New Hampshire virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-04 09:22:13
1.
This is a series of commemorative coins of 50 States issued in the United States in 2000. Each coin has a face value of 25 cents. The back of the coin is the head of Washington. The issue time is from 1999 to 2009. There are a full set of 56 Commemorative Coins (50 state commemorative coins plus 6 commemorative coins of the Special Administrative Region and the federal trust)
the commemorative coins you mentioned may be as follows:
the Massachusetts commemorative coin, the front is the outline of the state of the statue of the army volunteers ring the revolutionary war, the text: "the Bay State"
< P > the Maryland commemorative coin, the front is the Maryland parliament building, white oak branches, Words: "the old line state"
South Carolina commemorative coin, with palm tree, Carolina Wren, yellow jasmine on the obverse, outline of the state, words: "the Palmetto State"
New Hampshire commemorative coin, with old man rock (mountain name), nine stars (the ninth to join the Federation) on the obverse, Words: "old man of the mountain, live free or die"
this is a New Hampshire commemorative coin
2. The 25 cent commemorative coin in circulation in the United States should belong to the National Park commemorative series.
3.
The global currency minting right belongs to the United States, because the United States dollar is the medium of currency transactions in various countries; China's coinage belongs to China
after the two instrial revolutions and the two world wars, the history of gold as the currency in circulation ended, and the US dollar became the medium of currency transactions in various countries, and became the super currency, or the international reserve currency, thus the US dollar enjoyed the international seigniorage based on world trade
international seigniorage is based on international trade and in the form of foreign exchange reserves. Countries with international seigniorage can levy seigniorage on all countries in the world by issuing banknotes
the laws of most countries in the world stipulate that the right of coinage belongs to the state, while the right of coinage in China belongs to China
extended information:
with the deepening of globalization, the right of coinage has become the object of contention in the world. As for the global coinage, former US Secretary of state Kissinger once commented: "whoever controls oil controls all countries; Whoever controls grain controls human beings; Whoever controls the right to make money will control the world. "
the US dollar did not completely swallow the Seigniorage in the world, but shared with the currencies of several countries, only the US dollar accounted for a large proportion
4. Delaware
Delaware joined the federal government on December 7, 1787. The back of the state's 25 cents is Caesar Rodney's historic horse riding design. Caesar Rodney is a representative of the Continental Congress. On July 1, 1776, despite asthma and cancer, Caesar Rodney rode 80 miles to Philadelphia in a rainstorm. The next day, he arrived at the independence hall on time and cast a decisive vote symbolizing national independence. Of all the Delaware people, he holds the most public office. In addition to being an extremely dedicated representative, he was also a soldier, judge and speaker of the Delaware legislature. The first state is the first state to join the union
Pennsylvania joined the federal government on December 12, 1787. The design of the state has a Confederate statue, the outline of the state, the inscription "virtue, freedom, independence" and a crown stone. This pattern gives people a better understanding of the origin of the second state of the United States, which was founded on December 1, 1787. The Confederation statue, carved by New York sculptor Roland Hinton Perry, is a 14.6-meter-high bronze plated female statue. Since May 25, 1905, the statue has been standing on the State Capitol dome in Harrisburg. The woman kindly stretched out her right hand and held the stick of justice in her left. The crown stone in the design represents the nickname of the State - "crown stone state". After Thomas Jefferson's Republican victory in 1802, Pennsylvania was named "crown stone of the union". This title reflects the important position of Pennsylvania in the economic, social and political development of the United States< New Jersey joined the federal government on December 18, 1787. The design of the state describes the important victory of George Washington's colonial army crossing the Delaware River ring the war of independence. On a cold Christmas Eve in 1776, the Delaware River froze in many places. General Washington estimated that the enemy would not be well prepared in such weather. He led his troops bravely across the Delaware River to Trenton, New Jersey. Washington and his soldiers launched a surprise attack, captured more than 900 British troops and liberated the town. Then they marched on to Princeton, where the same surprise attack brought down the enemy. The victory of these two wars greatly inspired the soldiers' courage, hope and self-confidence. The seized ammunition, food and other supplies also helped them survive the winter of 1777. The pattern is based on the oil painting Washington crossing the Delaware River by Emmanuel leutze in 1851. This coin is the first that Washington appeared on both sides of the currency at the same time< Georgia joined the federal government on January 2, 1788. The coin design reflects the traditional and diversified southern state's various symbols. Inside the outline of the state in the design is the special proct of the State - peach, surrounded by Quercus branches on both sides of the outline to show respect for this state tree. There are also three warning words "wisdom, justice, modetion" in the design, representing the state's inscription "wisdom, justice, modesty". Although the design of the coin is simple, it fully reflects the characteristics of Georgia< The state of Connecticut joined the federal government on January 9, 1788. The coin is the last 25 U.S. split coin issued in 1999. The face design is "Charter Oak" - an integral part of Connecticut tradition and its existence. If it wasn't for the Charter Oak, Connecticut, and even the United States, would change its history. On the night of October 31, 1687, the representative of King James II of England ordered the dissolution of the Connecticut government. The Connecticut charter was put on the negotiation table, and the representatives of both sides had a heated discussion about it. Suddenly, the candle went out and the room darkened. When the candle was rekindled, the delegates found that the Charter had disappeared strangely, the discussion had to end, and the Connecticut government was spared. It turned out that it was the hero captain Joseph Wadsworth who bravely took the Charter and hid in the safest place he could find - a white oak cave. Since then, the oak has become a symbol of protection in Connecticut. But on August 21, 1856, a storm finally blew down Charter Oak. During the Connecticut 25 cent coin campaign in 1998, people voted for the "Charter Oak" to express their admiration<
Massachusetts
