How to expand virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-09 18:17:41
1. The popularity of credit currency is an impact on the low level of currency issuance of the central bank, so the central bank will not sit idly by the large-scale development of Q currency. Naturally, the best way to deal with it is to determine the rights and obligations of game companies through legislation, increase their supervision, and ensure the monetary development rights of the central bank.
2. Where does virtual currency come from
when it comes to virtual currency, many people may be familiar with it. But there are also many people who are not clear about the concept of virtual currency. They will think that sina u, Netease popo and Shanda Yuanbao are all part of virtual currency. What's more, they think that these so-called virtual currencies will affect the status of RMB and proce adverse effects such as virtual inflation
first of all, let's understand the two meanings of virtual currency in economics
the prototype of the first virtual currency is composed of the weights of the currencies of a country's major trading partners, which is a non-existent currency in order to maintain the stability of the country's exchange rate.
when it comes to virtual currency, many people may be familiar with it. But there are also many people who are not clear about the concept of virtual currency. They will think that sina u, Netease popo and Shanda Yuanbao are all part of virtual currency. What's more, they think that these so-called virtual currencies will affect the status of RMB and proce adverse effects such as virtual inflation
first of all, let's understand the two meanings of virtual currency in economics
the prototype of the first virtual currency is composed of the weights of the currencies of a country's major trading partners, which is a non-existent currency in order to maintain the stability of the country's exchange rate.
3. 1. It's stipulated that operators can't convert game currency into RMB
2. Specifically, whether the equipment is suitable or the materials are suitable, you should be very clear that you are playing this game, and you should know what is more valuable
2. Specifically, whether the equipment is suitable or the materials are suitable, you should be very clear that you are playing this game, and you should know what is more valuable
4. Detailed process of mining right price evaluation
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
5.
6. Is that why bitcoin will become worthless? The problem of
will. There are many unsuccessful currencies in history, such as the Deutschmark in the Weimar Republic and, more recently, the Zimbabwean dollar. Although previous currency failures were usually e to over inflation that could not happen on bitcoin, there were always potential technical errors, currency competition and political problems. The basic lesson is that no currency can be considered absolutely safe from failure or difficult times. Bitcoin has been proven reliable for several years since its birth, and it has great potential to continue to grow. But no one can predict the future of bitcoin.
will. There are many unsuccessful currencies in history, such as the Deutschmark in the Weimar Republic and, more recently, the Zimbabwean dollar. Although previous currency failures were usually e to over inflation that could not happen on bitcoin, there were always potential technical errors, currency competition and political problems. The basic lesson is that no currency can be considered absolutely safe from failure or difficult times. Bitcoin has been proven reliable for several years since its birth, and it has great potential to continue to grow. But no one can predict the future of bitcoin.
7. No, it's all reasonably calculated, and judging whether it's deflation or inflation is not based on whether the total amount of money is decreasing or increasing, but on whether the overall price level is falling or rising.
8.
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9. 1. Qian Sanqiang (1913-1992)
born in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province in 1913, male, member of the Communist Party of China, nuclear physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences< After graating from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1936, he went to the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris in France and the laboratory of nuclear chemistry of the French Academy to engage in the research of nuclear physics, and obtained a doctor's degree; Debar microphysics
prize. After returning to China in 1948, he successively served as professor of Physics Department of Tsinghua University, director of Institute of atomic energy of Peking Research Institute, director of Institute of modern physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later changed to Institute of atomic energy), director of Planning Bureau, deputy secretary general, Vice Minister of second Engineering Department, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Chinese physical society, honorary president of Chinese nuclear society, and specially invited consultant of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 19
died in 1992
one of the pioneers and founders of China's atomic energy instry. In the 1950s, he led the construction of China's first heavy water type atomic reaction
reactor and the first cyclotron, as well as a number of important instruments and equipment. The research work of reactor physics, reactor engineering technology, brazing chemistry, radiobiology, radioisotope preparation, high-energy accelerator technology, controlled thermonuclear fusion and so on in China has been carried out successively. After the Soviet government stopped its technical assistance to China, on the one hand, it quickly selected a group of outstanding nuclear science and technology experts to the second Ministry of machinery to be directly responsible for tackling key tasks in all aspects of atomic bomb development; on the other hand, it organized joint tackling with relevant leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Many key technologies have been solved in time, making important contributions to the successful development of the first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. As early as 1960, the theoretical and experimental research groups of neutron physics organized by the Institute of atomic energy carried out the pre research work of hydrogen bomb, which made theoretical preparation for the research of hydrogen bomb, and contributed to the development of hydrogen bomb in China only two years and eight months after the explosion of the first atomic bomb< Qian Ji (1917-1983)
