The future increment speed of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-09 16:33:12
1. Here's bitcoin
bitcoin price has been cut by the waist
how to implement blockchain application is still the main problem. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage. Looking back to the second half of 2017, the price of bitcoin almost reached a new high every day, and finally reached the peak in the South Korean exchange with the highest premium in the world - about 140000 yuan per piece. On June 3, 2018, as of press time, coinbase bitcoin trading platform quoted 49688 yuan, and the price of bitcoin has been cut. Since the beginning of this year, the price of bitcoin has rarely seen eye popping ups and downs, and the overall trend of monthly decline
bitcoin development status
according to the data of the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of the blockchain instry released by the foresight Instry Research Institute, bitcoin prices showed a downward trend in May, with the overall market value falling from US $157.3 billion at the beginning of the month to US $127.4 billion at the end of the month, a decrease of 19%; In addition, there are 444000 active addresses and 197000 transfers per day. From the trend point of view, the number of active addresses and daily transfers are positively correlated with the transaction price. In May, the overall trend is volatile, and the downward trend is very obvious
reasons for the steady decline of bitcoin in the past half year
how to understand the "steady decline" of bitcoin in the past half year? There are two main reasons: firstly, the most important reason is that institutional investors and speculators who have accumulated a large number of "profit" are cashing in their profits and leaving the market; Secondly, before the blockchain instry has no real application and profit model, the rise of bitcoin price can only be regarded as speculative speculation. In addition, it is an undeniable fact that the Central Bank of China has made a decisive move to close the bitcoin trading platform, which has achieved remarkable results in preventing bitcoin speculation
at present, the domestic bitcoin exchanges have basically moved to foreign countries, which has nothing to do with China. Investors operate on those platforms at their own risk
the current market is not very good. Only when the market is good, can investors find ways to participate in bitcoin investment. As the total market value of the coin circle is still small, with more blockchain applications, there is still potential in the future
over consumed blockchain
e to the "tepid" price of bitcoin, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has reached the level of "known to all women and children", and even surpassed bitcoin in recent years
recently, a series of related reports are suspected of making up for the number and full of hype, and blockchain has obviously been over consumed. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage
with the graal deepening of the understanding of blockchain technology, domestic enterprises have laid out blockchain technology, platforms and applications, including Internet enterprises such as network, Tencent, Ali, Jingdong, Netease, major banks, financial enterprises such as Ping An of China and Huawei. In terms of application, China actively explores and promotes blockchain + applications in the form of alliance chain and private chain to help solve the pain points of related instries, improve efficiency and rece costs.
bitcoin price has been cut by the waist
how to implement blockchain application is still the main problem. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage. Looking back to the second half of 2017, the price of bitcoin almost reached a new high every day, and finally reached the peak in the South Korean exchange with the highest premium in the world - about 140000 yuan per piece. On June 3, 2018, as of press time, coinbase bitcoin trading platform quoted 49688 yuan, and the price of bitcoin has been cut. Since the beginning of this year, the price of bitcoin has rarely seen eye popping ups and downs, and the overall trend of monthly decline
bitcoin development status
according to the data of the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of the blockchain instry released by the foresight Instry Research Institute, bitcoin prices showed a downward trend in May, with the overall market value falling from US $157.3 billion at the beginning of the month to US $127.4 billion at the end of the month, a decrease of 19%; In addition, there are 444000 active addresses and 197000 transfers per day. From the trend point of view, the number of active addresses and daily transfers are positively correlated with the transaction price. In May, the overall trend is volatile, and the downward trend is very obvious
reasons for the steady decline of bitcoin in the past half year
how to understand the "steady decline" of bitcoin in the past half year? There are two main reasons: firstly, the most important reason is that institutional investors and speculators who have accumulated a large number of "profit" are cashing in their profits and leaving the market; Secondly, before the blockchain instry has no real application and profit model, the rise of bitcoin price can only be regarded as speculative speculation. In addition, it is an undeniable fact that the Central Bank of China has made a decisive move to close the bitcoin trading platform, which has achieved remarkable results in preventing bitcoin speculation
at present, the domestic bitcoin exchanges have basically moved to foreign countries, which has nothing to do with China. Investors operate on those platforms at their own risk
the current market is not very good. Only when the market is good, can investors find ways to participate in bitcoin investment. As the total market value of the coin circle is still small, with more blockchain applications, there is still potential in the future
over consumed blockchain
e to the "tepid" price of bitcoin, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has reached the level of "known to all women and children", and even surpassed bitcoin in recent years
recently, a series of related reports are suspected of making up for the number and full of hype, and blockchain has obviously been over consumed. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage
with the graal deepening of the understanding of blockchain technology, domestic enterprises have laid out blockchain technology, platforms and applications, including Internet enterprises such as network, Tencent, Ali, Jingdong, Netease, major banks, financial enterprises such as Ping An of China and Huawei. In terms of application, China actively explores and promotes blockchain + applications in the form of alliance chain and private chain to help solve the pain points of related instries, improve efficiency and rece costs.