Massachusetts, also known as Massachusetts, joined the Union on February 6, 1788. The Massachusetts quarter is the first coin in the new millennium, with a statue of the Massachusetts militia standing in front of the gate of the Massachusetts Concord militia National Historical Park. This pattern records the unusual history of Massachusetts. During the war of independence, the militia united and made great contributions to defeat the British army and win American independence. These small, mobile armed forces, composed of peasants and colonists, were often trained intensively and were always ready to fight. Because sometimes the fighting lasted only one minute, they won the title of "the Minuteman". In the design, the background of the militia is the outline of the terrain of Massachusetts, and the right side of the coin simply indicates the characteristics of the State - "Gulf state". The idea of militia as a theme was put forward by two sixth and seventh graders. Massachusetts is the only state that only requires students to design coin patterns< Maryland joined the Union on April 28, 1788. The coin face design is the dome building of Maryland government. Built in 1722, it is the largest wooden building in the United States without nails. It is the seat of the state legislature and has played an important role in the history of the United States. From 1783 to 1784, Maryland was the first peaceful capital of the United States. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 signed in this dome officially ended the war of independence, and the United States won. As a national heritage, the dome is still the oldest state capital building used by the U.S. legislature< South Carolina joined the Union on May 23, 1788. The design of the coin is the outline of the state. A star is specially used to mark the location of the capital of Colombia. In addition, there are palm trees, Carolinas wren and yellow jasmine. The Carolina wren and the Yellow Jasmine are endemic to the state. The origin of pukui can be traced back to the period of the war of independence. In 1776, the colonists repulsed the British fleet trying to occupy the port of Charleston in a small fort made of the trunk of the palm palm. From then on, the state was known as "pukui state". When the governor finally decided on the coin design, he pointed out that the palm tree represented the power of the state; The Wren's song symbolizes the hospitality of the people of the state; The Yellow Jasmine indicates that spring is coming, showing a beautiful natural landscape
New Hampshire joined the Union on June 21, 1788. The design of the coin surface reflects the most peculiar natural landscape of the State - "the old man in the mountains". On the coin surface, there is the state motto "live or die freely". On the edge of the coin, there are nine stars, representing the Ninth New Hampshire state to join the Federation“ The "old man in the mountains" is located on Mount canon, which goes north to mount Frank. The stone, made of five layers of red granite, looks like an old man's head gazing at the East. Geographers believe that these granite blocks were formed by the forging and movement of huge ice blocks on Mount Frank in the ice age 2000-10000 years ago. Now, the 40 foot high, 25 foot wide rock is secured with cables and screws to prevent landslides and damage< The state of Virginia joined the Union on June 25, 1788. Jamestown is the first permanent British colony in the United States. Jamestown will be 400 years old by 2007. The picture shows the three ships on which the first British colonists arrived in the United States. On April 10, 1606, King James I of England authorized the Virginia company to establish a colony in the new world. The first expedition, made up of the three ships in the picture, started from London on December 20, 1606 and landed on an island on the James River 60 miles from Chesapeake Bay on May 12, 1607. The first colonists (104 men and children) established Jameston, the first permanent British colony, in memory of King James I<
New York state
New York joined the Federation on July 26, 1788. The state coin is the first 25 cent coin in 2001 with the statue of liberty, the outline of the state and the inscription "gate to freedom". The Hudson and Erie rivers are marked with lines on the outline of New York. On October 28, 1886, the president of the United States, Grover Cleveland, accepted the gift of the French people - the statue of liberty, which symbolizes the United States. On October 15, 1924, the statue of liberty became a national monument. On July 4, 1986, the centenarian goddess was rebuilt on a large scale. The design symbolizes the status of New York as an "imperial state" for millions of immigrants seeking political freedom and democracy, and also commemorates the great role played by the Hudson and Erie rivers< North Carolina joined the Union on November 21, 1789. The design of the coin is the first flight, commemorating the first successful flight attempt of the Wright brothers on December 17, 1903. The aircraft is heavier than air, using self driving force, known as "flying bird". The first flight distance was 37 meters, creating one of the greatest achievements in human history
Rhode Island
Rhode Island joined the Federation on May 29, 1790. To commemorate the state as a "state of the sea", the design selects a sailing boat sailing in the famous nalagan Bay, and the background is Pell bridge, reflecting the most popular sports in the state -- sailing competition. Rhode Island, the smallest state in the United States, has 400 miles of coastline and more than 100 brackish beaches. As the "sailing capital" of the United States, Rhode Island has held the American Cup for more than 50 years. Narakan Bay is very important to Rhode Island. The bay is the inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, deep into eastern Rhode Island, bringing together four major rivers and several small islands<
Vermont joined the Federation on March 4, 1791. On the hump of the coin is a maple tree with a bucket. Vermont, known as the "green state", is the first state outside the 13 colonies to join the Federation. Vermont is best known for skiing, maple leaf sugar and syrup. Before sucrose was introced in the 19th century, Americans mainly consumed Vermont Maple Leaf sugar. Hump mountain is one of the highest mountains in Vermont, named for its camel like twin peaks. In the process of selection, all the five selected works include Tuofeng mountain< Kentucky joined the Union on June 1, 1792. The design of the coin is a horse race in the state building, Federal Hill and fence. Kentucky is the first state in the west to join the Union and one of the four states that call themselves "communities". Kentucky holds the longest race in the country every year. The famous "Blue Grassland" is one of the best horse racing places in the world. Another famous mark on the coin face is couplet
Delaware joined the federal government on December 7, 1787. The back of the state's 25 cents is Caesar Rodney's historic horse riding design. Caesar Rodney is a representative of the Continental Congress. On July 1, 1776, despite asthma and cancer, Caesar Rodney rode 80 miles to Philadelphia in a rainstorm. The next day, he arrived at the independence hall on time and cast a decisive vote symbolizing national independence. Of all the Delaware people, he holds the most public office. In addition to being an extremely dedicated representative, he was also a soldier, judge and speaker of the Delaware legislature. The first state is the first state to join the union
