Virtual currency trade settlement
[operation process]
1. It mainly includes: (1) enterprise information table 2) Copy of business license 3) Organization code certificate 4) Other materials required by the people's Bank of China
2. Submit the above information to the bank
3. Complete information activation. After the bank passes the review, it will retain the enterprise information form and other information, and activate the enterprise information in the RMB cross-border collection and payment information management system
RMB continued to appreciate relative to the US dollar. Therefore, it is suggested to use euro /
if you are engaged in foreign trade business, it depends on the exchange rate of RMB. If you are an import commodity, you should use soft currency, that is, a currency that is easy to depreciate or tends to depreciate. If you are an export commodity, you should use hard currency, To avoid foreign exchange losses.
besides, the recent trend of RMB exchange rate still has the possibility of appreciation, so RMB belongs to the hard currency, while the US dollar belongs to the soft currency.
first, the diversification trend of international settlement methods
(1) international trade has changed from the seller's market to the buyer's market, and the way of requiring the buyer to issue L / C is graally out of date. Letter of credit is one of the main settlement methods in international trade settlement. Compared with the other two traditional methods of international trade remittance and collection, letter of credit has incomparable advantages: first, in the remittance method and collection method, the buyer and the seller rely on the commercial credit, whether the credit granting party can smoothly recover the payment or receive the goods that meet the requirements after providing the credit, It all depends on the credit of the other party; The letter of credit is a kind of bank credit. As long as the exporter provides the documents in line with the provisions of the letter of credit, the issuing bank must bear the responsibility of the first payment. Due to the intervention of the bank, the letter of credit has successfully solved the problem that the importers and exporters in different countries do not understand and trust each other in international trade, and has played a role in promoting the development of international trade. Secondly, in the mode of remittance and collection, the capital occupation and settlement risks are all concentrated in the credit providers -- the exporters in the mode of collection, the importers in the mode of prepayment and the exporters in the mode of cash on delivery. In the mode of letter of credit, the exporters can recover the payment quickly through negotiation after shipping the goods and presenting the documents, Importers only need to pay a certain proportion of the deposit when they apply for L / C, and the rest of the payment will be paid when the issuing bank presents the documents for foreign exchange. Therefore, the financial burden and risk bearing are relatively scattered. However, since the 1990s, the proportion of L / C in international settlement has been declining, and there has been a trend of diversified settlement methods in the field of international trade settlement. The reasons are various:
1. The buyer's market makes the choice of settlement method more accommodating to the buyer. Nowadays, the international commodity market is in a typical buyer's market, and the competition of export commodities is extremely fierce, which is relatively favorable to the buyer. The buyer is more and more inclined to choose some payment methods which are beneficial to him, but is not willing to use the letter of credit which is relatively beneficial to the seller and unfavorable to the buyer for settlement. In the form of L / C, the buyer needs to pay the L / C deposit to the issuing bank when applying for L / C, which results in the capital being occupied. In this case, if the seller blindly requires L / C settlement, it will only delay business opportunities and weaken its competitiveness
2. Letter of credit also has some defects. Although letter of credit has many advantages, it is not perfect. Its defects are as follows: (1) the risk has not been completely eliminated. Under the mode of L / C, the exporter may still encounter the risk of the importer not opening the L / C or not opening the L / C on time, and the exporter's Bank may encounter the risk of the L / C bank's bankruptcy or unreasonable refusal to pay 2) UCP500, uniform customs and practices for documentary credits; An undertaking by a bank to pay, accept and pay a bill of exchange or to negotiate or perform other obligations under the credit shall not be subject to any claim or defense arising from the existing relationship between the applicant and the issuing bank or the beneficiary& quot; Therefore, as long as the documents submitted by the exporter comply with the terms of the L / C, even if the importer finds that the quantity or quality of the goods is not in conformity with the documents, the issuing bank can not take it as a reason for refusing to pay the exporter's Bank, but can only claim against the beneficiary after the importer takes delivery of the goods. Letter of credit (L / C), which only recognizes documents but does not recognize goods, provides opportunities for illegal businessmen. It is also common for exporters to cheat with fake goods and fake documents 3) The settlement procere is complex and the cost is high. Compared with other settlement methods, the L / C method not only has the necessary delivery, presentation, collection and payment, but also increases the links of applying for L / C, notifying L / C, negotiating and examining documents. The proceres are complex, the expenses are high, and the import cost is increased