2. In the future, the virtual currency of the network may be equivalent to the real currency, and even online shopping can be paid with virtual currency to obtain goods< At present, the types of virtual currency can be divided into three categories, as follows:
game currency:
game currency is the currency circulating in online games, which is used to purchase various virtual props and services in the game. In the virtual game world, players can trade game currency in the virtual "financial market"
integral gold coin
this kind of network virtual currency is used in the marketing of website business, which is a kind of "incentive measure" launched by the website in order to attract netizens and lock customers. The integral gold coin is mainly used for the consumption of various virtual goods in the website. It is used to price and purchase various virtual procts and services
Internet consumer currency
for example, PayPal coin issued by PayPal in the United States is mainly used for online shopping. It seems that the emergence of this virtual currency is to compete with real currency for territory. Consumers can turn the money in their bank account into PayPal coin when they apply to the company - which is equivalent to bank card payment, but the service charge is much lower, And exchange rates don't have to be taken into account in international transactions.
game currency:
game currency is the currency circulating in online games, which is used to purchase various virtual props and services in the game. In the virtual game world, players can trade game currency in the virtual "financial market"
integral gold coin
this kind of network virtual currency is used in the marketing of website business, which is a kind of "incentive measure" launched by the website in order to attract netizens and lock customers. The integral gold coin is mainly used for the consumption of various virtual goods in the website. It is used to price and purchase various virtual procts and services
Internet consumer currency
for example, PayPal coin issued by PayPal in the United States is mainly used for online shopping. It seems that the emergence of this virtual currency is to compete with real currency for territory. Consumers can turn the money in their bank account into PayPal coin when they apply to the company - which is equivalent to bank card payment, but the service charge is much lower, And exchange rates don't have to be taken into account in international transactions.
3. The whole virtual money market is in a cold winter, and the market activity is incomparable with that of 13 years ago. However, MLM currency is popular, which has seriously tarnished the reputation of digital currency instry. However, digital currency is still a general trend in the future. Recently, the central bank has claimed to issue digital currency, which has been put on the agenda. However, the digital currency that the central bank plans to issue is different from bitcoin, Leyte, doggy, Ruitai and Weimeng.
4. The most promising virtual currency should be bitcoin. After all, it came out the earliest, and many countries support payment, with many application scenarios. Unlike other currencies, there is no way of circulation.