Pennsylvania joined the federal government on December 12, 1787. The design of the state has a Confederate statue, the outline of the state, the inscription "virtue, freedom, independence" and a crown stone. This pattern gives people a better understanding of the origin of the second state of the United States, which was founded on December 1, 1787. The Confederation statue, carved by New York sculptor Roland Hinton Perry, is a 14.6-meter-high bronze plated female statue. Since May 25, 1905, the statue has been standing on the State Capitol dome in Harrisburg. The woman kindly stretched out her right hand and held the stick of justice in her left. The crown stone in the design represents the nickname of the State - "crown stone state". After Thomas Jefferson's Republican victory in 1802, Pennsylvania was named "crown stone of the union". This title reflects the important position of Pennsylvania in the economic, social and political development of the United States< New Jersey joined the federal government on December 18, 1787. The design of the state describes the important victory of George Washington's colonial army crossing the Delaware River ring the war of independence. On a cold Christmas Eve in 1776, the Delaware River froze in many places. General Washington estimated that the enemy would not be well prepared in such weather. He led his troops bravely across the Delaware River to Trenton, New Jersey. Washington and his soldiers launched a surprise attack, captured more than 900 British troops and liberated the town. Then they marched on to Princeton, where the same surprise attack brought down the enemy. The victory of these two wars greatly inspired the soldiers' courage, hope and self-confidence. The seized ammunition, food and other supplies also helped them survive the winter of 1777. The pattern is based on the oil painting Washington crossing the Delaware River by Emmanuel leutze in 1851. This coin is the first that Washington appeared on both sides of the currency at the same time< Georgia joined the federal government on January 2, 1788. The coin design reflects the traditional and diversified southern state's various symbols. Inside the outline of the state in the design is the special proct of the State - peach, surrounded by Quercus branches on both sides of the outline to show respect for this state tree. There are also three warning words "wisdom, justice, modetion" in the design, representing the state's inscription "wisdom, justice, modesty". Although the design of the coin is simple, it fully reflects the characteristics of Georgia< The state of Connecticut joined the federal government on January 9, 1788. The coin is the last 25 U.S. split coin issued in 1999. The face design is "Charter Oak" - an integral part of Connecticut tradition and its existence. If it wasn't for the Charter Oak, Connecticut, and even the United States, would change its history. On the night of October 31, 1687, the representative of King James II of England ordered the dissolution of the Connecticut government. The Connecticut charter was put on the negotiation table, and the representatives of both sides had a heated discussion about it. Suddenly, the candle went out and the room darkened. When the candle was rekindled, the delegates found that the Charter had disappeared strangely, the discussion had to end, and the Connecticut government was spared. It turned out that it was the hero captain Joseph Wadsworth who bravely took the Charter and hid in the safest place he could find - a white oak cave. Since then, the oak has become a symbol of protection in Connecticut. But on August 21, 1856, a storm finally blew down Charter Oak. During the Connecticut 25 cent coin campaign in 1998, people voted for the "Charter Oak" to express their admiration<
Massachusetts
Massachusetts, also known as Massachusetts, joined the Union on February 6, 1788. The Massachusetts quarter is the first coin in the new millennium, with a statue of the Massachusetts militia standing in front of the gate of the Massachusetts Concord militia National Historical Park. This pattern records the unusual history of Massachusetts. During the war of independence, the militia united and made great contributions to defeat the British army and win American independence. These small, mobile armed forces, composed of peasants and colonists, were often trained intensively and were always ready to fight. Because sometimes the fighting lasted only one minute, they won the title of "the Minuteman". In the design, the background of the militia is the outline of the terrain of Massachusetts, and the right side of the coin simply indicates the characteristics of the State - "Gulf state". The idea of militia as a theme was put forward by two sixth and seventh graders. Massachusetts is the only state that only requires students to design coin patterns< Maryland joined the Union on April 28, 1788. The coin face design is the dome building of Maryland government. Built in 1722, it is the largest wooden building in the United States without nails. It is the seat of the state legislature and has played an important role in the history of the United States. From 1783 to 1784, Maryland was the first peaceful capital of the United States. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 signed in this dome officially ended the war of independence, and the United States won. As a national heritage, the dome is still the oldest state capital building used by the U.S. legislature< South Carolina joined the Union on May 23, 1788. The design of the coin is the outline of the state. A star is specially used to mark the location of the capital of Colombia. In addition, there are palm trees, Carolinas wren and yellow jasmine. The Carolina wren and the Yellow Jasmine are endemic to the state. The origin of pukui can be traced back to the period of the war of independence. In 1776, the colonists repulsed the British fleet trying to occupy the port of Charleston in a small fort made of the trunk of the palm palm. From then on, the state was known as "pukui state". When the governor finally decided on the coin design, he pointed out that the palm tree represented the power of the state; The Wren's song symbolizes the hospitality of the people of the state; The Yellow Jasmine indicates that spring is coming, showing a beautiful natural landscape
New Hampshire joined the Union on June 21, 1788. The design of the coin surface reflects the most peculiar natural landscape of the State - "the old man in the mountains". On the coin surface, there is the state motto "live or die freely". On the edge of the coin, there are nine stars, representing the Ninth New Hampshire state to join the Federation“ The "old man in the mountains" is located on Mount canon, which goes north to mount Frank. The stone, made of five layers of red granite, looks like an old man's head gazing at the East. Geographers believe that these granite blocks were formed by the forging and movement of huge ice blocks on Mount Frank in the ice age 2000-10000 years ago. Now, the 40 foot high, 25 foot wide rock is secured with cables and screws to prevent landslides and damage< The state of Virginia joined the Union on June 25, 1788. Jamestown is the first permanent British colony in the United States. Jamestown will be 400 years old by 2007. The picture shows the three ships on which the first British colonists arrived in the United States. On April 10, 1606, King James I of England authorized the Virginia company to establish a colony in the new world. The first expedition, made up of the three ships in the picture, started from London on December 20, 1606 and landed on an island on the James River 60 miles from Chesapeake Bay on May 12, 1607. The first colonists (104 men and children) established Jameston, the first permanent British colony, in memory of King James I<
New York state