born in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province in 1917, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in space technology and space physics
graated from normal college of Central University in 1943. Since 1949, he has successively served as deputy director and director of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and business director of the second satellite design institute. Since 1968, he has successively served as director of the overall satellite design department, vice president of the Fifth Research Institute and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission. Director of China Society of Astronautics, vice chairman of China Society of space sciences. He died in 1983
one of the pioneers of space technology in China. Lead the theoretical research of satellite overall, structure, antenna and environment simulation. Responsible for
and organizing the development of small thermal vacuum environment simulation test equipment, medium and small centrifuges and shaking table equipment. Responsible for leading the research and development of space physical detection instruments, tracking and positioning and data processing equipment for sounding
rocket head, and obtaining abundant test data. We have participated in
and worked out the development plan of interplanetary navigation, put forward a number of new technology pre research topics related to the development of artificial satellites, and made a lot of pioneering work for the early development of China's space technology. In 1965, he put forward the
report of "China's first man-made satellite plan". We organized the preparation of the outline of China's satellite series development plan, organized and put forward the pre research projects, and laid a preliminary technical foundation for the development of man-made satellites. He is responsible for the establishment of the satellite overall design organization and is the overall director of the
scheme of China's first satellite dongfanghong-1. At the same time, we have done a lot of technical and organizational leadership work for the development of recoverable satellites. In 1964, he won the second prize of national science and technology progress award. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Yao Tongbin (1922-1968)
born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province in 1922, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in metallurgy and aerospace materials
graated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1945, studied in the Department of instrial metallurgy of Birmingham University in 1947, obtained a bachelor's degree in 1951, and worked as a researcher and assistant professor in the Foundry Research Office of Metallurgy Department of Ahern University of technology in 1954. After returning to China in 1957, he served as a researcher, director and director of the materials research office of the first branch of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of national defense. He died in 1968
as the first generation of aerospace material technology experts and technology leaders in China, he has made great achievements in the research on viscosity and fluidity of metals and alloys in modern metallurgy. In 1962, we organized and formulated the research direction of materials and technology of the Fifth Academy of national defense, and arranged the advance research of materials and technology according to the requirement of "materials
should go first". In the four years before and after that, in addition to putting forward a large number of research projects to the domestic brother
units, he carried out more than 500 research projects in the Institute. To lead and guide the research on the fabrication and brazing process of manganese based brazing alloys, and to develop the domestic No.1 and No.2 manganese based brazing alloys, and to replace the old welding structures of liquid
rocket engines in China with brazing structures. Presided over the research on the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket engine materials and the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket
welded structure, and applied it to the development of the model, which played a guiding role in the design of rocket components,
material selection and manufacturing. He is rigorous in his studies and sets an example, making important contributions to the cultivation of scientific research personnel and the construction of work style. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Zhao Jiuzhang (1907-1968)
born in Wuxing County, Zhejiang Province in 1907, male, geophysicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1933. In 1935, he went to Germany to study meteorology. In 1938, he received a doctor's degree and returned to China in the same year. Professor of southwest United University, director of Institute of meteorology, Academia Sinica. After the founding of the people's Republic of China,
served as director of Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Satellite Design Institute, President of China Meteorological Society and President of China geophysical society. He died in 1968
one of the advocates and founders of China's satellite instry. Since 1957, he has actively advocated the development of China's own
artificial satellites. In August 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences set up an artificial earth satellite research and development group, of which he was the principal. In October of the same year,
put forward the important proposal that "China's development of man-made satellites should take the road of self-reliance, from small to large, from low level to high level". Under his leadership, he pioneered the research of using meteorological rockets and sounding rockets for high-altitude exploration, explored the direction of satellite development, prepared to build an environmental simulation laboratory, carried out research on telemetry and tracking technology, and established a space science and technology team. In 2004, according to the development of domestic delivery vehicles, he put forward the proposal to carry out the research and development of man-made earth satellites. He played an important role in the formulation of the development plan and specific exploration scheme of China's
satellite series, the determination of China's first man-made earth satellite, recoverable satellite and other general
body scheme, and the development of key technologies. Under his leadership, he also completed the research projects of ground