5. Earn. Don't worry.
6. Recognize the use of digital currency and respect the innovation of blockchain
7. Maybe it's suitable to invest in virtual currencies with high stability like aliens or Reborn coins
8. 1. Technical support of borderless system
1) efficient and scalable performance
borderless system realizes over 100000 times / s batch transfer
high performance blockchain technology is necessary for cryptocurrency and smart contract platform, and can provide a solution that may replace the existing financial platform for the instry. In order to be able to process more transactions per second than visa and MasterCard, unbounded redesign starts from the bottom. Through the share authorization mechanism, the unbounded network can confirm more than 100000 transfer transactions in an average of one second
overview of borderless system architecture. The Lmax can process up to 6 million transactions per second. The key point of unbounded learning from its technology, As follows:
A) put everything in memory
b) put the core business logic in a single thread
C) put the encryption algorithm operation (hash and signature) outside the core business logic
d) divide the verification operation into state independent and state dependent checking
e) use an object-oriented data model
by following these simple rules, Unbounded can process 100000 transfers per second without disruptive optimization. If there is further optimization work, unbounded can achieve the performance similar to that of Lmax exchange (i.e. 6 million times per second). It should be noted that unbounded performance is highly dependent on one of the compatible transaction protocols. If you want to use business logic to run on a virtual machine that operates encryption algorithm and calls all objects with hash identifier, it is impossible to achieve the same level of performance. Blockchain is inherently single threaded, and the performance of single core CPU is one of the most scarce and difficult to expand. Unbounded technical logic can make the single thread execution highly efficient
endorsement of core business of borderless system
blockchain is a global account book that determines to modify a shared global state transaction. The orders contained in these transactions can change the validity of other transactions. For example, you cannot withdraw money from your bank account before the deposit of your check takes effect. You can't know if a transaction is valid until all previous transactions that can affect a particular account are processed. If two unrelated accounts do not share any common dependency, theoretically, the transactions between the two accounts can be processed at the same time. In fact, it's tricky to identify which transactions are truly independent on a smart contract driven ledger with arbitration conditions. The only way to ensure that the two transactions are truly independent is by maintaining a completely separate ledger and then transferring value between them on a regular basis. If we want to use this kind of performance tradeoff to compare, it can be like the relationship between non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and uniform memory access (UMA). In fact, the consistent memory access architecture is easier for developers to design, and the cost is lower. Inconsistent memory access architecture is usually used as a last resort when building supercomputers and large computer clusters. The computer instry has graally realized that it is not as easy to achieve performance expansion through parallel computing as it was in the early days. After all, the most important thing to do at that time was to increase the frequency of the processor. It is for this reason that processor designers are trying to improve the performance of single thread before trying to use multi thread settings. When multithreading is not enough, and only in this way, cluster computing will be considered
many people in the cryptocurrency instry try to solve the problem of scalability by cluster computing before exploring what can be achieved by a single core of a computer technically
2) Lmax disruptor decomposer technology
Lmax decomposer provides a learning example of what can be achieved on a single thread. Lmax is a trading platform for end customers with the goal of becoming the fastest exchange in the world. They have been very generous in publishing what they have learned<
overview of Lmax architecture:
business logic processor is where all sequential transactions and order matching occur. It is a single thread that can process millions of orders per second. This architecture can be easily used in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain design. The role of the input resolver is to collect orders from many users from different sources and assign them to a certain order. When the order is assigned to them, they are copied, recorded and broadcast to many rendant business logic processors. The input resolver is highly parallel and can be easily sub contracted into a computer cluster system. When the business logic processor has finished processing the input, an output resolver is responsible for informing those who care about the result. This is also a highly parallel task. Finally, by using a single threaded sample processor and Java virtual machine in the business logic processor, Lmax can execute 6 million transactions per second. If Lmax can achieve this goal, then cryptocurrency and smart contract platform do not need to consider the cluster network solution under the condition of less than 10 transactions per second. High performance blockchain