New York joined the Federation on July 26, 1788. The state coin is the first 25 cent coin in 2001 with the statue of liberty, the outline of the state and the inscription "gate to freedom". The Hudson and Erie rivers are marked with lines on the outline of New York. On October 28, 1886, the president of the United States, Grover Cleveland, accepted the gift of the French people - the statue of liberty, which symbolizes the United States. On October 15, 1924, the statue of liberty became a national monument. On July 4, 1986, the centenarian goddess was rebuilt on a large scale. The design symbolizes the status of New York as an "imperial state" for millions of immigrants seeking political freedom and democracy, and also commemorates the great role played by the Hudson and Erie rivers< North Carolina joined the Union on November 21, 1789. The design of the coin is the first flight, commemorating the first successful flight attempt of the Wright brothers on December 17, 1903. The aircraft is heavier than air, using self driving force, known as "flying bird". The first flight distance was 37 meters, creating one of the greatest achievements in human history
Rhode Island
Rhode Island joined the Federation on May 29, 1790. To commemorate the state as a "state of the sea", the design selects a sailing boat sailing in the famous nalagan Bay, and the background is Pell bridge, reflecting the most popular sports in the state -- sailing competition. Rhode Island, the smallest state in the United States, has 400 miles of coastline and more than 100 brackish beaches. As the "sailing capital" of the United States, Rhode Island has held the American Cup for more than 50 years. Narakan Bay is very important to Rhode Island. The bay is the inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, deep into eastern Rhode Island, bringing together four major rivers and several small islands<
Vermont joined the Federation on March 4, 1791. On the hump of the coin is a maple tree with a bucket. Vermont, known as the "green state", is the first state outside the 13 colonies to join the Federation. Vermont is best known for skiing, maple leaf sugar and syrup. Before sucrose was introced in the 19th century, Americans mainly consumed Vermont Maple Leaf sugar. Hump mountain is one of the highest mountains in Vermont, named for its camel like twin peaks. In the process of selection, all the five selected works include Tuofeng mountain< Kentucky joined the Union on June 1, 1792. The design of the coin is a horse race in the state building, Federal Hill and fence. Kentucky is the first state in the west to join the Union and one of the four states that call themselves "communities". Kentucky holds the longest race in the country every year. The famous "Blue Grassland" is one of the best horse racing places in the world. Another famous mark on the coin face is couplet
5. World currency
refers to the application of monetary functions such as value scale, means of circulation, means of storage and means of payment in the world. With the development of international trade and the formation of the world market, currency has the function of world currency when it goes beyond the domestic market and plays a role in the international market
US dollar
US dollar is another name of US dollar. Why is US dollar also called us dollar? This should start with the Bretton Woods system.
the Enlightenment of the Bretton Woods system came at the end of the Second World War. In July 1944, more than 300 representatives from 44 countries held the "UN International Monetary and financial conference" in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, and adopted the "final resolution of the UN monetary and financial agreement" as well as the "International Monetary Fund Agreement" and the "international bank for reconstruction and development agreement", two appendixes, collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Agreement", Thus, the Bretton Woods system centered on US dollar was established
the core contents of the Bretton Woods system include: establishing the International Monetary Fund to negotiate on International Monetary Affairs and provide financing support for the short-term balance of payments deficit of member countries; The US dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the US dollar (i.e. "double pegging") to implement an adjustable fixed exchange rate system; Abolishing foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc. Thus, the Bretton Woods system established two major international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is responsible for providing short-term funds to its members to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The world bank provides long-term credit to promote the recovery and development of the world economy. These two institutions are still in operation
the Bretton Woods system promotes the stable development of international finance and provides favorable conditions for the expansion of international trade and world economic growth through the implementation of the direct link between us dollar and gold and the fixed exchange rate system. However, the Bretton Woods system also has its inherent defects, such as the contradiction between us dollar's international reserve status and international solvency, the asymmetry of policy coordination between reserve currency issuing countries and non reserve currency issuing countries, and the dilemma between internal and external objectives under the fixed exchange rate system. With the development of the world economy, these inherent defects are graally exposed< In the 1960s and 1970s, after several dollar crises, marked by the "Smithsonian agreement" in December 1971, the dollar depreciated against gold, while the United States refused to sell gold to foreign central banks. The gold standard under the Bretton Woods system was in name only. In February 1973, the U.S. dollar further devalued, the major currencies were forced to implement the floating exchange rate system under the impact of speculative forces, and the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. Since then, the international financial situation was turbulent, until 1976, the international community reached a "Jamaica system" with the legalization of floating exchange rate and the non monetization of gold as the main contents. However, the Jamaica system is not a set of strict institutional arrangements. It is a laissez faire system with neither standard nor moderate growth constraints, nor balance of payments coordination mechanism. It is known as the "unsystematic system". After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank remained as important international organizations
because of the history of pegging US dollar to gold, it is customary to call us dollar as US dollar
Australian dollar
Australian dollar is the legal tender of the Commonwealth of Australia, which is issued by the Reserve Bank of Australia. At present, there are 5,10,20,50,100 dollar notes in circulation in Australia, and 1,2,5,10,20,50 cent coins, The carry is a dollar equal to 100 cents< On February 14, 1966, Australia issued the current currency Australian dollar to replace the old Australian pound in circulation, and stipulated that one Australian dollar is equal to 1.12 US dollars, which can be converted into 0.5 Australian pounds. After the floating exchange rate of the US dollar on August 15, 1971, the Australian dollar began to be linked to the British pound on the 23rd of that month. On December 22, the US dollar depreciated. Australia announced that the gold content of the Australian dollar remained unchanged (i.e. 0.99531g), and the official exchange rate against the US dollar rose to US $1.216, with a fluctuation of 2.25%. On June 23, 1972, with the disintegration of the pound area, the preferential treatment enjoyed by the Australian dollar ended< On September 25, 1974, Australia re implemented the effective exchange rate system, and the Australian dollar was no longer pegged to the US dollar. Instead, it became a package of 20 currencies of Australia's major trading partners, with a managed floating exchange rate system. On November 29, 1976, the effective exchange rate of the Australian dollar depreciated by 17.5%< On December 12, 1983, Australia cancelled the effective managed floating exchange rate of Australian dollar pegging to a package of trade weighted currencies, and implemented free floating, so Australia cancelled all foreign exchange controls. At present, the Australian dollar has become one of the important hard currency and investment tools in the international financial market
