Analysis of gold standard and virtual currency
virtual currency originally refers to non real currency.
in the case that virtual currency is connected with reality, virtual currency has its real value. Well known virtual currencies such as Tencent's q-coin, q-point, Shanda's roll, Sina's u-coin meter ticket (used in igome game), chivalrous Yuanbao (used in chivalrous road game), and so on, In the era of stand-alone games, the protagonists accumulate money by knocking down the enemy and winning money in gambling houses to buy Herbs and equipment, At that time, there was no "market" between players. Since the Internet established the portal and community and realized the game networking, there has been a "financial market" for virtual currency, and players can trade game currency.
the second type is the special currency issued by portal websites or instant messaging service providers, Tencent's q-coin is the most widely used to purchase services on this website. It can be used to purchase membership, QQ show and other value-added services.
Third, the difference between real currency and virtual currency
the first feature: different value formation mechanisms.
general currency and virtual currency have different value bases, the former represents utility, The latter represents value.
as a general equivalent, the "price" of currency is called value in language, but actually refers to utility. Virtual currency does not represent the "effect" of general "price", but the value itself.
virtual currency is not a general equivalent, but a manifestation of value relativity, or a symbol of expression; It can also be said that virtual currency is a personalized currency.
the second feature is that the monetary decision mechanism is different.
general currency is decided by the central bank, while virtual currency is decided by indivials.
reflected in the monetary decision mechanism, real currency is decided by the central bank; The virtual money market (such as stock market and game money market) is determined by forces outside the central bank, The economy formed by stock market and derivative financial market is called fictitious economy. The essence of fictitious economy is information economy with indivial as the center.
the third characteristic is that the value exchange mechanism is different.
the value conversion of general currency is completed in the money market; The value exchange between general currency and virtual currency is completed through the overall exchange of the two markets. Under special conditions, there is an immature exchange relationship between indivial markets. Therefore, it can be said that general currency and virtual currency are in different markets.
some people worry that game virtual currency may cause inflation, Just as the imbalance of supply and demand in the commodity market can not directly lead to the imbalance of supply and demand in the money market, it must be through the issuance of additional money in the overall market to lead to inflation; At present, the stock market is a unified market, but the game market is not.
for example, the ratio of a certain game virtual currency to RMB may initially be 800000 to 1, Then it may change to 8 million to 1. Maybe the virtual currency of a castle today will be enough to buy a Tomahawk tomorrow; If the virtual currency forms a unified market, it may indeed exert pressure on the money market. The problem is that there is no such unified market now. The issuers of game currency are independent of each other and do not have the status of financial subject, let alone the exchange with currency at the level of financial market. What's more, whether it is base currency or value-added currency, The currency volume (m) and the currency price level (V, i.e. the velocity of circulation) have not changed, so it can not be considered that there will be monetary inflation or deflation.
for the current game currency depreciation, it is better to explain that the service conditions of a game as a value-added service have changed, As the demand for virtual currency increases, the price of services involved and the price level of virtual currency decrease. Due to the change of supply and demand conditions of such services, the price of services decreases. This is a phenomenon that can be explained by a real commodity market
the advantages and disadvantages of the gold standard system are not obvious. As a financial planner, I don't have any good or bad feelings for this system, because this system is only one of the monetary systems. With the changes of the times, in fact, the gold standard system has some inevitability that can't be improved. My personal opinions are as follows, In fact, there are three forms of the gold standard system, so we can not directly say the advantages and disadvantages of the gold standard system, but analyze them one by one according to the three forms:
first, the pure gold standard system with only gold coins circulating in the market is the highest point of the gold system itself, Of course, this system has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are roughly as follows:
1. The advantage is that the devaluation of currency is almost impossible, because the value of gold coin itself limits the circulation of goods, that is, the possession of gold coin itself is the only way of communication between goods 2. The pure gold standard system that only gold coins circulate in the market restricts the flow of goods, so that trade can not be carried out in a large scale, which will make many commercial opportunities lost 1, To a certain extent, the circulation of funds is mobilized, the liquidity of commodity trade is improved, and the exchange of commodity trade is strengthened 2. Because the exchange restriction is very obvious, for countries with low gold reserves, they are still unable to get rid of the trade dilemma when the economy is in deficit. At the same time, it seriously hinders the commodity demand of countries with low gold reserves, and the economy is restricted in a large range 3. The transactions between banks and financial institutions are increasing in the relative environment, but the separation between finance and economy is still very serious. For banks, the risk is increasing in the exchange, and once there is inflation, banks will have a crisis 1. Continue to increase the economic expenditure burden of gold reserve countries, and the demand for goods is also expanding, so that the trade is unbalanced, It is more obvious under the currency circulation 2. In the process of exchange, banks obtain real profits from trade, and countries need to use US dollar as the transaction currency to increase the monopoly of US dollar, while limiting the currency exchange of other countries, so the economic risk of the United States is also increasing through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the gold standard system, it is not difficult to see that the gold standard system has certain advantages, especially after the end of World War II, it has achieved great success in the development of the world economy. However, e to the need for free space in economy and finance, such a gold standard system will lose the market, so the gold standard system is a successful system in history, However, with the opening of a new page in history, the shortcomings of the gold standard appear naturally, so elimination is inevitable
Rai stones, one of the original coins, originated from Yapu island. Yap Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean with a population of only about 5000 to 6000 people. The aborigines of the island used a large stone coin as currency. Because there is no local metal proction, stone has become an important local resource. Local people have to go to Palau and other places to transport the stone back to their hometown by canoe, and then further process it into stone coins. And the development of a stone as a medium of trade model. The local people call this kind of stone coin Fei. The residents of the island trust the purchasing power of the stone coin very much. The number and size of the stone coin owned by the residents represent the wealth. There is a family on the island whose ancestors once got a large stone coin with good quality. However, the stone fell into the sea when they met difficulties in Shanghai on their way back to Yapu island. However, the local residents still believe that even though the stone coin has disappeared from the public's eyes physically, it still exists in theory, but it is not in the owner's home, and the purchasing power of the stone coin will not decline because of its location, Therefore, the family still stored the value represented by the stone coin and got the wealth represented by the fee. There is no need for the owners of stone coins to rece their possessions. After a transaction is completed, if the fee involved in the transaction is too large to move the stone coin conveniently, the owner of the stone coin will be willing to accept the simple ownership recognition. They are not even willing to make a mark to indicate this kind of exchange. The stone coin is still lying quietly on the ground of the previous owner
from the perspective of Aboriginal people, it's the most ridiculous thing that people outside you actually use paper or electronic symbols as money and have to die to live for the money{ RRRRR}
2. Gold bullion standard
this is a disguised gold standard, also known as gold bar standard, which uses gold bullion to handle international settlement. Under this system, gold nuggets are stored by the state as reserves; In circulation, the exchange relationship between various currencies and gold is limited, and free exchange is no longer implemented. However, when necessary, it can exchange gold nuggets with paper money to the Central Bank of the country in an unlimited amount. It can be seen that this monetary system is actually a gold standard system with restrictions
3. Gold Exchange Standard
this is a gold standard system in which foreign exchange is maintained in countries with gold standard or gold standard, and domestic currency is allowed to exchange for foreign exchange without restriction. Under this system, only bank notes can be exchanged for gold in China, but not for gold. In addition to gold, there is a certain proportion of foreign exchange in international reserves. Only foreign exchange can be exchanged for gold. Gold is the last means of payment. A country that adopts the gold exchange standard system should keep its currency at a fixed ratio with the currency of another country that adopts the gold nugget or gold coin standard system, and maintain the stability of its currency value by buying and selling foreign exchange without restriction< The main reasons for the collapse of the gold standard are as follows:
first, the growth rate of gold proction is far lower than that of commodity proction, and gold can not meet the needs of expanding commodity circulation, which greatly weakens the basis of gold coin circulation
Second, the distribution of gold stock among countries is unbalanced. At the end of 1913, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Russia accounted for two-thirds of the world's gold stock. Most of the gold stock is controlled by a few powerful countries, which will inevitably lead to the destruction of the free casting and circulation of gold coins and weaken the basis of the circulation of gold coins in other countries
thirdly, with the outbreak of the first World War, gold was used by the participating countries to buy arms, and stopped exporting freely and cashing bank notes, which eventually led to the collapse of the gold standard.
the DHT here is wrongly written. Obviously, it should be thd (total harmonic distortion).
in fact, such things have happened in history. For example, copper shortage occurred in many times in China, which led to the decline of prices. However, people can look for alternatives. The issuance of paper money or bills of exchange, such as flytickets, jiaozi, treasure notes and official tickets, and the use of iron money in some areas are to make up for the shortage of copper supply
of course, China's situation is special. For a long time, it has been copper standard system. In the late Ming Dynasty, the transition from copper standard to silver copper double standard system, especially after Longwan, the inflow of silver dollars from America, and the increase of money supply laid the foundation of precious metal standard.
Because under the gold standard, the exchange rate is fixed, which eliminates the uncertainty of exchange rate fluctuations and is concive to the development of world trade; Central banks have fixed gold prices, so the real value of money is stable; No country has a privileged status
But at the same time, the gold standard limits the ability of monetary policy to cope with the domestic equilibrium target, and only when the currency is linked to gold can the price be stable; Money supply is limited by the amount of gold, which can not meet the needs of economic growthgold proction can not meet the demand continuously, and the central bank can not increase its international reserves; When a country has an international balance of payments deficit, it may lead to stagnation of proction and unemployment e to gold export and monetary tightening; It puts a lot of economic pressure on gold exporting countries
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extended materials
main forms of gold standard
1. Gold standard
gold standard is a typical gold standard with gold as monetary metal. Its main features are: gold coins can be cast and melted freely; The secondary currency and value symbols (such as bank notes) in circulation can be exchanged for gold coins freely; Gold can be freely exported and imported. In the implementation of the gold standard between countries, according to the gold content of the currencies of the two countries to calculate the exchange rate, known as the gold parity
2. Gold standard system
gold standard system refers to the monetary system in which paper money is issued by the central bank and prepared with gold. It differs from the gold standard system in the following aspects: first, the gold standard system takes paper money or bank notes as currency, and no longer casts or circulates gold coins, but stipulates the gold content of paper money or bank notes, which can be exchanged for gold; Second, the government is required to concentrate gold reserves, allowing residents to exchange gold bullion when the gold content of the standard currency reaches a certain amount
Gold exchange standard system is a monetary system in which bank notes are used as the currency in circulation and gold is indirectly exchanged through foreign exchange. The similarities between gold exchange standard and gold nugget standard lie in the stipulation of gold content in monetary unit, the circulation of bank notes in China, and the circulation of seigniorage However, it is stipulated that banknotes can be exchanged for foreign exchange instead of gold. The Central Bank of China deposits gold and foreign exchange in another gold standard country, allows the indirect exchange of foreign exchange for gold, and regulates the legal ratio between the national currency and the national currency, so as to stabilize the value of the local currency