earthquake observation and shock wave propagation law of nuclear explosion test, as well as the physical phenomena of warhead re-entry into the atmosphere. In 1985, he won the national science and technology progress award< Deng Jiaxian (1924-1986)
born in Huaining County, Anhui Province in 1924, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of southwest United University in 1945, and then taught in Peking University. In October 1948, he studied in the Department of physics, Pure University, USA. in 1950, he received a doctor's degree in physics and returned to China in the same year. He has successively served as research assistant and associate researcher of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of theory department of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, vice president and President of the Ninth Research Institute, vice director of science and Technology Committee of science and Technology Commission of national defense, vice director of science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of nuclear instry, etc. Member of the 12th CPC Central Committee. He died in 1986
in the research of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, he led the basic theoretical research of detonation physics, hydrodynamics, equation of state, neutron transport, etc., carried out a large number of simulation calculation and analysis of the physical process of atomic bomb, and took the first step of China's independent research on nuclear weapons. Lead to complete the theoretical scheme of atomic bomb, and participate in guiding the detonation simulation test of nuclear test. After the success of the atomic bomb test, we immediately organized forces to explore the design principle of hydrogen bomb and select technical approaches. He won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1982, two special prizes of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1985, the title of national labor model in 1986, and one special prize of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1987 and 19
89 respectively< Wang Ganchang (1907-1998)
born in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province in 1907, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1929. In 1930, he went to Berlin University to study abroad. In 1934, he received his Ph.D.
, and returned to China in the same year. He was a professor of Shandong University and Zhejiang University. Since May 1950, he has successively served as a researcher and deputy director of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of Dubner Joint Nuclear Research Institute, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering and director of the Institute of atomic energy, and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of nuclear instry, Vice chairman of the 2nd National Committee of China Association of science and technology, vice chairman of China Physical Society, first chairman of China Nuclear Society, member of the Standing Committee of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National People's Congress. He died in 1998
he is one of the main scientific and technological leaders in the development of nuclear weapons and a pioneer in the research and experiment of nuclear weapons. During the development of the
nuclear weapon, he directed and participated in the development of China's atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. He was the chief member of the Technical Committee for cold test of atomic bomb, guiding China's first underground nuclear test, leading and organizing China's second and third underground nuclear tests
he presided over and directed the detonation physics test, explosive technology, near-field nuclear explosion detection, anti electromagnetic interference, anti nuclear reinforcement technology and optical simulation nuclear explosion test, etc. In 1964, he and the famous Soviet scientist bassov independently put forward the new concept of laser inertial confinement fusion. He is the founder of inertial confinement fusion research in China. Actively promote the establishment of
the Joint Laboratory of high power laser physics, and has been guiding the research of inertial confinement fusion. Actively guide the atomic energy research
Institute to carry out the research of electron beam pumped hydrogen fluoride laser. In 1982, he won the first prize of National Natural Science Award, and in 1985, he won two special prizes of national science and technology progress award< Peng Huanwu (1915 -)
born in Macheng City, Hubei Province in 1915, male, physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1935. In 1938, he went to Edinburgh University to study abroad, engaged in theoretical research on solid state physics and quantum field theory, and obtained Ph.D. and Ph.D. of science. 1945 and N & 8226; Born was awarded the McDougal bretzban prize by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was elected to the Royal Irish Academy of Sciences in 1948. After returning to China in 1947, he served as a researcher and deputy director of the Institute of modern physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering and deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
lead and participate in the principle breakthrough of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb
born in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province in 1913, male, member of the Communist Party of China, nuclear physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences< After graating from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1936, he went to the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris in France and the laboratory of nuclear chemistry of the French Academy to engage in the research of nuclear physics, and obtained a doctor's degree; Debar microphysics
prize. After returning to China in 1948, he successively served as professor of Physics Department of Tsinghua University, director of Institute of atomic energy of Peking Research Institute, director of Institute of modern physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later changed to Institute of atomic energy), director of Planning Bureau, deputy secretary general, Vice Minister of second Engineering Department, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Chinese physical society, honorary president of Chinese nuclear society, and specially invited consultant of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 19
died in 1992
one of the pioneers and founders of China's atomic energy instry. In the 1950s, he led the construction of China's first heavy water type atomic reaction