3. Modern commercial banks can provide multi-level intermediary services in international settlement. In recent years, with the enhancement of bank's own ability, its influence on international trade settlement is graally expanding, which makes it possible to diversify trade settlement methods. Banks can make full use of their own advantages, such as many outlets, wide contacts, strong financial strength and rich experience, to provide multi-functional services for importers and exporters, such as credit investigation, accounting treatment, credit guarantee and financing, so as to help both sides simplify proceres, rece capital occupation, save non proctive costs and even transfer risks< (2) with the deepening of specialization and intensification of proction and operation under international trade, international factoring business has developed rapidly. International factoring is a new way of international trade settlement, which integrates modern information financing services, account management and credit insurance. It will bring benefits to both sides of the trade, for exporters, the use of international factoring settlement: 1, can guarantee the safe recovery of payment. As the factoring business provides 100% credit insurance, the exporter can completely avoid the commercial credit risk of not receiving the payment when it is e. As long as the exporter abides by the sales contract and factoring contract, he can get part of the payment in advance without recourse. 2. Financing convenience. Under the International Factoring Agreement, the exporter can obtain part of the payment for goods after loading the goods, as long as he provides the invoice and relevant shipping documents to the factoring agent, thus speeding up the capital turnover. 3. It is beneficial for exporters to develop new customers and expand the market. Factoring provides a package of comprehensive services for exporters, thus saving time and cost for them to develop the international market. For importers, its advantages are as follows: 1. Adopting international factoring settlement can simplify import proceres, eliminate the requirement of asset mortgage or deposit under L / C, and rece the occupation of working capital or credit line. 2. Because the importer pays after receiving the goods, plus the binding effect of factoring, the delivery date and the quality and quantity of the goods can be guaranteed, which can eliminate various risks under other international settlement methods to a great extent< (3) with the change of commodity structure in international trade, the business of buying bills and bank guarantees is widely used. Like the international factoring business, the package bill business is to purchase the creditor's rights receivable of the exporter without recourse to finance and pass on the risk, but the term of the package bill business is slightly longer and the amount is larger; Under the international trade letter of guarantee, large banks can promote an international economic transaction only with their own good credit, which can avoid the disadvantages of L / C, such as various proceres and high cost, so it is welcomed by both sides of the transaction< (1) RMB is not yet fully convertible, the exchange rate formation mechanism is not perfect, and the exchange rate risk of international settlement is high. At present, RMB is only convertible under current account and the current system of bank settlement and sale of foreign exchange makes it impossible for China to settle its trade balance with other countries freely, and the foreign exchange income of enterprises under trade must be sold to banks. The foreign exchange rate is set by the central bank in combination with various factors (such as political factors - maintaining financial stability). Even if the cost of earning foreign exchange is much higher than the actual exchange rate, the enterprises have to sell it. This not only makes the export enterprises suffer from certain exchange rate risk, but also brings greater exchange rate risk to the commercial banks dealing with international factoring, buying bills and other international settlement business
(2) there are few kinds of international settlement business handled by commercial banks in China, which is difficult to meet the needs of customers. At present, the international settlement business handled by China's commercial banks is limited to traditional settlement varieties such as letter of credit, collection and remittance, and the financing settlement business is still in the stage of exploration and development
(3) the degree of electronic and network settlement technology is not high. At present, although commercial banks have basically realized the computer processing of some conventional businesses, many branches have not joined the swift system, and most of the international settlement businesses have not been fully automated. Compared with the modern electronic network of international banks and the automatic processing of all aspects of international settlement, the work efficiency of international settlement of China's banking instry is relatively low, so it is inevitable that a large number of international settlement business will be lost< (4) the quality of international settlement practitioners can not meet the requirements of diversified international settlement methods. In China, e to historical reasons, banks have been closed for many years, and there is a serious shortage of international settlement talents who have both knowledge of international finance and are familiar with computers and foreign languages< In the face of the trend of diversification of international settlement methods and the opportunities and challenges brought by China's accession to the WTO, China's banking instry should take measures as soon as possible to achieve strategic adjustment
