The influence of currency virtualization on monetary authorities

1.

1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions

In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:

(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information

However,
however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency

(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear

as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control

(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP

The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention

(2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:

(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market

(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more

(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger

(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency

(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system

(3) stability risk of payment system

in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities

2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism

in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks

(4) risk of absence of supervision generally speaking, supervision lags behind the development of science and technology. The network virtual currency program was established in the late 1990s, but it was not until 2006 that some government agencies in the United States began to analyze these programs. Due to the lack of
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities

(5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation

(6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term

virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />

2. In China, no company that issues virtual currency has been granted policy permission. China has a laissez faire attitude towards virtual currency. The following is China's position on virtual currency:

Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the central bank, said at last year's Boao Forum that bitcoin, like stamps collected by stamp collectors, has collection value, and people regard it as an asset to trade rather than a payment currency, so there is no question of banning it for the central bank. This is also the only time central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan has made a statement on the currency

in the bitcoin risk notice issued by the central bank and other five ministries and commissions at the end of 2013, bitcoin was clearly defined as a special Internet commodity, which people can buy and sell freely under the premise of free but risk, denying its monetary attribute. At this stage, all financial hooks are not allowed to provide bitcoin related services

since 2013, the popular virtual currencies are bitcoin, Fuyuan coin, Laite coin, doggy coin and so on.

3. Currency virtualization refers to the graal separation of money from precious metals in the development and transformation into credit money. Credit money develops from paper money to bank account and credit card, and money is transformed into a pure value symbol. That is to say, money graally breaks away from its value entity (as the result of abstract labor) and value carrier (such as precious metals, bank notes) and becomes a pure value symbol.

4. Now the virtual RMB has also been issued, and the state's policy on virtual currency must strengthen supervision. In this case, we can agree.

5. In China, virtual currency is defined as a special Internet commodity<
notice of the people's Bank of China, Ministry of instry and information technology, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on bitcoin risk prevention
notice on bitcoin risk prevention
recently, A kind of so-called "bitcoin" calculated by a specific computer program has attracted wide attention in the world, and some domestic institutions and indivials take the opportunity to hype bitcoin and its related procts. In order to protect the property rights and interests of the public, protect the legal tender status of RMB, prevent the risk of money laundering and maintain financial stability, in accordance with the law of the people's Republic of China on the people's Bank of China, the anti money laundering law of the people's Republic of China, the commercial bank law of the people's Republic of China, the telecommunication regulations of the people's Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations, We hereby inform you of the following matters:
first, we should have a correct understanding of the attributes of bitcoin. Although bitcoin is called "currency", it is not a real currency because it is not issued by the monetary authority and has no legal compensation and mandatory monetary attributes. In nature, bitcoin should be a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency, and can not and should not be used as currency in the market< Second, financial institutions and Payment institutions are not allowed to carry out bitcoin related business
at this stage, financial institutions and Payment institutions are not allowed to price bitcoin as a proct or service, buy or sell bitcoin as a central counterparties, underwrite bitcoin related insurance business or include bitcoin into the scope of insurance liability, Shall not directly or indirectly provide customers with other services related to bitcoin, including: providing customers with bitcoin registration, trading, clearing, settlement and other services; Accept bitcoin or use bitcoin as a payment and settlement tool; Carry out bitcoin and RMB and foreign currency exchange services; Carry out bitcoin storage, custody, mortgage and other services; Issuing financial procts related to bitcoin; Take bitcoin as the investment target of trust, fund, etc
Third, strengthen the management of bitcoin Internet sites
in accordance with the telecommunication regulations of the people's Republic of China and the measures for the administration of Internet information services, Internet sites providing bitcoin registration, trading and other services should be filed with the telecommunications regulatory agency
in accordance with the identification and punishment opinions of relevant administrative departments, the telecommunications regulatory authorities shut down illegal bitcoin Internet stations in accordance with the law< Fourth, to guard against the possible money laundering risk caused by bitcoin
all branches of the people's Bank of China should pay close attention to the trend and situation of bitcoin and other similar virtual commodities with the characteristics of anonymity and cross-border circulation convenience, carefully study and judge the money laundering risk, and study and formulate targeted preventive measures. All branches shall bring into anti money laundering supervision the institutions established according to law and providing bitcoin registration, trading and other services within their jurisdiction, and urge them to strengthen anti money laundering monitoring
Internet stations that provide bitcoin registration and transaction services should fulfill their obligations to fight money laundering, identify users' identities, and require users to register with real names, register name, ID number and other information.
all financial institutions, Payment institutions and Internet websites providing bitcoin registration, trading and other services should report to China Anti Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center immediately if they find suspicious transactions related to bitcoin and other virtual commodities, and cooperate with the anti money laundering investigation activities of the people's Bank of China; If any criminal activity clues such as fraud, gambling, money laundering are found using bitcoin, they should report to the public security organ in time< All departments, financial institutions and Payment institutions should correctly use the concept of money in their daily work, and pay attention to strengthening the ecation of the public's knowledge of money, so as to have a correct understanding of money, a correct view of virtual goods and virtual money, rational investment, a reasonable control of investment risks, and a rational understanding of the concept of money The concept of maintaining the safety of their own property should be included in the content of financial knowledge popularization activities to guide the public to establish a correct concept of money and investment
all financial regulatory agencies may formulate relevant implementation rules in accordance with this circular
the Shanghai headquarters of the people's Bank of China, all branches, business management departments and central sub branches of provincial capital cities are requested to forward this circular to all local financial institutions and Payment institutions within their jurisdiction. Please report to the people's Bank of China in time any new situation or problem found ring the implementation of this circular.

6.

It is not recommended to put it in the car, because long-term use can cause irritation to human organs, especially respiratory system, and even cause cancer

vehicle perfume is usually placed in the most prominent position of the counter because its profit is very high. In the general market, the highest price of motor vehicle perfume is about 100, not higher than 20 yuan. Most of these poor scents are made by blending chemical flavors and instrial alcohol. Even if the perfume package contains natural fragrance, it is not necessarily a plant essence. p>

these chemical perfumes contain aromatic benzene compounds, which are volatilized along with alcohol, causing irritation to human organs, especially respiratory system, causing cough, dizziness, vomiting and other symptoms of the people in the car, which is harmful to health and driving safety. If you use this perfume for a long time, you may also cause olfactory blunting, impaired vision and even cancer.

extended information:

methods to remove the peculiar smell in the car:

1. Ventilation

slight air pollution exists everywhere. Simple measures can rece the harm, so car owners don't have to be too nervous

the simplest way is to open more windows for ventilation, especially for new cars. Always open the windows to let the air circulate. Before getting on the bus every morning, or when parking for a long time, you might as well open the door first and get on the bus after thorough ventilation

2. Fruits

some car owners put lemons, grapefruit and other tropical fruits in the car. They think that it can clean the air, and place lemons, grapefruit peels, pineapples and so on. It depends on the volatile aroma to cover the peculiar smell, and it can't decompose and remove the harmful substances in the air

common air fresheners on the market also play a role of covering. If it is unqualified air fresheners, it will proce new pollution. So in contrast, the effect of fruit in addition to flavor is better

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: People's daily net, vehicle perfume, instrial raw materials, blending, long-term use and even cancer incement.

people's website - Guide to vehicles: removing />

from vehicles,

7. The fan is like a handle on the CPU. If the fan doesn't work, it should raise the temperature collectively. Only if the temperature of the graphics card is too high, you can see if it is st. It should be a problem with the graphics card itself. I've also had this problem, but those who are not good at computer maintenance can't be worse. Single graphics card temperature is high, but can be used, not used to replace a graphics card.