reactor and the first cyclotron, as well as a number of important instruments and equipment. The research work of reactor physics, reactor engineering technology, brazing chemistry, radiobiology, radioisotope preparation, high-energy accelerator technology, controlled thermonuclear fusion and so on in China has been carried out successively. After the Soviet government stopped its technical assistance to China, on the one hand, it quickly selected a group of outstanding nuclear science and technology experts to the second Ministry of machinery to be directly responsible for tackling key tasks in all aspects of atomic bomb development; on the other hand, it organized joint tackling with relevant leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Many key technologies have been solved in time, making important contributions to the successful development of the first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. As early as 1960, the theoretical and experimental research groups of neutron physics organized by the Institute of atomic energy carried out the pre research work of hydrogen bomb, which made theoretical preparation for the research of hydrogen bomb, and contributed to the development of hydrogen bomb in China only two years and eight months after the explosion of the first atomic bomb< Qian Ji (1917-1983)
born in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province in 1917, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in space technology and space physics
graated from normal college of Central University in 1943. Since 1949, he has successively served as deputy director and director of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and business director of the second satellite design institute. Since 1968, he has successively served as director of the overall satellite design department, vice president of the Fifth Research Institute and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission. Director of China Society of Astronautics, vice chairman of China Society of space sciences. He died in 1983
one of the pioneers of space technology in China. Lead the theoretical research of satellite overall, structure, antenna and environment simulation. Responsible for
and organizing the development of small thermal vacuum environment simulation test equipment, medium and small centrifuges and shaking table equipment. Responsible for leading the research and development of space physical detection instruments, tracking and positioning and data processing equipment for sounding
rocket head, and obtaining abundant test data. We have participated in
and worked out the development plan of interplanetary navigation, put forward a number of new technology pre research topics related to the development of artificial satellites, and made a lot of pioneering work for the early development of China's space technology. In 1965, he put forward the
report of "China's first man-made satellite plan". We organized the preparation of the outline of China's satellite series development plan, organized and put forward the pre research projects, and laid a preliminary technical foundation for the development of man-made satellites. He is responsible for the establishment of the satellite overall design organization and is the overall director of the
scheme of China's first satellite dongfanghong-1. At the same time, we have done a lot of technical and organizational leadership work for the development of recoverable satellites. In 1964, he won the second prize of national science and technology progress award. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Yao Tongbin (1922-1968)
born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province in 1922, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in metallurgy and aerospace materials
graated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1945, studied in the Department of instrial metallurgy of Birmingham University in 1947, obtained a bachelor's degree in 1951, and worked as a researcher and assistant professor in the Foundry Research Office of Metallurgy Department of Ahern University of technology in 1954. After returning to China in 1957, he served as a researcher, director and director of the materials research office of the first branch of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of national defense. He died in 1968
as the first generation of aerospace material technology experts and technology leaders in China, he has made great achievements in the research on viscosity and fluidity of metals and alloys in modern metallurgy. In 1962, we organized and formulated the research direction of materials and technology of the Fifth Academy of national defense, and arranged the advance research of materials and technology according to the requirement of "materials
should go first". In the four years before and after that, in addition to putting forward a large number of research projects to the domestic brother
units, he carried out more than 500 research projects in the Institute. To lead and guide the research on the fabrication and brazing process of manganese based brazing alloys, and to develop the domestic No.1 and No.2 manganese based brazing alloys, and to replace the old welding structures of liquid
rocket engines in China with brazing structures. Presided over the research on the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket engine materials and the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket
welded structure, and applied it to the development of the model, which played a guiding role in the design of rocket components,
material selection and manufacturing. He is rigorous in his studies and sets an example, making important contributions to the cultivation of scientific research personnel and the construction of work style. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Zhao Jiuzhang (1907-1968)
born in Wuxing County, Zhejiang Province in 1907, male, geophysicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1933. In 1935, he went to Germany to study meteorology. In 1938, he received a doctor's degree and returned to China in the same year. Professor of southwest United University, director of Institute of meteorology, Academia Sinica. After the founding of the people's Republic of China,
served as director of Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Satellite Design Institute, President of China Meteorological Society and President of China geophysical society. He died in 1968
one of the advocates and founders of China's satellite instry. Since 1957, he has actively advocated the development of China's own
