Virtual currency just released in 2018
virtual currency is the currency used for electronic circulation. Now the scope of virtual currency is very large, including q-coin, bitcoin and so on. With the development of digital currency, virtual currency is becoming more and more abundant, which may become the mainstream in the future. For example, BTC, EOS, bcbot and so on are not only virtual currencies, but also algorithms, landing projects and technologies
virtual currency is mainly issued by online game service providers to purchase game props, such as equipment, clothing, etc. But at present, the use of virtual currency has gone far beyond this category. Virtual currency can be used to buy game cards, physical objects and download services of some movies and software
extended data:
real risk
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transaction of online virtual currency has realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints. In addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players
Taking Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
reference: network virtual currency
According to the news on February 10, 2018, on September 4, 2017, seven ministries and commissions of the people's Republic of China issued the notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance, which regulates the issuance of tokens. In the notice, the nature of all kinds of tokens and "virtual currency" is clearly defined: it is not issued by the monetary authority, and it has no monetary attributes such as legal compensation and mandatory, It does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that all kinds of "virtual currency" still have a certain property value and are part of the property of the holder. So, how to identify the nature of the theft of such tokens
In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of "virtual token" holders, the author intends to discuss such issues through a relevant news report and relevant casesstealing bitcoin
recently, a news report said that Haidian police in Beijing cracked a case of destroying computer information system. The suspect Zhong used his administrator's authority to modify the company's computer applications and steal 100 bitcoins. Before he could sell the stolen money, Zhong was arrested by the police. At present, Zhong was detained for the crime of destroying computer information system
it can be seen from the report that the police detained the perpetrator for stealing bitcoin on suspicion of damaging the computer information system. The crime of destroying the computer information system stipulated in Article 286 of the criminal law of our country refers to the act of deleting, modifying, adding or interfering with the functions of the computer information system in violation of the provisions of the state, resulting in the abnormal operation of the computer information system and serious consequences, or deleting, modifying or interfering with the data and application programs stored, processed or transmitted in the computer information system Modifying or adding operations with serious consequences, or deliberately making or spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses, which affect the normal operation of the computer system with serious consequences
In the author's opinion, this crime is one of the crimes of impairing social management order in Chapter 6 of the criminal law, that is, the legal interest protected by this crime is actually the public order of our society, not the property interests of the digital currency holders, which in fact denies the property value of digital currency, It is only protected as a data or system function in a computer system. The author thinks that there is some irrationality in this wayfirst of all, in the notice on the prevention of bitcoin risk issued in 2013, it is mentioned that bitcoin is not a real currency because it is not issued by the monetary authority and does not have such monetary attributes as legal compensation and compulsion. Bitcoin has four main characteristics: no centralized issuers, limited amount, no geographical restrictions and anonymity. Because it belongs to a specific virtual commodity in nature The notice also clearly mentioned that bitcoin does not have the same legal status as currency and should not be used as currency in the market. However, as a virtual commodity, the property value behind bitcoin cannot be ignored
Secondly, Article 127 of the general provisions of the civil law, which came into effect on October 1 last year, stipulates that if the law has provisions on the protection of data and network virtual property, such provisions shall prevail. Although only the protection of the network virtual property has made the principle provisions, but it can not be denied that this shows our country's attitude towards the protection of the network virtual property. Although there is no special law for the protection of data and network virtual property in China, from the perspective of the general provisions of civil law, it is predicted that there will be relevant legislation in the futurefinally, from the relevant cases, we can also see the recognition of the property attribute of virtual currency such as bitcoin in China's judicial practice. In April and may 2013, Liu premeditated to set up a bitcoin trading platform, so he recruited Jin and Huang (both sentenced) to jointly set up a "bitcoin" trading platform. During this period, Liu, Huang, Jin, Jin and the defendant he, in addition to other acts of directly stealing customers' funds, also frequently cashed RMB by selling customers' bitcoins, and transferred 120 bitcoins from the website. Finally, the court convicted and punished the defendant for fraud, and the bitcoin transferred by the defendant was also included in the property loss of the victim. Therefore, from the judicial cases, we can also get the recognition of the property attributes of virtual currency such as bitcoin
based on the above reasons, the author thinks that it may be unreasonable to regulate the theft of virtual currency only as the crime of damaging computer information system. We should face up to the hidden property value and consider the application of the crime of infringing property in China's criminal law. Only in this way can we effectively protect the legitimate rights and property of digital currency holders in China
No. Virtual currency with good operation and investment will survive for a long time and will not go bankrupt in a few months, such as bitcoin and internet currency of Internet companies
there are various types of virtual currencies. The virtual currencies with high acceptance abroad are Facebook's f currency, online game second life's Linden currency, etc., while the representative virtual currencies in China are Tencent's Q currency, Sina's u currency, online currency, Shanda Yuanbao, etc
virtual currency is different from check and telegraphic transfer. The value that virtual currency can't realize can't be transferred by bank. At present, it can only circulate in the network world. Virtual currency is released by various network organizations, and there is no unified issuance and management standard
2. The special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging service provider is used to purchase the services in the website the most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase value-added services such as membership and QQ show
3. Virtual currency on the Internet. For example, bitcoin, Wright currency, etc. bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Some people also translate bitcoin as "bitcoin", which is a kind of network virtual currency. It is mainly used for Internet financial investment, and can also be directly used in daily life as a new currency
Himalaya 1 is 1 yuan, so 0.4 is 0.4 yuan
the happy point is the virtual currency used in Himalayas, which is 1 yuan each. In the Himalayas, some of the books need to be paid, so we need to use the joy point
recharge Himalayan happy point steps: take Xiaomi mobile phone as an example
1: download the mobile phone and click Himalayan app to enter
1. Watch magnetization: too much contact with objects with magnetic field leads to the phenomenon of watch magnetization, resulting in inaccurate watch travel time. After being magnetized, the watch may stop, slow or fast. After the watch is magnetized, its magnetism will not go away by itself. It needs degaussing repair to return to normal
2. Lack of maintenance: if the watch is lack of maintenance, it will lead to parts wear and grease dryness, affect the normal travel time of the watch, and make the watch fast and slow
3. Mechanical failure: watch hairspring failure, escapement system failure, parts sliding teeth and other mechanical failures may lead to watch fast and slow. The speed of mechanical watch may also be caused by severe impact and water entering. Generally speaking, the quartz watch is very accurate, and it is not easy to have the fault. In the case of adequate maintenance, it appears fast and slow, more than circuit board failure, or a part of poor contact.