Brazilian currency (Cruzeiro)
nowadays, there are some tricks using Brazilian currency in some places, which makes many people think that Brazilian currency is worthless. In fact, those swindlers use obsolete old Brazilian currency (Cruzeiro and new and old Cruzado) with large face value, and the largest face value is 500000. The money can't be used even in Brazil now! Here is a brief introction to Brazil's currency: in history, the name and denomination of Brazil's currency have changed a lot, especially e to the heavy foreign debt burden and hyperinflation in recent years. It is one of the largest devaluation countries in Latin America. Since the independence of Brazil, the monetary system has been adopted as follows: from 1833 to 1942, 1 mi rez was equal to 1000 rez; From 1942 to 1967, 1 Cruzeiro was equal to 100 points; From 1967 to 1985, one new Cruzeiro was equal to 1000 old Cruzeiro; *** From 1989 to 1990, one new Cruzado was equal to 1000 cruzados. On March 16, 1990, Brazil issued Cruzeiro again to replace the new Cruzado, with the exchange rate of 1:1 and the carry system of 1 Cruzeiro equal to 100 points (centavos). As of December 31, 1991, the buying and selling prices of Cruzeiro exchange rate were 1068.70 and 1068.80 to us dollar respectively. In 1993, Brazil issued a new currency, cruzerorea. 1 cruzerorea is equal to 1000 Cruzeiro. However, it was only one and a half years since the currency of creuseloreal was in circulation. Brazil adopted a new currency, the real, on July 1, 1994. One real is equal to 2750 creuseloreal. At that time, the exchange rate was 1 real = 1 US dollar. The highest exchange rate was 0.83 real = 1 US dollar, but then it depreciated to 3.5 real = 1 US dollar. Then it picked up. At present, the exchange rate of real is: 1 US dollar = 2.2863 real (exchange rate on June 3, 2006); Note: (according to the exchange rate on June 3, 2006, 1 reais = 3.50916 RMB). The real is the second version of real issued by the Central Bank of Brazil in 2003; ￡
refers to the application of monetary functions such as value scale, means of circulation, means of storage and means of payment in the world. With the development of international trade and the formation of the world market, currency has the function of world currency when it goes beyond the domestic market and plays a role in the international market
US dollar
US dollar is another name of US dollar. Why is US dollar also called us dollar? This should start with the Bretton Woods system.
the Enlightenment of the Bretton Woods system came at the end of the Second World War. In July 1944, more than 300 representatives from 44 countries held the "UN International Monetary and financial conference" in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, and adopted the "final resolution of the UN monetary and financial agreement" as well as the "International Monetary Fund Agreement" and the "international bank for reconstruction and development agreement", two appendixes, collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Agreement", Thus, the Bretton Woods system centered on US dollar was established
the core contents of the Bretton Woods system include: establishing the International Monetary Fund to negotiate on International Monetary Affairs and provide financing support for the short-term balance of payments deficit of member countries; The US dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the US dollar (i.e. "double pegging") to implement an adjustable fixed exchange rate system; Abolishing foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc. Thus, the Bretton Woods system established two major international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is responsible for providing short-term funds to its members to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The world bank provides long-term credit to promote the recovery and development of the world economy. These two institutions are still in operation
the Bretton Woods system promotes the stable development of international finance and provides favorable conditions for the expansion of international trade and world economic growth through the implementation of the direct link between us dollar and gold and the fixed exchange rate system. However, the Bretton Woods system also has its inherent defects, such as the contradiction between us dollar's international reserve status and international solvency, the asymmetry of policy coordination between reserve currency issuing countries and non reserve currency issuing countries, and the dilemma between internal and external objectives under the fixed exchange rate system. With the development of the world economy, these inherent defects are graally exposed< In the 1960s and 1970s, after several dollar crises, marked by the "Smithsonian agreement" in December 1971, the dollar depreciated against gold, while the United States refused to sell gold to foreign central banks. The gold standard under the Bretton Woods system was in name only. In February 1973, the U.S. dollar further devalued, the major currencies were forced to implement the floating exchange rate system under the impact of speculative forces, and the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. Since then, the international financial situation was turbulent, until 1976, the international community reached a "Jamaica system" with the legalization of floating exchange rate and the non monetization of gold as the main contents. However, the Jamaica system is not a set of strict institutional arrangements. It is a laissez faire system with neither standard nor moderate growth constraints, nor balance of payments coordination mechanism. It is known as the "unsystematic system". After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank remained as important international organizations
because of the history of pegging US dollar to gold, it is customary to call us dollar as US dollar
Australian dollar
Australian dollar is the legal tender of the Commonwealth of Australia, which is issued by the Reserve Bank of Australia. At present, there are 5,10,20,50,100 dollar notes in circulation in Australia, and 1,2,5,10,20,50 cent coins, The carry is a dollar equal to 100 cents< On February 14, 1966, Australia issued the current currency Australian dollar to replace the old Australian pound in circulation, and stipulated that one Australian dollar is equal to 1.12 US dollars, which can be converted into 0.5 Australian pounds. After the floating exchange rate of the US dollar on August 15, 1971, the Australian dollar began to be linked to the British pound on the 23rd of that month. On December 22, the US dollar depreciated. Australia announced that the gold content of the Australian dollar remained unchanged (i.e. 0.99531g), and the official exchange rate against the US dollar rose to US $1.216, with a fluctuation of 2.25%. On June 23, 1972, with the disintegration of the pound area, the preferential treatment enjoyed by the Australian dollar ended< On September 25, 1974, Australia re implemented the effective exchange rate system, and the Australian dollar was no longer pegged to the US dollar. Instead, it became a package of 20 currencies of Australia's major trading partners, with a managed floating exchange rate system. On November 29, 1976, the effective exchange rate of the Australian dollar depreciated by 17.5%< On December 12, 1983, Australia cancelled the effective managed floating exchange rate of Australian dollar pegging to a package of trade weighted currencies, and implemented free floating, so Australia cancelled all foreign exchange controls. At present, the Australian dollar has become one of the important hard currency and investment tools in the international financial market