(1) vigorously develop new varieties of international settlement business. With the success of China's entry into WTO, the development of China's foreign trade has put forward higher requirements for the international settlement business of banks. China's banking instry should seize this historical opportunity and increase its attention and investment in the international settlement business. First, we should do a good job in the basic international settlement business of remittance, collection and letter of credit. Second, we should pay attention to the research on the expansion of new trade financing business for the purpose of striving for foreign trade settlement. The more convenient the financing is, the more attractive the bank will be to customers, and the faster the international settlement business will develop. Therefore, according to the needs of the development of the situation, China's commercial banks should timely update the relevant business operation proceres and launch various new businesses, such as import documentary, export collection mortgage loan, spot export collection documentary, forward export L / C documentary, etc. As soon as possible, we should start export factoring business, buy bills and other low-cost import and export business, vigorously develop new financing business for the purpose of striving for settlement documents, provide customers with all-round and multi-functional financial services, establish high-quality customer base, and consolidate the customer position for the development of international settlement business
(2) relying on RMB business to develop international trade settlement. The development of international trade settlement must rely on RMB business for two reasons: first, RMB is the accounting currency of domestic enterprises, and it is forbidden to use foreign currency for valuation and circulation in China, so the business transactions of enterprises cannot be separated from RMB settlement business; Second, the settlement and sale of foreign exchange business in international trade settlement needs the support of RMB funds
(3) increase the investment in the electronic and network construction of international settlement business, and promote the modernization of international settlement means. 1. The central bank should consider the overall planning of the electronic construction of the whole financial system, establish a centralized, unified and efficient modern electronic network settlement system, and realize the network resource sharing of all commercial banks. 2. Improve the trade financing customer information sharing network system. 3. EDI is used for international settlement, and documents can be obtained
English; weɪ t] Beauty [&; weɪ t]
more use cases are defined
water; Water agent
There be 句型中,反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + there
There was nothing in the room, was there? 房间里什么也没有,是吗?
There are some apples in the basket, aren't there?
There isn't any milk left, is there?
On December 10, 2012, in ndale, odada and samodiga, government forces and anti-government forces launched an offensive and defensive war, and the two sides exchanged fire for more than an hour. The conflict resulted in the killing of five government soldiers. In samodiga, the rebels claimed to have captured 22 soldiers and seized some heavy weapons
on December 15, rebels attacked the diamond town of Bria. In the early morning of December 18, rebels attacked and killed more than 15 government soldiers“ "Seleka" claims that they will continue to fight because the peace agreement after the civil war in the Central African Republic between 2004 and 2007 has not been implemented. President Fran? OIS Bozize urgently turned to Chad's president Idris Deby, who promised to send 2000 peacekeepers to help quell the insurgency. On December 18, the first batch of Chadian reinforcements arrived in alliance with the Central African armed forces and launched a counter offensive against ndale
on December 15, cagabandoro was occupied by "seleca"; On the same day, President Bozize met with military advisers in the capital, Bangui. On December 19, "seleka" occupied Kapo, an important transportation hub. Four days later, Serena took over banbari, the third largest town in the Central African Republic
on December 26, hundreds of protestors and rebels pushed to surround the French Embassy in Bangui, throwing stones, burning tires and dismantling the French flag. The protestors accused France, the former colonial power, of failing to help government forces repel the rebels. At least 50 people, including women and children, were forced to hide inside a building surrounded by about 250 French soldiers. A small group of independent protestors chanted anti American slogans and threw stones at cars carrying white people outside the US embassy. According to news reports, Air France will not reopen its weekly flights between Paris and Bangui until the end of January