to build a high-performance blockchain, we need to use the same technology as Lmax. Here are a few things that must be done: put everything in memory, avoid synchronization primitives (locking, atomic operations), and avoid unnecessary calculations on business logic processors. Because memory is designed to be highly parallel, it's getting cheaper. The amount of data needed to track everyone's account balance and permissions on the Internet can be stored in less than 1TB of ram, which can be purchased for less than $15000, and can be installed on the commercialized (high-end) server motherboard. Before the system was adopted by 3 billion people, this kind of hardware would be seen in ordinary desktop computers. The real bottleneck is not the demand of memory capacity, but the demand of bandwidth. In the case of 1 million transactions per second and 256 bytes per transaction, the network will need 256MB of data per second, that is, 1GBIT / s bandwidth. Such bandwidth is not common on ordinary desktop computers. However, such bandwidth is only a little bit of the 100Gbit / s bandwidth of the second generation Internet. The second-generation Internet is available to more than 210 U.S. ecational institutions, 70 companies and 45 non-profit and government agencies
in other words, blockchain technology can easily keep everything in memory, and if properly designed, it can be extended to support millions of transfers per second
3) allocate ID and avoid hash calculation
in a single threaded system, processor cycle is a scarce resource that needs to be reserved. Traditional blockchain design uses hash calculation based on encryption algorithm to generate a unique global ID system, so as to ensure that there will be no collision statistically. The problem with these hashes is that they consume more and more memory and processor cycles. Compared with a direct array index, this method will significantly take up more processor time to find the records of an account. For example, 64 bit integers are easier to compare and operate than 160 bit IDs. A larger hash ID mechanism means less space in the CPU cache and more memory is needed. In the modern operating system, the ram which is not often accessed will be compressed, but the hash identifier is a random number, which cannot be compressed. The model blockchain gives us a way to assign unique IDs around the world. These IDS will not conflict with each other. Therefore, it completely avoids using the identifier based on hash algorithm like bitcoin address to refer to an account, balance or license
4) remove signature verification from the business logic processor
all transactions in the cryptocurrency network depend on the use of encryption algorithm signature to verify permissions. In most cases, the requested permissions can be changed by the results of other transactions. This means that in the business logic processor, permissions need to be defined as a case that has nothing to do with the calculation of encryption algorithm
to achieve this goal, all public keys need to be assigned a unique and irreplaceable ID. After the ID is assigned, the input resolver can verify whether the provided signature matches the specified ID. When the transaction arrives at the business logic processor, you just need to check the ID
the same technology can remove prerequisite checking on objects with irreplaceable static IDs
5) designing transactions for static verification
for transactions, there are many features that can be statically checked without referring to the current global state. These checks include parameter range checking, input de rendancy and array sorting. In general, there are a lot of checks that can be done if the transaction contains data that it "assumes" is global. After these checks are executed, the business logic processor has to make sure that these assumptions are correct. The process is to check the modification timestamp of an object reference related to the transaction signature time
6) smart contract
many blockchains are integrating a common scripting language to define all operations. These designs ultimately define the business logic processor as a virtual machine, and all transactions are defined as scripts run by the virtual machine. This solution has a single threaded performance limit on a real processor, and the problem is exacerbated by forcing everything to be executed through a virtual processor. A virtual processor will always be slower than a real processor even if it uses JIT, but the computing speed is not the only problem of this "everything is a script" scheme. When the transaction is defined at such a low level, it means that the static check and encryption algorithm operation will still be included in the business logic processing, which will also rece the overall throughput. A script engine should never ask to perform a signature checking request for an encryption algorithm, even if the request is implemented through a native mechanism
according to the course we learned from Lmax, we know that a virtual machine designed for blockchain should consider single thread performance. This means that compiler optimization should be implemented at the beginning, and the most commonly used smart contracts should be natively supported by blockchain, while only those rarely used and customized contracts will run on a virtual machine. These custom contracts are designed with performance in mind, which means that the virtual machine should limit the range of memory that can be accessed to a level that can be placed on the processor cache
7) object oriented data schema
in memory
1) efficient and scalable performance
borderless system realizes over 100000 times / s batch transfer