Brazilian currency (Cruzeiro)
nowadays, there are some tricks using Brazilian currency in some places, which makes many people think that Brazilian currency is worthless. In fact, those swindlers use obsolete old Brazilian currency (Cruzeiro and new and old Cruzado) with large face value, and the largest face value is 500000. The money can't be used even in Brazil now! Here is a brief introction to Brazil's currency: in history, the name and denomination of Brazil's currency have changed a lot, especially e to the heavy foreign debt burden and hyperinflation in recent years. It is one of the largest devaluation countries in Latin America. Since the independence of Brazil, the monetary system has been adopted as follows: from 1833 to 1942, 1 mi rez was equal to 1000 rez; From 1942 to 1967, 1 Cruzeiro was equal to 100 points; From 1967 to 1985, one new Cruzeiro was equal to 1000 old Cruzeiro; *** From 1989 to 1990, one new Cruzado was equal to 1000 cruzados. On March 16, 1990, Brazil issued Cruzeiro again to replace the new Cruzado, with the exchange rate of 1:1 and the carry system of 1 Cruzeiro equal to 100 points (centavos). As of December 31, 1991, the buying and selling prices of Cruzeiro exchange rate were 1068.70 and 1068.80 to us dollar respectively. In 1993, Brazil issued a new currency, cruzerorea. 1 cruzerorea is equal to 1000 Cruzeiro. However, it was only one and a half years since the currency of creuseloreal was in circulation. Brazil adopted a new currency, the real, on July 1, 1994. One real is equal to 2750 creuseloreal. At that time, the exchange rate was 1 real = 1 US dollar. The highest exchange rate was 0.83 real = 1 US dollar, but then it depreciated to 3.5 real = 1 US dollar. Then it picked up. At present, the exchange rate of real is: 1 US dollar = 2.2863 real (exchange rate on June 3, 2006); Note: (according to the exchange rate on June 3, 2006, 1 reais = 3.50916 RMB). The real is the second version of real issued by the Central Bank of Brazil in 2003; ￡
6. To commemorate the formation of the United States of America by 50 states, and to increase the understanding of the younger generation of the United States on the history, geography and other aspects of the States. The U.S. government has decided to issue 50 kinds of 25 cent commemorative coins in circulation from January 1999 to 2008. Five kinds of commemorative coins will be issued each year to commemorate five states. The issuing order is the time sequence of each state's accession to the United States. All coins will be minted at the national mints of Pennsylvania and Denver
the five States issued in 1999 are Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Subsequently, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,
New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina,
Rhode Island, Vermont,
Kentucky,
Tennessee, Ohio,
Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Maine, Missouri,
Arkansas were issued, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin,
California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah issued the last five in 2008, which are 46. Oklahoma
47. New Mexico
48. Arizona
49. Alaska
50. Hawaii
the five States issued in 1999 are Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Subsequently, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,
New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina,
Rhode Island, Vermont,
Kentucky,
Tennessee, Ohio,
Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Maine, Missouri,
Arkansas were issued, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin,
California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah issued the last five in 2008, which are 46. Oklahoma
47. New Mexico
48. Arizona
49. Alaska
50. Hawaii
7. In the last 50 years of this century, GATT, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund have been regarded as the three pillars supporting the world economic, trade and financial structure. The three pillars all originated from the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The latter two are also known as the Bretton Woods monetary system
the Bretton Woods monetary system is an international monetary system with us dollar as the center after the war. The international monetary system refers to the sum of rules, measures and corresponding organizational forms determined by the arrangements made by various countries for currency exchange, balance of payments adjustment, composition of international reserve assets, etc. An effective and stable international monetary system is an extremely important part of the international economy
in the 20 years between the two world wars before the Bretton Woods system, the international monetary system was divided into several competing currency groups, and the currencies of various countries were devalued and unstable, because each economic group wanted to solve its own balance of payments and employment problems at the expense of others' interests, presenting a kind of anarchy. After the world economic crisis in the 1930s and the Second World War, the economic and political strength of various countries has undergone major changes. The United States has become the world leader of capitalism, and the international status of the US dollar has been unprecedentedly stable e to its huge international gold reserves. This makes it possible to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the pillar, which is concive to the external economic expansion of the United States< In July 1944, economic envoys of 44 countries or governments gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to discuss the post-war world trade pattern. The meeting adopted the International Monetary Fund Agreement and decided to establish an international bank for reconstruction and development (the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund, as well as a global trade organization (the evolution of this trade organization has been introced in the 24th issue of this journal)< On December 27, 1945, representatives of 22 countries participating in the Bretton Woods conference signed the Bretton Woods Agreement and formally established the International Monetary Fund and the world bank. The two agencies became permanent specialized agencies of the United Nations since November 15, 1947. China is the founder of the two institutions. In 1980, the legitimate seats of the people's Republic of China in the two institutions were restored
since then, a new period in the history of the development of the international monetary system has begun
the Bretton Woods system is based on gold, with the US dollar as the main international reserve currency. The U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar, which can be converted into gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce. Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. dollar can be exchanged for gold and the adjustable pegged exchange rate system is the two pillars of the monetary system. The International Monetary Fund is the central institution to maintain the normal operation of the system. It has three functions: supervising the international exchange rate, providing international credit and coordinating international monetary relations
