Spanish financial virtual currency

1. Reason: with the rapid development of information technology, real money is far from meeting people's demand for capital flow. If there are enough people to recognize the value of a virtual currency, it may become a substitute unit of material exchange, and the existence of virtual currency will inevitably cause another upsurge in the financial sector
in view of the possible risks of virtual currency, many international organizations and central banks have responded publicly to the supervision of virtual currency system. These responses can be roughly divided into four categories: warning and risk warning, supervision and registration permission, legislative norms, and explicit prohibition
(1) warning and risk warning
some central banks and regulators have issued risk warnings against the special currency and virtual currency system. The federal financial regulatory authority of Germany, the Bank of France, the central banks of the Netherlands and Belgium have issued public warnings against the possible money laundering and terrorist financing caused by the use of bitcoin. In the report released at the end of 2013, the European Banking authority (EBA) warned consumers of many risks of virtual currency, such as exchange loss, e-wallet theft, unprotected payment, price fluctuation and so on. Although Spain did not have a similar risk warning, it issued a timely information announcement related to virtual currency
(2) supervision and registration license
generally speaking, international organizations believe that the supervision of virtual currency should find a balance between risk prevention and innovation promotion. Since 2012, Sweden has required transactions related to virtual currency to be registered with financial regulators. Other countries pay attention to qualification supervision, so as to make it indirectly meet the requirements of prudential supervision. In other countries, the regulation mainly focuses on the business model of virtual currency transaction. The financial prudential regulatory authority of France regards the provision of bitcoin circulation and trading services and the act of earning funds in the process as a payment service and requires the authorization of the government. In addition, some countries focus on the intermediary institutions related to virtual currency. The German federal financial regulatory agency and Danish regulators believe that the provision of intermediary services for virtual currency needs to be authorized< (3) legislative norms
at present, some countries have proposed legislation to regulate virtual currency transactions. Canada plans to legislate to allow the government to supervise the transaction of bitcoin, and to include the transaction of more than US $10000 into the scope of suspicious supervision. The United States hopes to adjust the relevant legal structure should be compared with the development of the special currency. In order to make the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) applicable in the context of network, the financial crime enforcement network (FinCEN) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued the explanatory guidance on the behavior and subject definition of private generation, holding, distribution, trading, acceptance and transmission of virtual currency in 2013. The European central bank stressed that it should strengthen international cooperation under the existing legal framework, and regulate virtual currency from the European and global level under the existing legal framework. More countries believe that bitcoin is not a currency in circulation, has no legal status, and does not meet the definition of financial instruments, such as Finland, Sweden, Malaysia and Indonesia
(4) it is forbidden
in some countries, bitcoin related transactions are prohibited. In December 2013, the people's Bank of China banned financial institutions from trading in bitcoin, which was subsequently extended to payment service providers. The central banks of Thailand and Indonesia share the same attitude. The circulation of anonymous internet currency (including bitcoin) is prohibited by the Russian judicial inspection department as a substitute for currency. The Central Bank of Russia has earlier included the provision of bitcoin services in the scope of suspicious transaction monitoring. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has banned the issue of unregistered shares in exchange for bitcoin, and unregistered online securities trading activities in virtual currency.

2.

1. Peseta is the legal tender used by Spain and Andorra before the circulation of euro in 2002. The standard symbol is esp

2. Peseta is issued by the Central Bank of Spain - the Bank of Spain. Peseta had a score of 100 points, which was later cancelled e to inflation. The first coin of peseta in Spain appeared in Barcelona in 1808 and was made by the French army who occupied it at that time

3.

The currency used in Spain is the euro

euro is the currency of 19 countries in the European Union. The 19 member states of the euro are Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland, Lithuania, Latvian, Estonian, Slovak, Slovenian, Greek, Maltese and Cyprus

on January 1, 1999, the single monetary act was implemented in the European Union countries implementing the euro. In July 2002, the euro became the only legal currency in the euro area. The euro is managed by the European system of central banks (ESCB), which is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the central banks of the euro area countries

In addition, the euro is also the currency of six non EU countries (regions), namely, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Andorra, Montenegro and Kosovo. Among them, the first four pocket countries use the euro according to the agreement with the EU, while the latter two countries (regions) use the euro unilaterally

extended data:

euro is the most significant result of European monetary reform since the Roman Empire. The euro not only makes the European single market perfect and the free trade among euro zone countries more convenient, but also is an important part of the process of EU integration

although Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican are not EU countries, they also use the euro because they used the French franc or Italian lira as their currency, and they are authorized to mint a small amount of their own euro coins. Some non EU countries and regions, such as Montenegro, Kosovo and Andorra, also use the euro as a payment tool

the euro is managed by the European central bank system, which is composed of the European Central Bank and the central banks of the euro area countries. The European Central Bank, headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, has the power to formulate monetary policy independently. The central banks of euro zone countries participate in the printing, casting and issuing of euro notes and euro coins, and are responsible for the operation of the euro zone payment system

on May 4, 2016, the European Central Bank announced that 500 euro notes would be withdrawn from circulation. From the end of 2018, the European Central Bank will no longer provide the so-called "Purple euro notes"

4. 1.
because the name you gave me is in Chinese, I think it should be this organization:
Centro de estadios Monetarios y financieros (CEMFI)
Center for monetary and Financial Studies (CEMFI)

founded by the Bank of Spain in 1987. CEMFI and Universidad Internacional men é Ndez Pelayo (Uimp) offers official master's degree in economics and finance and doctor's degree in economics

I don't know whether you are applying for a doctor's degree or a master's degree. So I take the master's degree as an example. In addition, if you have any other questions, please send me a private letter directly<

the ration of master in economics and finance of CEMFI is 2 years, and the tuition fee is 5820 Euro
the application time is 2014-2016, and the application period is from October 29, 2013 to April 15, 2014. After that, the enrollment will be rolled to May 15, 2014 according to the situation. It is recommended to apply in advance. So the 2014 application date is over. However, according to the normal situation, if the recruitment is not full, there may still be opportunities... But now it's a holiday

application materials:
1. GRE is highly recommended. Obviously, if you have, it will be very good
2. Applicants from non-native English speaking countries need to provide proof of their English proficiency, such as IELTS and TOEFL. But it doesn't mean that you have to have IELTS and TOEFL. That is to say, if you don't have a certificate and your English is good, you can prove that you have reached the English level that you can understand the class. Don't ask me how to prove it, unless you come to me to apply, ha ha ha It depends on the level of the applicants in the same period)
3. Two letters of recommendation
4. Personal statement, letter of motivation
5. Application form

OK. It is also mentioned that the doctor needs 3-4 years to complete, so the materials are simpler. First of all, he has a master's degree in economics and finance, and the score of each subject is higher than 80. Write to his doctoral supervisor to state his subject situation and research direction, Honor and so on

the tuition fee is 2910 Euro

the materials have been explained just now. Now we prepare and apply according to the materials. The application must also be online application - providing materials - waiting for the results

as for studying abroad, if you have the admission notice from CEMFI, you can naturally apply for a study abroad visa. But the same need to provide all the materials needed to study abroad.

5. Spain belongs to the euro area countries, and the current currency is Euro
current currency exchange
1000 euro = 6876 yuan

6.

Spain uses the euro

countries using Euro: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Maltese, Cyprus, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvian and Lithuanian

In December 1995, the European Union officially named the new currency "euro". Although there have been other candidates before. For example: Darius, Ducat, tallend, florin, soverin, riverside, franc, etc. But the new currency must not be associated with the name of the existing currency and be as short as possible to make it easy for people to remember its name

In addition, e to the different alphabetic systems of European countries, the status of each language should be equal. The euro is simple and can represent the meaning of Europe. The design inspiration of euro symbol comes from the Greek letter epsilon, which represents the foundation of European civilization. The letter E is also the first letter in Latin Europe. The two horizontal lines in the euro symbol symbolize the stability of the euro

< H2 > extended information

currency features:

all euro coins have the same front face marked with the face value of the coin, which is called "common face", while the pattern on the back of the coin is designed by the issuing country. Constitutional monarchies often use the head of their monarch, and other countries usually use the symbol of their country

all different coins can be used in all regions. For example, coins with the head of the king of Spain are legal tender in countries other than Spain that use euro. There are eight kinds of euro coins: 2 euro, 1 euro, 50 euro cent, 20 euro cent, 10 euro cent, 5 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 1 euro cent. Although 1 euro cent and 2 euro cent coins are not generally used in Finland and the Netherlands, they are still legal tender

the design of each denomination of euro notes is the same in all countries. There are seven kinds of euro notes: 500 euro, 200 euro, 100 euro, 50 euro, 20 euro, 10 euro and 5 euro. Although large denomination notes are not issued in some countries, they are still legal tender

as the euro 500 note is easy to be used as money laundering, the European Central Bank announced on May 4, 2016 that it will stop printing the euro 500 denomination at the end of 2018, so as to rece the use of large value notes by criminal groups as illegal activities

at present, the currencies linked to the euro include: Escudo, the currency of the Republic of Cape Verde, the convertible mark of Bosnia and Bosnia, the Bulgarian Lev, the French overseas franc, the Central African Franc, the West African Franc and the Comoros franc

7. euro

8. I'm sorry<

online for 3 hours every day

send 3 posts (reply)

Croton has an upper limit,

1 Croton = 100 yuan per day

9. Peseta, the sovereign currency in Spanish history, was issued by the Central Bank of Spain - the Bank of Spain. There were four banknotes in circulation, 10000, 5000, 2000 and 1000 denominations, and another 500, 200, 50, 25, 5 and 1 peseta coins
since January 2002, euro has been used. The denominations of coins are 1,2,5,10,20,50 euro cents and 1,2 euro. Because all countries in the euro area issue currencies independently, the designs of currencies with the same denomination are different. When using the euro issued by other countries, inexperienced cashiers may not be able to judge the authenticity, but they need not panic with a little explanation. If you want to avoid this trouble, you can pay by credit card, traveler's check, or exchange locally issued euro in Spain.

10. Spain's own currency was banned from circulation in 2002, and now it uses euro,
20 euro = 139.332 yuan
I hope I can help you