artificial satellites. In August 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences set up an artificial earth satellite research and development group, of which he was the principal. In October of the same year,
put forward the important proposal that "China's development of man-made satellites should take the road of self-reliance, from small to large, from low level to high level". Under his leadership, he pioneered the research of using meteorological rockets and sounding rockets for high-altitude exploration, explored the direction of satellite development, prepared to build an environmental simulation laboratory, carried out research on telemetry and tracking technology, and established a space science and technology team. In 2004, according to the development of domestic delivery vehicles, he put forward the proposal to carry out the research and development of man-made earth satellites. He played an important role in the formulation of the development plan and specific exploration scheme of China's
satellite series, the determination of China's first man-made earth satellite, recoverable satellite and other general
body scheme, and the development of key technologies. Under his leadership, he also completed the research projects of ground
earthquake observation and shock wave propagation law of nuclear explosion test, as well as the physical phenomena of warhead re-entry into the atmosphere. In 1985, he won the national science and technology progress award< Deng Jiaxian (1924-1986)
born in Huaining County, Anhui Province in 1924, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of southwest United University in 1945, and then taught in Peking University. In October 1948, he studied in the Department of physics, Pure University, USA. in 1950, he received a doctor's degree in physics and returned to China in the same year. He has successively served as research assistant and associate researcher of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of theory department of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, vice president and President of the Ninth Research Institute, vice director of science and Technology Committee of science and Technology Commission of national defense, vice director of science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of nuclear instry, etc. Member of the 12th CPC Central Committee. He died in 1986
in the research of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, he led the basic theoretical research of detonation physics, hydrodynamics, equation of state, neutron transport, etc., carried out a large number of simulation calculation and analysis of the physical process of atomic bomb, and took the first step of China's independent research on nuclear weapons. Lead to complete the theoretical scheme of atomic bomb, and participate in guiding the detonation simulation test of nuclear test. After the success of the atomic bomb test, we immediately organized forces to explore the design principle of hydrogen bomb and select technical approaches. He won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1982, two special prizes of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1985, the title of national labor model in 1986, and one special prize of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1987 and 19
89 respectively< Wang Ganchang (1907-1998)
born in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province in 1907, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1929. In 1930, he went to Berlin University to study abroad. In 1934, he received his Ph.D.
, and returned to China in the same year. He was a professor of Shandong University and Zhejiang University. Since May 1950, he has successively served as a researcher and deputy director of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of Dubner Joint Nuclear Research Institute, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering and director of the Institute of atomic energy, and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of nuclear instry, Vice chairman of the 2nd National Committee of China Association of science and technology, vice chairman of China Physical Society, first chairman of China Nuclear Society, member of the Standing Committee of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National People's Congress. He died in 1998
he is one of the main scientific and technological leaders in the development of nuclear weapons and a pioneer in the research and experiment of nuclear weapons. During the development of the
nuclear weapon, he directed and participated in the development of China's atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. He was the chief member of the Technical Committee for cold test of atomic bomb, guiding China's first underground nuclear test, leading and organizing China's second and third underground nuclear tests
he presided over and directed the detonation physics test, explosive technology, near-field nuclear explosion detection, anti electromagnetic interference, anti nuclear reinforcement technology and optical simulation nuclear explosion test, etc. In 1964, he and the famous Soviet scientist bassov independently put forward the new concept of laser inertial confinement fusion. He is the founder of inertial confinement fusion research in China. Actively promote the establishment of
the Joint Laboratory of high power laser physics, and has been guiding the research of inertial confinement fusion. Actively guide the atomic energy research
Institute to carry out the research of electron beam pumped hydrogen fluoride laser. In 1982, he won the first prize of National Natural Science Award, and in 1985, he won two special prizes of national science and technology progress award< Peng Huanwu (1915 -)
born in Macheng City, Hubei Province in 1915, male, physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1935. In 1938, he went to Edinburgh University to study abroad, engaged in theoretical research on solid state physics and quantum field theory, and obtained Ph.D. and Ph.D. of science. 1945 and N & 8226; Born was awarded the McDougal bretzban prize by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was elected to the Royal Irish Academy of Sciences in 1948. After returning to China in 1947, he served as a researcher and deputy director of the Institute of modern physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering and deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
lead and participate in the principle breakthrough of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb
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