the establishment of the Bretton Woods system has indeed brought about an era of unprecedented development of international trade and increasing interdependence of the global economy for quite some time after the war. However, the Bretton Woods system has its own defects. Its fatal point is that it takes a country's currency (US dollar) as its main reserve asset, which has inherent instability. Because only by relying on the long-term trade deficit of the United States can the US dollar spread to all parts of the world and other countries obtain US dollar supply
but this will inevitably affect people's confidence in the US dollar and lead to the US dollar crisis. If the United States maintains a balance of payments, it will cut off the supply of international reserves, resulting in a lack of international solvency. This is an insurmountable contradiction
since the late 1950s, with the graal weakening of the economic competitiveness of the United States, its balance of payments began to deteriorate, resulting in a global "dollar surplus" situation, countries have thrown out dollars to exchange for gold, and a large number of U.S. gold began to flow out. In 1971, the U.S. gold reserves could no longer support the growing flood of U.S. dollars. In August of that year, Nixon administration was forced to give up the U.S. dollar "gold standard" system of exchanging gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce, and implement the free floating of gold against the U.S. dollar. The European Economic Community, Japan, Canada and other countries have announced the implementation of floating exchange rate system, and they no longer bear the obligation to maintain the fixed exchange rate of the US dollar, and the US dollar is no longer the center of currencies around the world. This indicates that the foundation of the Bretton Woods system has been completely lost and the system has finally collapsed< However, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund, the two institutions born from the Bretton Woods conference, still play a crucial role in the world trade and financial structure.
the Bretton Woods monetary system is an international monetary system with us dollar as the center after the war. The international monetary system refers to the sum of rules, measures and corresponding organizational forms determined by the arrangements made by various countries for currency exchange, balance of payments adjustment, composition of international reserve assets, etc. An effective and stable international monetary system is an extremely important part of the international economy
in the 20 years between the two world wars before the Bretton Woods system, the international monetary system was divided into several competing currency groups, and the currencies of various countries were devalued and unstable, because each economic group wanted to solve its own balance of payments and employment problems at the expense of others' interests, presenting a kind of anarchy. After the world economic crisis in the 1930s and the Second World War, the economic and political strength of various countries has undergone major changes. The United States has become the world leader of capitalism, and the international status of the US dollar has been unprecedentedly stable e to its huge international gold reserves. This makes it possible to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the pillar, which is concive to the external economic expansion of the United States< In July 1944, economic envoys of 44 countries or governments gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to discuss the post-war world trade pattern. The meeting adopted the International Monetary Fund Agreement and decided to establish an international bank for reconstruction and development (the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund, as well as a global trade organization (the evolution of this trade organization has been introced in the 24th issue of this journal)< On December 27, 1945, representatives of 22 countries participating in the Bretton Woods conference signed the Bretton Woods Agreement and formally established the International Monetary Fund and the world bank. The two agencies became permanent specialized agencies of the United Nations since November 15, 1947. China is the founder of the two institutions. In 1980, the legitimate seats of the people's Republic of China in the two institutions were restored
since then, a new period in the history of the development of the international monetary system has begun
the Bretton Woods system is based on gold, with the US dollar as the main international reserve currency. The U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar, which can be converted into gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce. Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. dollar can be exchanged for gold and the adjustable pegged exchange rate system is the two pillars of the monetary system. The International Monetary Fund is the central institution to maintain the normal operation of the system. It has three functions: supervising the international exchange rate, providing international credit and coordinating international monetary relations
the establishment of the Bretton Woods system has indeed brought about an era of unprecedented development of international trade and increasing interdependence of the global economy for quite some time after the war. However, the Bretton Woods system has its own defects. Its fatal point is that it takes a country's currency (US dollar) as its main reserve asset, which has inherent instability. Because only by relying on the long-term trade deficit of the United States can the US dollar spread to all parts of the world and other countries obtain US dollar supply
but this will inevitably affect people's confidence in the US dollar and lead to the US dollar crisis. If the United States maintains a balance of payments, it will cut off the supply of international reserves, resulting in a lack of international solvency. This is an insurmountable contradiction
since the late 1950s, with the graal weakening of the economic competitiveness of the United States, its balance of payments began to deteriorate, resulting in a global "dollar surplus" situation, countries have thrown out dollars to exchange for gold, and a large number of U.S. gold began to flow out. In 1971, the U.S. gold reserves could no longer support the growing flood of U.S. dollars. In August of that year, Nixon administration was forced to give up the U.S. dollar "gold standard" system of exchanging gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce, and implement the free floating of gold against the U.S. dollar. The European Economic Community, Japan, Canada and other countries have announced the implementation of floating exchange rate system, and they no longer bear the obligation to maintain the fixed exchange rate of the US dollar, and the US dollar is no longer the center of currencies around the world. This indicates that the foundation of the Bretton Woods system has been completely lost and the system has finally collapsed< However, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund, the two institutions born from the Bretton Woods conference, still play a crucial role in the world trade and financial structure.
8.
