Issuing time sequence of virtual currency
anyone can run software on special hardware to become a bitcoin miner. Mining software monitors transaction broadcast through P2P network and performs appropriate tasks to process and confirm these transactions. Bitcoin miners can earn transaction fees paid by users to speed up transaction processing and additional bitcoin issued according to fixed formula
new transactions need to be included in a block with mathematical workload proof before they can be confirmed. This kind of proof is hard to generate because it can only be generated by trying billions of calculations per second. Miners need to run these calculations before their blocks are accepted and rewarded. As more people start mining, the difficulty of finding effective blocks will be automatically increased by the network to ensure that the average time to find a block remains at 10 minutes. Therefore, the competition for mining is very fierce, and no indivial miner can control the content contained in the block chain
workload proof is also designed to rely on previous blocks, which forces the time sequence of block chain. This design makes it extremely difficult to cancel previous transactions, because the workload proof of all subsequent blocks needs to be recalculated. When two blocks are found at the same time, the miner will process the first block received, and once the next block is found, it will be transferred to the longest block chain. This ensures that the mining process maintains a global consistency based on processing capacity
bitcoin miners can neither increase their rewards by cheating, nor deal with the fraulent transactions that destroy the bitcoin network, because all bitcoin nodes will reject the blocks containing invalid data that violate the bitcoin protocol rules. Therefore, even if not all bitcoin miners can be trusted, the bitcoin network is still secure.
the first category is familiar game currency. In the era of stand-alone games, the protagonist accumulates money by knocking down the enemy, entering the gambling house to win money, and using these to buy Herbs and equipment, but it can only be used in his own game console. At that time, there was no "market" between players. Since the establishment of Internet portal and community, the realization of game networking, virtual currency has a "financial market", players can trade game currency
the second type is the special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging service provider, which is used to purchase the services in the website. The most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase membership, QQ show and other value-added services
the third kind of virtual currency on the Internet, such as bitcoin (BTC), Fuyuan coin (FTC) and Wright currency (LTC). Bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Some people also translate bitcoin as "bitcoin", which is a kind of network virtual currency. It is mainly used for Internet financial investment, and can also be directly used in daily life as a new currency.
Second, the value of money must be stable in a certain period of time, and it will not be as high as virtual currency such as BTC. The main purpose of the central bank's issuing virtual currency is to replace the current paper currency to a certain extent. That is to say, if a virtual currency assumes a fixed value of one yuan, it will be one yuan for a long time, It will not and will not be allowed that a virtual currency will rise to 100 or even more than 1000
thirdly, the most conservative estimate is that once issued, domestic enterprises or banks can choose whether to pay virtual currency or cash currency (RMB) when they pay wages or withdraw money. To a certain extent, cash will exist for a long time, instead of being issued all at once, all of them will be replaced by virtual currency, and all cash will be invalid, It's not realistic. It can only be said that it will be replaced graally
Fourth, the purpose of the central bank to issue virtual currency is to replace the current paper currency. Therefore, there must be a lot of similarities between this kind of virtual currency and the current paper currency. You can also directly replace the paper currency with the virtual currency, so you can have a good understanding of the nature of the virtual currency issued by the central bank. Therefore, the central bank's virtual currency is absolutely not allowed to appear, and the currency price is falsely high
therefore, it can be seen from the above points that the central bank's virtual currency is a new type of RMB, but it used to be physical, but now it is electronic and virtual. This is just like the use of real gold and silver in ancient times, and the appearance of "Jiaozi", that is, paper money, is only a kind of progress of the times. Other things are meaningless, just for the convenience of transaction, portability or personal property security. If you want to make money by investing in currency speculation, you can give up the idea. It's meaningless. If you just want to experience the freshness brought by the new currency, just wait quietly. Come out early, come out late, come out sooner or later. But then again, I'm looking forward to it.