later in the day, the rebels continued to push towards the capital. Joshua binota, leader of the Central African armed forces, called on the French government to intervene to prevent the rebels from conquering the capital“ Sereka spokesman, Colonel Di Roma Nicolo, called on government forces to lay down their arms, adding: "Bozize has lost all his legitimacy and can no longer control the country." On December 27, President Bozize made a speech in the capital, Bangui, calling on the international community to provide assistance, especially France and the United States. French President Fran? OIS Hollande rejected his request, saying the French army would only be used to protect French citizens in the Central African Republic, not to defend the boziz é government. The report shows that the U.S. military authorities are planning to evacuate hundreds of U.S. citizens and other citizens. General Felix, commander of the economic community of Central African States, said on behalf of the multinational force that the multinational force is carrying out peacekeeping missions and that the capital is completely safe, adding that the reinforcements should arrive soon. However, military figures in Gabon and Cameroon denied the report, saying no decision had been made on the crisis
on December 28, the government launched a counterattack, and witnesses saw the smoke after the explosion and the sound of small arms fighting. A few hours later, the rebels confirmed the news, saying that the government troops had been repulsed and they still controlled the city. At least one soldier of the rebels was killed and three others were injured. The casualties of the government troops were unknown< In Libreville, Gabon's capital, Chadian foreign minister Moussa faki announced that the economic community of Central African States has sent 560 soldiers to participate in peacekeeping. Pierre Garcia, Deputy Secretary General of the economic community of Central African States, confirmed that the rebels agreed to negotiate unconditionally. In Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, the US Air Force evacuated citizens and ambassadors from about 40 countries. The International Committee of the Red Cross also evacuated eight foreign workers, while volunteers and 14 other foreigners remained to help more and more refugees< On December 29, the rebels occupied Sibu, and the Central African armed forces and Chadian reinforcements retreated to Damara. In the capital, Bangui, the government ordered a curfew from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m., banning the use of motor taxis for fear that they might be infiltrated into the capital by rebel forces. Residents said that many shop owners had hired armed groups to guard their property because residents were worried that their property might be robbed by rebels, and thousands of people left the capital in buses and boats. The French military sent 150 paratroopers from Gabon to Banki airport. French Prime Minister Jean Marc ello once again stressed that the army only "protects French citizens and European citizens", rather than dealing with the rebels. On December 30, President Bozize agreed to form a coalition government with "seleka" ring talks with African Union President Thomas Bonia, adding that the government is ready to start peace talks "without conditions and without delay". On January 1, the economic community of Central African States (ECCAS) reinforced 400 soldiers to join the Chadian reinforcements, and the rebels approached the capital, Bangui. A total of 360 soldiers were sent to improve the capital's defense forces, including 120 soldiers from Gabon, the Republic of Congo and Cameroon. Meanwhile, police killed a young Muslim man suspected of helping "seleka" obtain intelligence. According to news reports, the man was arrested and shot overnight as he tried to escape. The incident was followed by the killing of a policeman in the capital, Bangui. Victoria Newland, spokesman for the US State Department, expressed concern that "hundreds of people associated with Serena have been arrested and missing."
on January 2, 2013, National Radio announced that President Bozize was the new defense minister, succeeding his son Bozize Francis. In addition, army chief of staff guillaumra was fired for failing to fight the rebels. At the same time, sereka spokesman, Colonel Di Roma Nicolo, announced that the rebels had stopped their offensive military operations, and they were preparing for the peace talks on January 8, 2013
on January 6, 2013, South African President Jacob Zuma announced the deployment of 400 troops to assist the Central African armed forces. On January 11, 2013, the signing of the cease-fire agreement was held in Libreville, Gabon. The rebels abandoned president Fran? Oise Bozize's request to resign, but asked him to appoint a new prime minister from the opposition on January 18, 2013. The national assembly of the Central African Republic will form an interim coalition government. The interim coalition government will implement judicial reform, integrate the anti-government forces into the government army to build a new national army, and establish new legislative elections and other social and economic reform organizations; In addition, the Bozize government must release all political prisoners imprisoned ring the conflict, and foreign troops must return to their places of origin. According to the agreement, "seleka" does not need to give up the cities they have occupied or are occupying, so as to ensure that the Bozize government will not violate the peace agreement. President Bozize, who will be in office until the new presidential election in 2016, said: "this is a peaceful victory, because from now on, the citizens of the Central African Republic will finally get rid of their suffering in the conflict areas."
