Proportion of the world's four virtual currencies
It is illegal to issue virtual currency privately
According to Article 29 of the regulations of the people's Republic of China on the administration of RMB, no unit or indivial is allowed to print or sell token tickets to replace RMB in circulation on the market In addition, the "emergency notice of the State Council Office for rectifying unhealthy tendencies in the instry, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the people's Bank of China on prohibiting the issuance and use of various token certificates (cards)" also strictly prohibited similar issues 
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
market formation
the Internet has led to the emergence of a new market, which is a virtual market based on cyberspace. The Internet provides a lot of communication places for consumers, and also provides business market for enterprises. Enterprises must change from proct centered to service centered to customer centered. With the development of computer artificial intelligence technology and database technology, enterprises can conveniently collect customers' information, understand customers' needs in time, change business strategies and grasp economic arteries in real time
With the rapid development of computer and network communication technology, the application of Internet technology has graally penetrated into various fields of human activities, and the unlimited business opportunities that it contains make businesses turn their eyes to e-commerce. E-commerce is penetrating into all aspects of social and economic life at a speed that people can hardly imaginethe traditional finance is also closely watching this irresistible trend of global economic integration and networking. As a result, value-added services take art as the selling point and can be regarded as commodities; The sword in the game is not a brand-new financial services business philosophy - e-finance came into being
from the historical development process, to understand e-finance, we must start from the electronic finance and e-commerce. The so-called e-financialization means that financial enterprises adopt modern communication, computer, network and other information technology means in addition to Internet technology to improve the work efficiency of traditional financial service business, rece operating costs, realize the automation of financial business processing, informatization of financial enterprise management and scientific decision-making, and provide customers with faster and more convenient services, And then enhance the financial enterprise is the behavior of market competitive advantage
e-finance is a transcendence of financial electronization. Different from the electronic finance, the main technical basis of e-finance operation is the increasingly perfect Internet technology. Due to the characteristics of global connectivity, openness, quickness and low marginal cost of Internet technology, e-finance strengthens the restructuring and innovation of financial services business based on Internet technology, so that customers are free from the restrictions of business hours and places, and enjoy all kinds of high-quality and low-cost services provided by financial enterprises anytime and anywhere
with the development of Internet, the form of money is becoming more virtual, and there is an electronic money that only exists in the form of electronic signal
reference source: Network: virtual currency
1. US dollar. The US dollar is still dominant in the new and old world monetary systems< Second, euro. The euro has landed successfully in Europe, and its influence and accession to Parliament are increasing. The success of Euro development in the future will directly promote or hinder the emergence of other regional currencies< Third, the British pound, an old capitalist imperial currency, has an unshakable position in the Commonwealth< 4. Japanese yen. The currency of the world's second largest economy.
after World War II, the US dollar was forced to be linked to gold, and other currencies were also linked to the US dollar (in fact, they were all linked to gold), which formed the Bretton Woods monetary system, that is, the global monetary system with the US dollar as the main body
after the 1970s, the Bretton Woods monetary system collapsed, and the floating exchange rate replaced the fixed exchange rate system. At the beginning, the exchange rate of a country's currency changed on the price of the Bretton Woods monetary system according to the demand of international trade. Later, people thought that this was not in line with the needs of national or regional economic development, so purchasing power parity was used to determine the exchange rate of currency. Of course, the theory of purchasing power parity can only theoretically explain the exchange rate of currency, and the market exchange rate is another thing. Therefore, after the mid-1980s, the theory of purchasing power parity was replaced by the neoclassical trade theory (trade The interest rate difference and the comprehensive evaluation of the central bank's bill volume
all the above are theoretical pricing of exchange rate
in the mid-1970s, the financial market transaction theory was rapidly established, which included the redefinition and practical verification of the efficient market theory (market Inclusive Theory), the establishment and practical verification of the option pricing theoretical model, and the management theory of modern banking and global finance. At this time, the market exchange rate was determined, It often depends on two aspects:
1. The currency issuing authority's mandatory exchange rate pricing of currency and the allowed fluctuation range in this pricing, such as RMB, new Taiwan dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Malaysian ringgit, Argentine Peso, etc. Although these currencies are not negotiable, they still need to be convertible under the terms of trade; As for fully convertible currencies, such as yen, euro, pound sterling, etc., although their issuing authorities do not force the exchange rate and the fluctuation range of the exchange rate, they all have a bottom line. If the exchange rate of the currency exceeds the bottom line, the issuing authority or the closest trading partner government will intervene, The most obvious thing is the Japanese yen. When the yen is close to 100, the Japanese government will intervene. When the yen is over 130, other Asian countries will be unhappy and go to negotiate with the Japanese government, or even quietly buy a lot of yen by themselves.