China does not have the first legal virtual currency. At the end of 2013, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions issued the bitcoin risk notice, which clearly defined bitcoin as a special Internet commodity, and the public can buy and sell it freely on the premise of taking their own risks
other digital confidential currencies are also suitable, such as Laite coin, the ancestor of Shanzhai coin, Fuyuan coin for business points in jewelry instry, dog coin for small reward, etc. But although virtual currency exists legally in our country, it is illegal to cheat under the guise of virtual currency
extended data
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transactions of online virtual currency have realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints
in addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players. Take Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
network problems
in addition to direct cash, virtual currency can also be purchased by SMS, internet transfer and fixed telephone recharge. These ways of purchase not only provide convenience for users, but also have many risks
such as embezzlement of telephone recharge and purchase by minors. In addition, virtual currency does not have the anti-counterfeiting technology of real currency. Computer hackers may use its security loopholes to proce counterfeit currency. Relevant personnel of the State Administration for Instry and Commerce said that virtual currency transaction is a business behavior derived from the Internet era, and there are no clear legal provisions to regulate it, and there are no items related to virtual goods transaction in the scope of instrial and commercial registration
but when the virtual property transaction graally employs people, places are fixed, transaction profits are clear, and has the nature of operation, it may involve market order and tax issues. Even game operators have no ability to control. There are a large number of "counterfeit banknote makers" in the network. Take the winger who is mainly engaged in chess and card online games as an example, the purchasing power of his online currency has shrunk by nearly 40% in one year. Many people point out that such inflation will only damage netizens and make them lose confidence in the Internet
reference source : network virtual currency
There is no definition and distinction between game currency and stock, derivative financial instruments, especially electronic currency. In fact, there is an internal thread that can run through these different forms of virtual currency, which is the performance maturity of personalized value. We can summarize it logically as follows:
Bank e-money
Bank e-money was initially a kind of "pseudo virtual money". It only has the form of virtual currency, such as digitization and symbolization, but it does not have the essence of virtual currency and has nothing to do with personalization. For example, it is just the counterpart of paper money; It may be issued by the central bank; It may be in the same market as the money market. However, bank e-money has broken through the extension of money, that is, it can also be issued not by the central bank, but by information service providers, as was the case with several early e-money. The second breakthrough is the liquidity of bank e-money, which far exceeds that of ordinary money. Therefore, it implies a challenge to the pricing power of currency price level. For example, in overnight lending, if the same money is turned over several times in the form of electronic money, although from the traditional monetary point of view, nothing has happened, but from the perspective of virtual money circulation speed, it has actually changed the conditions of money price level
credit information currency
stock is the most typical credit information currency. Its essence is virtual and it is a kind of virtual currency with personalized characteristics. It is the most realistic foundation of the current virtual economy. Stock market and derivative financial instrument market constitute a large-scale and unified virtual money market. They are not only based on entity business, but also supported by a wide range of information services such as trust business and insurance business. The so-called unified market refers to that the market as a whole can be exchanged with the money market at the overall level of national income. Historically, only when money forms a unified market, that is, the main body of the national economy is monetized, can the adjustment of money quantity and interest rate on the national economy be discussed. The same is true for the virtual economy. This issue is not without dispute. Although the scale of the virtual economy is several times larger than that of the real economy, a large part of the real economy has not entered the unified market. If the game currency is compared with stocks, its progress in this respect is far from satisfactory. Only through the two stages of entertainment instrialization and instrial entertainment, it is possible to reach the level of unified market
analyzing the stock market and derivative financial instrument market, the biggest difference between the stock market and the general money market is that its circulation speed cannot be directly determined by the central bank. For example, as a virtual currency, the price level of stock index can not be directly determined by the central bank like the interest rate, but by the so-called "confidence" of people. The fundamentals of the central bank and the real capital market can only indirectly determine the stock market, not directly. So I think the stock market is an information market, not a money market
compared with the mature virtual money market, the main characteristics of the stock market are incomplete. The stock market integrates the noise at all reference points (i.e. indivial gain and loss values) into a unified reference value, which is combined with the standard value (utility value on the basis and general equilibrium value) to form the continuous fluctuation of the market around the utility value. Although it is different from the money market with the central bank as the center for orderly centripetal movement, it is not different from the money market. From the point of view of the real virtual money market, the characteristic of this market is the incommensurable personalized fixed value. In this sense, the centralized stock market has not achieved this function, and the independent role of the stock market as the so-called "casino" has not been played. Thirdly,
the fundamental function of personalized credit voucher
