can only solve some problems under certain conditions. At present, most of the mainstream consensus mechanisms in alliance chain are based on pbft and its variants. Although access control can greatly improve the performance, it also sacrifices the efficiency, constraints, fault tolerance and other aspects of the consensus. It can be predicted that consensus algorithms and decision-making with universality and better performance for some typical scenarios will continue to appear
(2) the development trend of security algorithm
security is particularly important for financial application systems. On the one hand, most of the traditional security algorithms currently used have potential "backdoor" risks, which need to be replaced by more secure national security algorithms, and the strength of the algorithms also needs to be upgraded; On the other hand, we should also prevent some new technologies, such as quantum computing, from impacting or even subverting the traditional security algorithms
(3) development trend of privacy protection
at present, the privacy protection related to blockchain is still relatively weak. Especially for sensitive data, we need to balance privacy protection and compliance supervision. Information privacy protection technology, such as zero knowledge proof, homomorphic encryption, is also an important direction of follow-up development
the above core technologies tend to be low-level computer technologies, and their development requires considerable personnel and time investment, which will be a progressive process. The research achievements and cooperation of related enterprises, scientific research institutions and colleges and universities in these fields are very important for the development of blockchain technology
2. Development trend of general development platform
at present, many IT enterprises, consulting companies, communities and technology alliances have invested in the application research and development of blockchain, established and improved the general development platform, which has a great role in promoting the application of the whole blockchain technology
similar to IAAs (infrastructure as a service) and PAAS (platform as a service) of cloud computing, the blockchain general development platform is composed of infrastructure support layer, blockchain core component service layer, and corresponding development test suite, which can provide one-stop, low-cost technical services for building and deploying blockchain applications. At present, there are some such platforms. With the rapid development of blockchain applications and the strong investment of relevant participants, its service coverage, R & D convenience, operation and maintenance intelligence, as well as high stability, large capacity and low cost are the predictable development direction.