high performance blockchain technology is necessary for cryptocurrency and smart contract platform, and can provide a solution that may replace the existing financial platform for the instry. In order to be able to process more transactions per second than visa and MasterCard, unbounded redesign starts from the bottom. Through the share authorization mechanism, the unbounded network can confirm more than 100000 transfer transactions in an average of one second
overview of borderless system architecture. The Lmax can process up to 6 million transactions per second. The key point of unbounded learning from its technology, As follows:
A) put everything in memory
b) put the core business logic in a single thread
C) put the encryption algorithm operation (hash and signature) outside the core business logic
d) divide the verification operation into state independent and state dependent checking
e) use an object-oriented data model
by following these simple rules, Unbounded can process 100000 transfers per second without disruptive optimization. If there is further optimization work, unbounded can achieve the performance similar to that of Lmax exchange (i.e. 6 million times per second). It should be noted that unbounded performance is highly dependent on one of the compatible transaction protocols. If you want to use business logic to run on a virtual machine that operates encryption algorithm and calls all objects with hash identifier, it is impossible to achieve the same level of performance. Blockchain is inherently single threaded, and the performance of single core CPU is one of the most scarce and difficult to expand. Unbounded technical logic can make the single thread execution highly efficient
endorsement of core business of borderless system
blockchain is a global account book that determines to modify a shared global state transaction. The orders contained in these transactions can change the validity of other transactions. For example, you cannot withdraw money from your bank account before the deposit of your check takes effect. You can't know if a transaction is valid until all previous transactions that can affect a particular account are processed. If two unrelated accounts do not share any common dependency, theoretically, the transactions between the two accounts can be processed at the same time. In fact, it's tricky to identify which transactions are truly independent on a smart contract driven ledger with arbitration conditions. The only way to ensure that the two transactions are truly independent is by maintaining a completely separate ledger and then transferring value between them on a regular basis. If we want to use this kind of performance tradeoff to compare, it can be like the relationship between non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and uniform memory access (UMA). In fact, the consistent memory access architecture is easier for developers to design, and the cost is lower. Inconsistent memory access architecture is usually used as a last resort when building supercomputers and large computer clusters. The computer instry has graally realized that it is not as easy to achieve performance expansion through parallel computing as it was in the early days. After all, the most important thing to do at that time was to increase the frequency of the processor. It is for this reason that processor designers are trying to improve the performance of single thread before trying to use multi thread settings. When multithreading is not enough, and only in this way, cluster computing will be considered
many people in the cryptocurrency instry try to solve the problem of scalability by cluster computing before exploring what can be achieved by a single core of a computer technically
2) Lmax disruptor decomposer technology
Lmax decomposer provides a learning example of what can be achieved on a single thread. Lmax is a trading platform for end customers with the goal of becoming the fastest exchange in the world. They have been very generous in publishing what they have learned<
overview of Lmax architecture:
business logic processor is where all sequential transactions and order matching occur. It is a single thread that can process millions of orders per second. This architecture can be easily used in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain design. The role of the input resolver is to collect orders from many users from different sources and assign them to a certain order. When the order is assigned to them, they are copied, recorded and broadcast to many rendant business logic processors. The input resolver is highly parallel and can be easily sub contracted into a computer cluster system. When the business logic processor has finished processing the input, an output resolver is responsible for informing those who care about the result. This is also a highly parallel task. Finally, by using a single threaded sample processor and Java virtual machine in the business logic processor, Lmax can execute 6 million transactions per second. If Lmax can achieve this goal, then cryptocurrency and smart contract platform do not need to consider the cluster network solution under the condition of less than 10 transactions per second. High performance blockchain