2 Banks decide their exchange rate quotation according to the foreign exchange assets they hold and the market risk, interest rate risk, policy risk and other factors they are responsible for. This is because financial institutions need to ensure the safety and liquidity of their funds. As for profitability, they only consider making profits after ensuring the safety and liquidity, while small institutions, small banks and small banks need to ensure the safety and liquidity of their funds The banks decide their exchange rate quotation according to the price when they make an even offer to the big banks while avoiding risks. I also have a more detailed answer to this point. You can go and have a look at the address http://iask.news.sina.com.cn/b/3700980.html
I'll post it for you here.
the quotation of a bank is based on its own foreign exchange liabilities (that is, everyone's deposits) and the risk control standard of foreign exchange assets. In order to prevent run or other risks, the foreign currency reserves of banks must be diversified, which brings great market risks to the operation of banks. Therefore, general banks have a risk control limit for each foreign currency they hold, such as 100 million US dollars (risk control limit) ± 10%), 80 million euro (risk control limit) ± 5%), 100 million Swiss francs (risk control limit) ± 15%)... When the holding amount of a certain currency is higher or less than the allowable range of risk control, the bank must make an even offer, so that the holding amount of the currency is within the limit of controllable risk. At this time, the bank will make its own quotation for the currency according to the market price at that time, the market price it wants and the quantity it needs, This quotation may be similar to that of other banks, or far from that of other banks
when the exchange rate of a certain currency is very favorable for the bank, the bank will consider trading the currency at this price. However, e to many problems such as quantity, term and so on, most of the time, the quotations we see in Reuters and blog are agreement price or intention price. Whether the transaction can be made at this price is still unknown
the price quoted by a bank to its customers is often the price that the bank can accept and is easy to open immediately, and the quantity is far less than the amount of risk control in this currency. Once the customer's transaction is too large, the trader will tell you another price
foreign exchange transactions are price based transactions, also known as agreement transactions. The external quotation of banks is also independent, and the quotation of banks for each customer is also independent. Most of the quotations we see are reflected in the quotation of multiple banks. For the independent indivial of transactions, banks can quote to this indivial indivially, Of course, banks can also quote for a specific group. If you use the quotation terminal of Reuters, you can see that each quotation is followed by a bank abbreviation, which indicates that the bank quoted (inquired) a quotation for the price of the currency to the market at the last moment. If someone responds, the person will contact the bank directly instead of Reuters. Sometimes, after a transaction with a bank, you can see that the bank you are trading with reports a price that is the same as your transaction price (or a difference of 1-2 points) on the terminal of Reuters in a very short time, which indicates that the bank may have to make an even offer because of a transaction with you, Of course, it may also be that when some other bank makes an even offer to the bank, the bank's position is not enough, and it needs to do another transaction with the same (or similar) transaction price as you just made to make up the position. Because the delivery period of block transactions is often 48 hours, there are many times when we can see the inquiry information between banks in the communication system of Reuters terminal. Sometimes their inquiry is very funny, and they often say, "can this price help me keep it for a day (or a few hours, a period of time) However, her competitors sometimes reply, "only 12 hours, please make a new inquiry later." when you go back to the past coldly, it always gives people the feeling of hot face and cold fart. Hehe, relatively speaking, the trading volume in the foreign exchange market is large, but every transaction is a black box operation. You don't know what the actual and acceptable price of your trading bank is, You don't know the actual and acceptable trading volume of your trading bank, so we can't count the trading volume through a reasonable mechanism. On the other hand, although the daily trading volume of the whole foreign exchange market is more than US $2 trillion, the vast majority of traders or bidders have the authorization limit of trading quota when they trade. Once their trading quota in this period is not enough, she will coldly tell you that "there is no price now", and when you make an inquiry to her in five minutes, She will be very enthusiastic to tell you how much the current price is, and sometimes tell you, if you trade XX dollars in the currency, you can also give you a discount of n points (Ya foreigner's efficiency is high, so fast to apply for authorization does not say, there are people looking for ya's flat)<
basically, there are several kinds of quotations at present:
inquiry: send inquiry price, etc. other banks respond, or send inquiry price to a certain characteristic target (other banks, brokers, customers) and wait for their response. This price will be reflected in the terminal of Reuters or blog, and also reflected in their communication system. This price is a one-way price. This kind of quotation often occurs when the authorized amount specified by the dealer or the amount of certain currency risk control is insufficient
quotation: quote your current bid price and wait for others' response. Generally, we see quotations on some margin trading platforms and bank websites because the bidder does not know whether you are buying or selling, This quotation will not change until the authorized limit of the dealer who quoted the price is full or the risk limit of the currency reaches a certain level
match price: generally, it occurs in the external quotation of a broker. The broker will match the two quotations with the most similar (but different) price and the most similar (possibly the same) time, and then make an external quotation, waiting for the response of both parties. Because there is a problem of quantity, generally, the brokers will ask for the quantity they want. If the brokers really want to facilitate the transaction between the two parties, they will use their own funds to make up the difference in quantity. This price will also be reflected in the terminal of Reuters or blog.
laterite nickel resources are surface weathering crust deposits formed by weathering leaching deposition of sulfide nickel ore bodies. Laterite nickel deposits are distributed in tropical countries within 30 degrees north and south of the equatorial line in the world, mainly in tropical subtropical areas around the Pacific Ocean, including Cuba and Brazil in America; Indonesia and Philippines in Southeast Asia; Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea in Oceania. 70% of China's laterite nickel reserves are concentrated in Gansu, followed by Xinjiang, Yunnan, Jilin, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Hubei, accounting for 27% of China's total nickel reserves.