on January 13, 2013, Bozize signed a decree to comply with the agreement signed with the anti-government forces and remove the post of prime minister Fostan alshange tuwadra. On January 17, Nicholas tianjiaye became the new prime minister
on March 24, 2013, the anti-government armed alliance of the Central African Republic "seleka" took control of the capital, Bangui, and occupied the presidential palace and several strategic areas, but the airport of Bangui is still under the protection of French soldiers
on March 23, 2013, the anti-government armed alliance of the Central African Republic "seleka" arrived in the suburb of Bangui through two main roads in the north of the capital, and launched an attack on the urban area in the early morning of March 24. Nakeyou, an officer of the anti-government armed forces, said on the 24th that his armed forces surrounded and occupied the presidential palace after a fierce exchange of fire. At present, the whereabouts of President Bozize are unknown. It is reported that he has crossed the Ubangi River and fled to the territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo
previously, the UN Security Council and UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon respectively issued statements on March 22, 2013, expressing deep concern over the re launch of military operations by "seleka" and urging all parties in the country to fully implement the Libreville peace agreement
the civil war in the Central African Republic is likely to come to an end with the capture of most parts of the country and the capital Bangui by "seleka". In the future, the political situation in the Central African Republic may be dominated by "Serena". However, "seleka" is composed of several major anti-government armed factions. They can share weal and woe, but whether they can share the world and whether they can be recognized by the international community remains to be seen. Causes of the incident
on October 8, 2013, seleka personnel took control of the local diamond mining area and prohibited ordinary people from mining by hand as before, which intensified the contradiction. On the 8th, local youth self-defense armed forces used machetes, shotguns or homemade earth guns to engage in fierce exchanges with "seleka" personnel, resulting in more than 50 deaths. All residents of the local village have fled to the jungle to escape the fighting
background of the incident
conflicts between "seleka" personnel and people's self-defense armed forces broke out in many places in Central Africa“ After "seleka" seized power in March this year, its leader dotoja was elected as the transitional president and took measures to resettle "seleka" personnel to restore security and order in the capital and the whole country. However, the composition of "seleka" is complex, and the progress of the resettlement work is slow. Some of its branches are occupied by barracks, and some members plunder people wantonly, even Lynch and kill opponents. People in some areas set up self-defense forces to try to control violence with violence
social impact
as of the night of the 8th, fierce conflicts broke out in the garga region in the northwest of the Central African Republic, and the death toll caused by the exchange of fire between the former anti-government armed "seleka" and the local people's self-defense armed forces has risen to more than 50
group B: Argentina, Nigeria, South Korea, Greece, the team expected to qualify: Nigeria, Argentina, as a team without a head coach, Argentina's World Cup tour has only two focuses left, one is the most dazzling star in the football world - Messi, One is Maradona, the only biggest football fan who is allowed to sit in the coach's seat and watch the ball. Other things, people focus more on the off-site, so for this team that can lose 6-1 to Bolivia, the qualification is not as easy as you think. However, I still have some expectations for Messi. His road to the top of the world cup may not start in this world cup. What I guess is that Messi will win the world cup in Brazil in 2014, But this time, it doesn't belong to him. Don't you all say that Messi is like old horse? Old horse's exasperation in 1982 may be copied by good boy Messi this year. Argentina's fate in that year may be Argentina's fate this year. It's not a problem for the group to qualify, but it's the second round. Soon, they will be in trouble. As for Nigeria, needless to say, as an old strong team in Africa, there is no reason to be out early in the first World Cup held in Africa
group C: England, the United States, Algeria and Slovenia, the team expected to qualify: England and the United States. Do not explain
group D: Germany, Australia, Serbia and Ghana, the team expected to qualify: Germany, Australia, Ghana is indeed an African team, but in the face of the bombing of Germany and Australia, whether they can carry it is really a problem, and Serbia, although there are many talented players, but such a team is really difficult to place high hopes
Group E: The Netherlands, Denmark, Japan, Cameroon, the team expected to qualify: The Netherlands, Cameroon, Denmark is really good, but the strong Vikings came to the African continent, its adaptability is really a problem. Denmark has always been good in the European Cup, but it has repeatedly performed well in the world cup. This time, it is even worse to come to the southern hemisphere, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of the Vikings, Denmark really does not have the right time and place to qualify. And Japan, the Brazil team of Shanzhai version, encounter the Netherlands which is ahead of Robin van Persie Snyder, as well as Cameroon and the Vikings whose physical quality is far better than their own, so they should come to visit the Cape of good hope
Group F: Italy, Paraguay, New Zealand and Slovakia, and the team expected to qualify: Italy, Paraguay. This group also does not explain
group G: Brazil, North Korea, Cote d'Ivoire and Portugal. This group refuses to predict which team is likely to appear, and Portugal is most likely to be eliminated
Group H: Spain, Switzerland, Honras, Chile. The team expected to qualify: Spain, Chile. The reason for optimistic about Chile is that bersa, a lunatic, and Chile itself belongs to the southern hemisphere, has better adaptability to the host country than other teams