to build a high-performance blockchain, we need to use the same technology as Lmax. Here are a few things that must be done: put everything in memory, avoid synchronization primitives (locking, atomic operations), and avoid unnecessary calculations on business logic processors. Because memory is designed to be highly parallel, it's getting cheaper. The amount of data needed to track everyone's account balance and permissions on the Internet can be stored in less than 1TB of ram, which can be purchased for less than $15000, and can be installed on the commercialized (high-end) server motherboard. Before the system was adopted by 3 billion people, this kind of hardware would be seen in ordinary desktop computers. The real bottleneck is not the demand of memory capacity, but the demand of bandwidth. In the case of 1 million transactions per second and 256 bytes per transaction, the network will need 256MB of data per second, that is, 1GBIT / s bandwidth. Such bandwidth is not common on ordinary desktop computers. However, such bandwidth is only a little bit of the 100Gbit / s bandwidth of the second generation Internet. The second-generation Internet is available to more than 210 U.S. ecational institutions, 70 companies and 45 non-profit and government agencies
in other words, blockchain technology can easily keep everything in memory, and if properly designed, it can be extended to support millions of transfers per second
3) allocate ID and avoid hash calculation
in a single threaded system, processor cycle is a scarce resource that needs to be reserved. Traditional blockchain design uses hash calculation based on encryption algorithm to generate a unique global ID system, so as to ensure that there will be no collision statistically. The problem with these hashes is that they consume more and more memory and processor cycles. Compared with a direct array index, this method will significantly take up more processor time to find the records of an account. For example, 64 bit integers are easier to compare and operate than 160 bit IDs. A larger hash ID mechanism means less space in the CPU cache and more memory is needed. In the modern operating system, the ram which is not often accessed will be compressed, but the hash identifier is a random number, which cannot be compressed. The model blockchain gives us a way to assign unique IDs around the world. These IDS will not conflict with each other. Therefore, it completely avoids using the identifier based on hash algorithm like bitcoin address to refer to an account, balance or license
4) remove signature verification from the business logic processor
all transactions in the cryptocurrency network depend on the use of encryption algorithm signature to verify permissions. In most cases, the requested permissions can be changed by the results of other transactions. This means that in the business logic processor, permissions need to be defined as a case that has nothing to do with the calculation of encryption algorithm
to achieve this goal, all public keys need to be assigned a unique and irreplaceable ID. After the ID is assigned, the input resolver can verify whether the provided signature matches the specified ID. When the transaction arrives at the business logic processor, you just need to check the ID
the same technology can remove prerequisite checking on objects with irreplaceable static IDs
5) designing transactions for static verification
for transactions, there are many features that can be statically checked without referring to the current global state. These checks include parameter range checking, input de rendancy and array sorting. In general, there are a lot of checks that can be done if the transaction contains data that it "assumes" is global. After these checks are executed, the business logic processor has to make sure that these assumptions are correct. The process is to check the modification timestamp of an object reference related to the transaction signature time
6) smart contract
many blockchains are integrating a common scripting language to define all operations. These designs ultimately define the business logic processor as a virtual machine, and all transactions are defined as scripts run by the virtual machine. This solution has a single threaded performance limit on a real processor, and the problem is exacerbated by forcing everything to be executed through a virtual processor. A virtual processor will always be slower than a real processor even if it uses JIT, but the computing speed is not the only problem of this "everything is a script" scheme. When the transaction is defined at such a low level, it means that the static check and encryption algorithm operation will still be included in the business logic processing, which will also rece the overall throughput. A script engine should never ask to perform a signature checking request for an encryption algorithm, even if the request is implemented through a native mechanism
according to the course we learned from Lmax, we know that a virtual machine designed for blockchain should consider single thread performance. This means that compiler optimization should be implemented at the beginning, and the most commonly used smart contracts should be natively supported by blockchain, while only those rarely used and customized contracts will run on a virtual machine. These custom contracts are designed with performance in mind, which means that the virtual machine should limit the range of memory that can be accessed to a level that can be placed on the processor cache
7) object oriented data schema
in memory
9. Or mining more guaranteed, you can consider the ha
10. He doesn't take you as his girlfriend, and he doesn't love you at all. He just wants you to be a big loser and invest. I don't know what bitcoin means? But I think it's always unreliable. Don't be dazzled by love. Don't touch or invest in the fields you are not familiar with. Your boyfriend is unreliable. Cut off quickly and stop losing early
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