3. Money is a commodity (or special commodity) that serves as a general equivalent. Before money came into being, people mainly exchanged goods through barter. With the development of barter, the process of barter was too rigid. People graally found that there were some goods in the market, such as rable bronze, colorful pottery, or other things that people were willing to accept, In this way, the commodity became the original physical form of money. So which things or materials became money in ancient times
shellfish currency: shellfish and shellfish currency can be said to be the earliest and longest used physical currency in China. Until the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, this kind of currency was still used in Yunnan minority areas. The conditions for shells to become currency are as follows: first, they have practical functions (such as the use of ornaments); Second, it has natural units; Thirdly, it is strong and rable; Fourth, it is easy to carry. In particular, its natural unit had its unique natural advantages in the ancient times when the melting metal technology was not developed. In ancient times, people used seashells to wear them into a string with ropes, so each string became a unit. The earliest monetary unit of shell coin is "Peng", that is, ten pieces in a string, two strings for a friend. In ancient Chinese oracle bone inscriptions, the word "Bei Peng" is often linked together. The meaning of the word "Bei" is similar to that of the word "Cai" now. Up to now, many Chinese characters related to the meaning of money, such as wealth, expensive, poor, cheap and so on, are based on the character Bei
metal currency: (1) bronze tools: from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the spring and Autumn period, e to the continuous improvement of bronze proction technology, a large number of bronze proction tools appeared. The importance of bronze tools already lies in the shell used as decoration. Therefore, in the process of exchange and trade, some proction tools, such as knives, shovels The spinning wheel became the means of circulation and payment, and developed into a general equivalent. There are two reasons why bronze tools replace shells as currency. One is that the number of shells used as currency is not so large that it can no longer meet the increasing market demand. The second reason is that the practical value of proction tools is greater than that of shells which can only be used as decorations< (2) bronze currency: from the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the tools made of bronze graally evolved into bronze currency, because it was too cumbersome and inconvenient to exchange tools as the general equivalent of market circulation. People began to accept bronze coins in the form of tools. During the Warring States period, there were three major systems of currency: cloth coin, knife coin and ring coin
cloth coin was not made of cloth. At that time, there was no cloth. Instead, it evolved into a kind of metal coin by imitating farm implements and shovels. The earliest cloth coin completely retains the shape of a spade. The circulation area of cloth coin is very wide, Jin in spring and Autumn period, Zhao, Han, Wei in Warring States period all use cloth coin
at first glance, Dao coin is a practical tool, evolved from Dao, which was a kind of fishing and hunting tool at that time. The circulation range of Dao coin is not as wide as that of Bu coin, but in the eastern countries such as Qi and Yan. This is because most people in the ancient western region were mainly farmers, so they used farm implements as currency. In the eastern part of China, there are many coastal waters and rivers, so people are mostly engaged in fishing and hunting, so they use DAO coin as currency
the ring coin is round with a hole in the middle. There are stone beads drilled in Paleolithic period, stone rings and stone beads in Neolithic period. On the ancient Yangshao cultural site in China, many spinning wheels made of clay and stone were excavated, all of which were round and perforated in the middle, similar to the early ring coin. Therefore, the ring coin was probably evolved from the spinning wheel. The ancient Bi is the jade ring. According to experts' research, Huanqian was the early currency of Qin state
knife coin, cloth coin and ring coin are all tangible metal coins. Letter currency initially reced its weight and kept its form, but later changed its form and only kept its name. This kind of currency is a tendency system of transition from natural form currency such as shell coin to metal coin. In our country, their appearance has the historical function of connecting the preceding and the following, carrying forward the past and opening up the future< (3) Qin banliang coin: after Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the currency system of Qin state was carried out in the whole country, with gold as the upper coin, the unit of which is long, that is, twenty Liang, and copper as the lower coin, that is, "banliang" coin. The reason why gold is the top currency is that it is limited to a large number of payments, such as the emperor's reward. The appearance of "half Liang" money in Qin Dynasty marks a new era of Chinese metal currency, that is, the heavy currency with unified weight name and currency name< (4) wuzhu coin of Han Dynasty: after the establishment of Han Dynasty, wuzhu coin was cast in the fifth year of Yuanshou (118 BC) of Emperor Wu. It was not until the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty that the wuzhu money disappeared. The five baht coin is the most successful and longest used coin in Chinese history. In terms of its weight, the five baht coin is the standard currency. Even after the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty, the weight of the new coin was still based on the five baht coin< (5) Tongbao of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty: it is recorded in shihuo, an old book of Tang Dynasty: "when Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he still used the five baht money of Sui Dynasty. In July of the fourth year of Wude (621), the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. It was eight cents in diameter and weighed two baht and four cents. The accumulated ten Wen weighed one or two, and one thousand Wen weighed six Jin and four Liang. "“ From then on, "money" became the unit of weight, and the carry system of "ten money or two" was born“ "Kaiyuan" Tong Bao often makes us think that it was made in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty. In fact, "Kaiyuan" means "opening a new era"“ "Tongbao" is the meaning of "popular treasure goods in China". The appearance of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin ended the tradition of naming coins with five baht in weight for more than 700 years since the Western Han Dynasty, and created Tongbao and Yuanbao coin systems. Since the Tang Dynasty, coins were no longer named with weight, but were renamed "Bao", or Tongbao, or Yuanbao, or chongbao, or other treasures. From the founding of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin in the fourth year of Wude to "Hongxian Tongbao" in 1916, Tongbao and Yuanbao coin systems have been in use for nearly 1300 years, and their long vitality is rare in the history of world currency< (6) silver became legal tender in Ming Dynasty. With the recovery and upsurge of commodity economy, and the huge trade surplus since the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large number of overseas silver flowed in. Silver was used more and more widely and became the main legal tender, forming a currency circulation system with silver as the main and money as the auxiliary. There are two kinds of silver coins: silver and silver dollar. Silver has been used for a long time in our country, which is a kind of weighing currency. It has various shapes, such as silver cake, silver ingot, silver ingot and silver pieces. When using it, we should depend on the quality and weight. Most of the silver inflows from overseas are silver dollars, which have a stable value and are welcomed and widely used by businessmen in coastal provinces. After the Opium War, all provinces cast silver coins with dragon pattern. The price of silver is moderate and stable. Its wide use facilitates commodity trade and promotes the accumulation of commercial capital
paper money: in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the commodity economy had a great development, and the trade also increased, "every transaction is 100000", so the demand for money was also increasing. At that time, copper coins, silver coins and iron coins were popular in the market, and iron coins were also popular in some areas. Because iron coins were very heavy (the large ones weighed 25 Jin, and the medium ones also weighed 13 Jin), it was extremely inconvenient to carry and use, which seriously affected the circulation of money and the development of commodity economy. In the early years of emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, 16 wealthy merchants in Cheng, Sichuan Province jointly issued a paper currency, jiaozi, which is more convenient to carry than metal currency“ "Jiaozi" is Sichuan dialect, "Zi" is the usual ending of Sichuan dialect, "Jiao" means "meet" and "coincide", which means that two coupons can be exchanged for cash together. It is on a small piece of paper, printed with pictures of houses, trees and people, and made a code to prevent others from ing: jiaozi replaced iron money. This is the beginning of the use of paper money in China and the earliest paper money in the world. It is a great progress in the history of currency development in China. Jiaozi can not only be used in the market, but also be exchanged for cash at jiaozi shop. The old and new jiaozi can be exchanged once every three years. In the first year of emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (A.D. 1023), jiaozi was issued by the government. The amount of each issue was limited, and iron money was used as reserve fund. In 1105 ad, it was renamed "Qian Yin" to replace the devalued "Jiao Zi". In the Southern Song Dynasty, jiaozi was renamed Guanzi and Huizi. In the Yuan Dynasty, paper money was used as the main currency, which was the unprecedented prosperity of paper money circulation in Chinese history. It was also the first regime in the world to implement pure paper money circulation. In the first year of Zhongtong in the Yuan Dynasty (1260 A.D.), the paper currency "Zhongtong Baochao" appeared for the first time and was used for a long time in the Yuan Dynasty. In 1294 A.D., this kind of "Zhongtong banknote" spread to Persia, and from Persia to other countries. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, paper money was still issued, but it was not widely circulated because it was used together with metal money. In modern times, paper money was widely circulated and graally replaced metal money< From the above, we can conclude the evolution rules of ancient Chinese currency as follows:
first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency: Bei is the earliest currency in China. With the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing. Seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. With the extensive use of artificial coins, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< Second, the evolution from disordered shape to standard shape: from the copper of Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency includes shovel coin, knife coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan gold, ant nose coin). After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that half Liang coins with round square holes of Qin state could be used throughout the country. The circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which was a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage: according to the records of Shi Huo Zhi in the history of Han Dynasty, Liu Bang allowed the people to make coins privately after the founding of Han Dynasty. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king." In the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture, and the central government minted five baht coins. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency. Since then, the central government has been in charge of the coinage. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties
Fourth, the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao: since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the weight of money is usually clearly indicated in the text, such as "half Liang", "five baht", "four baht" and so on (24 baht is one or two). In the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system and abolish the calendar with different weights