The people's Bank of China's 2018 precious metal commemorative coin project issuance plan includes 11 projects and 58 varieties
the 11 items are: 2018 Panda Gold and silver commemorative coin, 2018 new year silver commemorative coin, Centenary gold and silver commemorative coin of Central Academy of fine arts, 2018 auspicious culture gold and silver commemorative coin, Chinese calligraphy art gold and silver commemorative coin (group 1), Chinese craftsman gold and silver commemorative coin (group 1), 60th anniversary gold and silver commemorative coin of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Silver commemorative coins of Beijing International Coin Expo 2018, gold and silver commemorative coins of China's year of 1911 (pig), gold and silver commemorative coins of the 70th anniversary of the issuance of RMB and gold and silver commemorative coins of the 60th anniversary of the founding of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In case of any adjustment to the items and circulation ring the year, the announcement of the people's Bank of China shall prevail
extended materials
commemorative coins are legal tender issued by a country to commemorate international or domestic political, historical, cultural and other major events, outstanding figures, places of interest, rare animals and plants, sports events, etc., including ordinary commemorative coins and precious metal commemorative coins. The quality is generally refined and limited
All currencies issued by the people's Bank of China can be used for circulation, so precious metal commemorative coins can participate in circulation theoretically and have the function of circulation means. China commemorative coin is a legal tender with a specific theme, which is designed and manufactured by the National Mint designated by the people's Bank of China under the authorization of the state, and issued by the National Bank in a unified plan. Commemorative coins are usually issued to commemorate important political and historical events, traditional culture and other things of special significance in China The value of ordinary commemorative currency is equal to that of RMB with the same denomination in the market, and it can be circulated in the market at the same time. The function of commemorative coins is mainly to commemorate a major festival or political, historical, cultural, outstanding people, places of interest, rare animals and plants and other things of legal currency. Collection is only an incidental function, and special theme and limited issue are the main characteristics of commemorative coinsCommonly used in Bali is the Indonesian rupiah, which can also be used in US dollars. You can change some US dollars when you travel to Bali, and you can also take less RMB. You can change it into Indonesian rupiah when you go to Bali, and you can change it at airports and other places
The common currency of Bali is Indonesian rupiah and US dollar, which can be exchanged in advance in the Bank of China2. As long as you don't arrive in Bali in the early morning of midnight, you can exchange at Denpasar airport exchange point (the exchange rate is relatively poor), so it is recommended to return a small amount of urgent money
There are many currency exchange points in Bali, which can be exchanged after the exchange is better. Generally speaking, the exchange rate far away from the city center is better4. Don't be attracted by the informal exchange shop with low exchange rate on the street, there are some greasy things in it. When exchanging money, check it face to face, not by his hands
5. Domestic UnionPay card can withdraw cash from BCA, Huaxia bank card doesn't charge service charge for the first time every day (banks in China don't charge), and local rural credit cooperatives don't charge service charge (banks in China don't charge, they can withdraw about 5000 RMB rupiah a day)
6. most stores and restaurants swipe card to support al currency card (MasterCard or VISA), indivial support UnionPay, WeChat Alipay indivial mall can also brush, but it is recommended to bring cash on the body every day. p>
development materials
to go to Bali, you need to prepare a part of the local currency, Indonesian rupiah, because there are many Chinese tourists in Bali in recent years, so it's quite convenient to exchange. It's OK to exchange with the tour guide, but it's very troublesome in China. Because it's a small currency, only bank of China can exchange it, and you have to make an appointment in advance, and exchange about 200-300 RMB with the tour guide
it's OK to go out to eat and buy small things. Many stores can swipe cards, and it's better to use UnionPay to prevent theft. Moreover, many big stores in Bali charge RMB. If you have more prepared travel budget and shopping expenses, you can also exchange US dollars in advance in China, and US dollars are more common abroad< br />