The reasons for using US dollar as international settlement currency are as follows:
1. After the Second World War, the international monetary system did not determine the exchange rate according to the mint parity of each country, but generally established a fixed proportion relationship with us dollar according to the comparison of the legal tender parity of each country
Second, under the gold standard system, the main international reserve asset is gold. After the Second World War, the international reserve assets are gold, convertible currency and special drawing rights, in which gold and US dollar are equally important. In terms of foreign exchange reserves, before the war, it included pound sterling, US dollar and French franc. After the Second World War, the international monetary system almost included the currencies of all countries and regions in the capitalist world. The US dollar was the most important foreign exchange reserve Thirdly, under the international gold standard, the flow of gold is completely free; Under the Bretton Woods system, the flow of gold is limited to a certain extent. Before the Second World War, Britain, the United States and France allowed residents to exchange goldcountries with gold exchange standard also allow residents to use foreign exchange (pounds, francs or dollars) to exchange gold with Britain, the United States and France; After the Second World War, the United States only allowed foreign governments to exchange US dollars for gold under certain conditions, and did not allow foreign residents to exchange US dollars for gold
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extended data:
system collapse
in the early 1970s, while Japan and Western Europe rose, the U.S. economic strength was relatively weakened, unable to bear the responsibility of stabilizing the U.S. dollar exchange rate, trade protectionism rose, and announced the depreciation of the U.S. dollar twice. Many countries have abandoned the fixed exchange rate between their currencies and the US dollar and adopted the floating exchange rate system
the international monetary system centered on the US dollar collapsed and the status of the US dollar declined. At one time, many people in European countries rejected the dollar. In London, a traveler from New York said, "the banks, hotels and shops here are the same. When they see the dollars in our hands, they look as if they have become pathogen carriers."
in Paris, taxis carry signs saying "no longer accept dollars", and even beggars write "no dollars" on their hats. The US dollar has lost its dominant position, but it is still the most important international currency so far
9. Why the US dollar is also called us dollar should start from the Bretton Woods system.
the Enlightenment of the Bretton Woods system came at the end of the Second World War. In July 1944, more than 300 representatives from 44 countries held the "UN International Monetary and financial conference" in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, and adopted the "final resolution of the UN monetary and financial agreement" as well as the "International Monetary Fund Agreement" and the "international bank for reconstruction and development agreement", two appendixes, collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Agreement", Thus, the Bretton Woods system centered on US dollar was established
the core contents of the Bretton Woods system include: establishing the International Monetary Fund to negotiate on International Monetary Affairs and provide financing support for the short-term balance of payments deficit of member countries; The US dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the US dollar (i.e. "double pegging") to implement an adjustable fixed exchange rate system; Abolishing foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc. Thus, the Bretton Woods system established two major international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is responsible for providing short-term funds to its members to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The world bank provides long-term credit to promote the recovery and development of the world economy. These two institutions are still in operation
the Bretton Woods system promotes the stable development of international finance and provides favorable conditions for the expansion of international trade and world economic growth through the implementation of the direct link between us dollar and gold and the fixed exchange rate system. However, the Bretton Woods system also has its inherent defects, such as the contradiction between us dollar's international reserve status and international solvency, the asymmetry of policy coordination between reserve currency issuing countries and non reserve currency issuing countries, and the dilemma between internal and external objectives under the fixed exchange rate system. With the development of the world economy, these inherent defects are graally exposed< In the 1960s and 1970s, after several dollar crises, marked by the "Smithsonian agreement" in December 1971, the dollar depreciated against gold, while the United States refused to sell gold to foreign central banks. The gold standard under the Bretton Woods system was in name only. In February 1973, the U.S. dollar further devalued, the major currencies were forced to implement the floating exchange rate system under the impact of speculative forces, and the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. Since then, the international financial situation was turbulent, until 1976, the international community reached a "Jamaica system" with the legalization of floating exchange rate and the non monetization of gold as the main contents. However, the Jamaica system is not a set of strict institutional arrangements. It is a laissez faire system with neither standard nor moderate growth constraints, nor balance of payments coordination mechanism. It is known as the "unsystematic system". After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank remained as important international organizations
because of the history of pegging US dollar to gold, it is customary to call us dollar US dollar
the Enlightenment of the Bretton Woods system came at the end of the Second World War. In July 1944, more than 300 representatives from 44 countries held the "UN International Monetary and financial conference" in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, and adopted the "final resolution of the UN monetary and financial agreement" as well as the "International Monetary Fund Agreement" and the "international bank for reconstruction and development agreement", two appendixes, collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Agreement", Thus, the Bretton Woods system centered on US dollar was established
the core contents of the Bretton Woods system include: establishing the International Monetary Fund to negotiate on International Monetary Affairs and provide financing support for the short-term balance of payments deficit of member countries; The US dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the US dollar (i.e. "double pegging") to implement an adjustable fixed exchange rate system; Abolishing foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc. Thus, the Bretton Woods system established two major international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is responsible for providing short-term funds to its members to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The world bank provides long-term credit to promote the recovery and development of the world economy. These two institutions are still in operation
the Bretton Woods system promotes the stable development of international finance and provides favorable conditions for the expansion of international trade and world economic growth through the implementation of the direct link between us dollar and gold and the fixed exchange rate system. However, the Bretton Woods system also has its inherent defects, such as the contradiction between us dollar's international reserve status and international solvency, the asymmetry of policy coordination between reserve currency issuing countries and non reserve currency issuing countries, and the dilemma between internal and external objectives under the fixed exchange rate system. With the development of the world economy, these inherent defects are graally exposed< In the 1960s and 1970s, after several dollar crises, marked by the "Smithsonian agreement" in December 1971, the dollar depreciated against gold, while the United States refused to sell gold to foreign central banks. The gold standard under the Bretton Woods system was in name only. In February 1973, the U.S. dollar further devalued, the major currencies were forced to implement the floating exchange rate system under the impact of speculative forces, and the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. Since then, the international financial situation was turbulent, until 1976, the international community reached a "Jamaica system" with the legalization of floating exchange rate and the non monetization of gold as the main contents. However, the Jamaica system is not a set of strict institutional arrangements. It is a laissez faire system with neither standard nor moderate growth constraints, nor balance of payments coordination mechanism. It is known as the "unsystematic system". After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank remained as important international organizations
because of the history of pegging US dollar to gold, it is customary to call us dollar US dollar
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