4. On ordinary days, you open a double gold coin card brush (Tencent does not give it). Pay attention to the activities ring the festival. Sometimes the activities will have double or 3 or 5 times of full service. For example, the five nights at the beginning of the new year is a five times bonus. It seems that you are opening a double card.

5.

Shell coin is the original currency in ancient China

the original shellfish coin was proced in the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago. It is the ancestor of the coin. It is a kind of shellfish currency processed from natural seashells. It was unearthed in Fuhao Tomb of Yin Ruins in Henan Province from the 19th century BC to the 16th century BC, more than 3500 years ago

There are three kinds of shellfish: shell shell shell, bone shell, stone shell, copper shell and so on, but the most commonly used is natural seashell

there are many kinds of natural seashells, such as "Pinctada" (also known as toothed seashells), "pseudozaobei" (also known as Dabei, hubanbei), and "lingkui" and so on. Among them, "Pinctada" is more common. The one with a long tooth groove on the surface is called "Pinctada" or "Pinctada". The front of the shell is relatively flat, and the side of the shell is slightly bulging

in order to be easy to carry, people often chisel small holes on the back of the shellfish. In the early stage, the holes were relatively small, which was called "pinhole type shellfish". Later, the holes graally expanded, which was called "big hole type shellfish". During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the back of "freights" was almost flat, which was called "freights with grinding back"

As early as the late Xia Dynasty, shellfish had become a medium of exchange. In the Shang Dynasty, a kind of tooth shell was common. The back of the shell was often polished or drilled to make it easy to carry. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in the tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small and exquisite, colorful, rable and become a favorite decoration of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, natural shellfish graally act as the general equivalent of commodity exchange

reference: Network - shell coin

6. a) The threshold of fixed amount of domestic funds: all 3000
the threshold of domestic stock type single transaction: except for Heku, Wantai and Antai which are 50000, the others are 30000
C) the service charge of domestic funds:
the single fixed amount of Bank of Taiwan is 4.90% off, and there is no minimum limit
the single fixed amount of Bank of Taiwan is 4.50% off, and the minimum service charge is 50 yuan
the fixed amount of Antai is 50% off, and the single fixed amount is 60% off, There is no minimum limit
d) domestic fund conversion fee
Bank of Taiwan is free
e) domestic fund management fee
Bank of China, Wantai does not charge
F) threshold of fixed term foreign currency trust for foreign funds:
Bank of Taiwan, Yushan, Taiwan enterprise bank, Guotai, Federation, Baohua, Heku, Bank of China, Wantai, Antai, Zhangyin, Xinguang is 3000
G) threshold of fixed term foreign currency trust for foreign funds: Baohua, Antai, The threshold of foreign fund single foreign currency Trust: Yushan, Cathay Pacific, Baohua, BOC, is 10000
I) the threshold of foreign fund single foreign currency Trust: Yushan, Cathay Pacific, 300 US dollars, Baohua, 350 US dollars
J) foreign fund handling fee:
Taiwan enterprise bank: 50% off for each fixed term, 150% for each trust, 6 US dollars for each trust
Bank of Taiwan: 5.9% off for each fixed term, No minimum
Cathay Pacific: at least 50
Baohua: before 9 / 30, 50% off on a regular basis, 60% off on a single transaction
Antai: 50% off on a regular basis, 60% off on a single transaction, no minimum
k) foreign fund conversion fee: almost all of them are stipulated by 500 + fund companies
L) foreign fund management fee:
Wantai's regular management fee is free
Baohua's regular management fee is free for more than six times, 1000 for less than six times
Bank of China's regular management fee is free for the first year, 0.2% for 13-18 months, 0.1% for 18 months to three years, and free for more than three years

7.

In the Qing Dynasty, for example, the standard coin was 4 lead and 6.1000 copper. A coin was a hanging coin, or a consistent coin. Consistent money = 1 liang silver. Ten taels of silver = one tael of gold

the exchange ratio of copper, silver and gold, just like the foreign exchange price, often changes, unlike the definition that one yuan equals 100 points. The price ratio of gold and silver rose from 1:8 around 1600 to 1:10 in the middle and late 20th century, and doubled to 1:20 by the end of the 18th century. It is known that 1 liang of gold can be exchanged for 8 ~ 11 liang of silver

In the early years of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver were exchanged for a crane, that is, one thousand Wen; By the time of the Opium War in the 20th year of Daoguang, one or two silver coins could be exchanged for 16700 RMB

since Xianfeng, the price of silver has soared, and one or two silver can be exchanged for as much as two thousand two hundred and three hundred Wen. It can be seen that under normal circumstances, one liang of silver can be exchanged for 1000-1500 Wen copper coins. In ancient times, one Guan coin or one Diao coin is 1000 Wen

In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, shell coins completely withdrew from the stage of history, and various regions formed different currencies e to social conditions and cultural differences. There are mainly: ant nose coin in Chu area, cloth coin in Yellow River Valley, knife coin in Qi Yan area and ring coin in three Jin and two Zhou areas

After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six states, the old coins such as cloth coins and knife coins were abolished, and the square hole half Liang coins were used as legal tender

the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and allowed the folk to cast by themselves. The bronze coins of the Western Han Dynasty are still named after their weight, but the weight and the name graally do not match. From the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered that five baht coins should be minted in Sanguan of Shanglin, and the minting right should be returned to the central government. There are three kinds of copper coins in the Western Han Dynasty: half Liang, three baht and five baht

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang's Regency and the new dynasty, Tuogu system was reformed, and four major currency reforms were carried out in more than ten years. Wang Mang's currency system reform ended in failure because of its complicated names and grades. However, at that time, the level of coin technology reached an unprecedented height. The "jincuo" was loved by collectors since ancient times because of its unique shape and exquisite technology

All the coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty are five baht coins

During the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, the circulation range of metal currency was reced, and the shapes of metal currency were diverse, and the value of metal currency was different

in the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei implemented the physical monetary policy, and in the period of Wei Ming emperor, Wu Zhu coin was restored, which was similar to the Wu Zhu coin in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Shu Han and Dongwu practiced big money. Shu coins mainly include Zhi, wuzhu, Zhi, etc. Wu coins mainly include: Daquan 500, Daquan Dangqian, Daquan 2000, etc

after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, it mainly used the old money of the Han and Wei dynasties, as well as grain and silk; At the beginning of the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the old money of the state of Wu was used. Later, wuzhu coin appeared. It is said that it was made by Shenchong in Wuxing, so it is also called "shenlang wuzhu coin"

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Li Shou of the Chenghan Dynasty cast the earliest Chinese money "Hanxing"; During the northern and Southern Dynasties, the society was very turbulent, the currency value was chaotic, and the phenomenon of private casting was serious. In the Northern Dynasty, from the Northern Wei Dynasty, Qian Wen graally got rid of the limitation of heavy discipline, and graally transferred to the system of chronology

source of reference: network ancient monetary unit

8. Chinese currency not only has a long history, but also has many kinds, forming a unique currency culture. In the pre Qin period, different countries adopted different monetary systems: knife coins, cloth coins and ring coins of different shapes and systems were used in different regions. After Qin Dynasty unified China, the main form of Chinese currency was ring money. In the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared. In the Ming Dynasty, silver became the main currency in circulation
types and styles:
1 originated from shell coins
2 legal form
3 Baowen currency system
4 paper money appeared
5 Silver Circulation
symbolic significance

9. Shanghai Hangzhou Expressway goes to the end. After leaving the terminal toll station, go to Pudong in the second lane on the right, go straight through A20 of Xupu Bridge, go out of ramp of Luoshan Road, follow the direction of Yangpu Bridge, go straight to Longyang Road interchange of Luoshan Road, follow the direction of Nanpu bridge, and turn right when you get off the interchange.