Virtual capital monetary capital

According to Marx's theory of virtual capital, virtual capital is the proct of credit system and monetary capitalization. Virtual capital is closely related to credit system. Commercial credit and bank credit are the two basic forms of capitalist credit system. Commercial credit is such an economic relationship: "goods are not sold for the purpose of obtaining money, but for the purpose of obtaining the evidence of regular payment", which is used as a tool of commercial credit, that is, commercial money goes into circulation, It already contains the components of virtual capital. On the basis of commercial credit, there are bank credit and bank notes. The additional capital of banknotes issued without gold guarantee as reserve is in the form of virtual economic capital. In Chapter 25 of capital, credit and virtual capital, he pointed out: "the real credit currency is not based on currency circulation (whether it is metal currency or national paper currency), but on the circulation of bill of exchange."
virtual capital is the result of excessive expansion of commercial and bank credit, or the use of credit to an alarming extent. At the same time, fictitious capital is accompanied by the process of monetary capitalization, which is the derivative form of interest bearing capital. The emergence of interest bearing capital leads to the separation of ownership and use right of capital, the separation of legal owner and economic owner, and creates a specific market, namely financial market, which creates a special form of capital and creates the illusion of "capitalization". On the one hand, every certain regular monetary income is expressed as the interest of a certain capital, Whether or not this income is generated by capitalism; On the other hand, with interest bearing capital, every amount of value will be expressed as capital as long as it is not spent as income. Marx pointed out: "people call the formation of virtual capital capitalization, and people calculate every regular income that will be obtained repeatedly according to the average interest rate. It is capitalized by counting it as the income provided by the capital lent at this interest rate. "

Virtual capital

virtual capital refers to the capital that is independent of the real capital movement, exists in the form of securities, and can bring certain income to the holders on time, such as paper money, promissory notes, bills of exchange, stocks, public bonds, real estate mortgage, etc. Virtual capital is proced with the emergence of loan capital. It grows on the basis of loan capital and becomes a special investment field of loan capital

virtual capital is the result of excessive expansion of commercial and bank credit, or the use of credit to an alarming extent. At the same time, fictitious capital is accompanied by the process of monetary capitalization, which is the derivative form of interest bearing capital

extended data:

virtual capital will have positive and negative effects on the real economy. The positive effects include: providing savings investment conversion mechanism, optimizing resource allocation, promoting instrial structure optimization, and promoting financial integration; The negative effects include: excessive inflation leads to the virtual economy deviating from the real economy, giving birth to the "bubble" economy, incing financial crisis and distorting the allocation of resources. p> In other words, when virtual capital is suitable for the scale of real economy, they complement each other and promote each other; When the virtual capital develops excessively and takes up the resources needed by the real economy, it will have an adverse impact on the operation of the real economy. With the deepening of currency virtualization and economic virtualization, the impact of virtual capital on the development of real economy is also deepening

1. the Bund in Shanghai is more suitable for night

2. reason: the Bund is located on the Bank of Huangpu River, about 1.5 kilometers long, South sixteen paving wharf, north to the white bridge, is the most symbolic city of Shanghai attractions, dozens of different styles of the world's architectural complex and Pujiang night scene is its essence. On the other side of the river stands skyscrapers, such as Oriental Pearl, Jinmao Tower, world financial center and so on. The neon lights are shining brightly at night, which makes you feel the charm and romance of "the city that never sleeps". p>

4. the Bund's play strategy:

   (1) night by the Huangpu River Shanghai: a famous landmark of Shanghai, witnessing the modern development history of Shanghai

   (2) night tour of the Pujiang River: take a boat tour on the Pujiang River to enjoy the prosperous scenery on both sides

   (3) view outside the White Bridge: see the romantic encounter between Suzhou River and Huangpu River. p>

   (4) Bund lover wall: 1700m long, built on the empty box structure flood control wall extending to the Pujiang River

   (5) World Architecture Expo Group: the visual feast brought by 52 buildings with different styles

   

< / OL >