virtual currency is to synthesize value on the spot of personality, rather than to determine a rational value in isolation at an equilibrium point separated from the real world. The significance of virtual currency is to establish a value system centered on the final consumer. After the full realization of virtual currency, the single currency with general equivalent function will tend to be backward. Game currency is the experimental field of virtual currency at a higher stage, and it is difficult to be a major task. The ideal virtual currency is the value symbol of the real world. In the general equivalent exchange, the specific use value and the corresponding subject of the specific use value, namely the non-homogeneous needs and personalized needs of people, are completely filtered out. Virtual currency will change all this, through the virtual way, people's heterogeneous needs and personalized needs will be anchored to the fundamentals by indivial reference point, and the value will be synthesized. Therefore, virtual currency must have two sides, one is to have the function of commodity exchange, the other is to have the function of barter. Through the former to overcome the relativity and subjectivity of value, through the latter to achieve personalized value confirmation. In order to achieve this goal, virtual currency must realize a huge transformation, which is to transform to dialogue system and become interactive currency. The bargaining here is aimed at the level of currency price. Recall that the transformation from text to dialogue, which has been realized for decades, is the direction of the transformation of virtual currency. The value of game currency is uncertain. When people exchange game currency, it is uncertain whether the ultimate happiness they may get is above or below the currency value until they participate in the game. The game is a dialogue process. Of course, various value-added functions of game currency have not been developed in combination with personalized information services. If this kind of value-added business is fully developed, game currency will not be used because of the different businesses providing services, which may become an advantage over stocks
a fully personalized virtual currency may be a kind of currency card with additional information, and its value is to be confirmed. Virtual currency with specific undetermined function and resial value, on the one hand, its information can have room for reinterpretation like text, on the other hand, it has the potential of karaoke like redevelopment. Its information value has an open interface and can be added again. If they are exchanged in the secondary market like the stock market, they may float up and down in the basic par value with their personalized information, and they will have more attractiveness like stocks. Game currency only has the function of value circulation, but not the function of market platform, so it is only an imperfect virtual currency. The reason is the lack of corresponding instrial base
game currency is mainly circulated by game companies and professional gamers through online tasks and ground sales
network token: it is a kind of virtual currency equivalent to normal currency that can circulate on the network. Such as the common Q coin. This is mainly to facilitate users in a variety of consumer activities on the network. In the early stage, free quantitative distribution is used to guide consumers to a virtual consumption habit. In the later stage, special sales channels are set up.
1 this question is very important. The foreign exchange market is different from the stock market. It has no exchange and is a discrete global trading mode. The essence of the foreign exchange market is the inter-bank market, that is, the market in which the world's major banks trade with each other. Because the trading volume between them is very large, ordinary investors can not participate in it, so there is a platform business. These platform providers build a bridge between retail investors and the interbank market. When retail investors place an order, they are actually trading with the platform business, and the platform business uses the funds of retail investors to trade with the bank. So, it is the platform that provides you with margin service, and the margin will stay on the platform for the time being. As for the economic line you mentioned, it is actually a secondary agent. They are the agents of platform companies, so they charge more commissions
2 your reasoning is a little complicated, so you should try to use the common measurement standards of foreign exchange instry for calculation. Take Europe and the United States as an example, assuming that the exchange rate is 13000, we call one ten thousandth of the exchange rate 1 point. One hand contract is US $100000. Suppose our account is US $10000 and the margin is 1%. Now we buy a first-hand contract with a margin of $1000. At this time, the margin balance is $9000. If the exchange rate drops by one point, our balance will decrease by 10 US dollars. If the exchange rate drops 900 points, the margin balance becomes zero. These changes are reflected in your account, and they are all immediate
in fact, when the margin balance is close to zero, it is generally about 10 points, that is, about $100, the platform will force you to close the position, that is, the so-called burst position. At this point, you have about $1100 left in your account. In actual transactions, margin is used to prevent sudden major changes in the market price, generally will not be used. Therefore, there is no need to worry about platform providers
however, in order to win customers, the mainstream platforms often adopt more radical methods. When the margin balance is zero, they still keep the position of retail investors and start to lose margin. Take the above example as an example, the margin balance begins to turn negative. For every 1 point decline in the market, the margin decreases by $10. When the margin remains about 10 points, that is, about $100, the platform will forcibly close the position. At this time, the account balance is only about $100, which is a complete burst
I think the above answers your third question at the same time
4 if you buy Canada Japan, platform vendors actually need to use US dollars as a bridge to exchange for two times, so the gap between Canada and Japan is the sum of Canada and the United States and Japan, or even larger. However, as a retail investor, you don't have to think too much about it. It's all the work of the platform Shang Dynasty. You just need to know that if you add one day fluctuation point, 0,1 contract fluctuation is 1 / (0.01 * US Japan exchange rate) US dollars
however, it is worth mentioning that the euro / yen exchange rate in the cross section is quite special, because the trading volume is very large, it is often direct trading, and it does not need to be mediated by the US dollar, so the currency spread is relatively small on many platforms
I hope I can help you.
In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:
1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
2
3. The evolution from local coinage to central coinage4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao
5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB
knowledge development:
commemorative coin
ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins