Hackers convicted of stealing virtual currency

1.

According to the news on February 10, 2018, on September 4, 2017, seven ministries and commissions of the people's Republic of China issued the notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance, which regulates the issuance of tokens. In the notice, the nature of all kinds of tokens and "virtual currency" is clearly defined: it is not issued by the monetary authority, and it has no monetary attributes such as legal compensation and mandatory, It does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that all kinds of "virtual currency" still have a certain property value and are part of the property of the holder. So, how to identify the nature of the theft of such tokens

In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of "virtual token" holders, the author intends to discuss such issues through a relevant news report and relevant cases

stealing bitcoin

recently, a news report said that Haidian police in Beijing cracked a case of destroying computer information system. The suspect Zhong used his administrator's authority to modify the company's computer applications and steal 100 bitcoins. Before he could sell the stolen money, Zhong was arrested by the police. At present, Zhong was detained for the crime of destroying computer information system

it can be seen from the report that the police detained the perpetrator for stealing bitcoin on suspicion of damaging the computer information system. The crime of destroying the computer information system stipulated in Article 286 of the criminal law of our country refers to the act of deleting, modifying, adding or interfering with the functions of the computer information system in violation of the provisions of the state, resulting in the abnormal operation of the computer information system and serious consequences, or deleting, modifying or interfering with the data and application programs stored, processed or transmitted in the computer information system Modifying or adding operations with serious consequences, or deliberately making or spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses, which affect the normal operation of the computer system with serious consequences

In the author's opinion, this crime is one of the crimes of impairing social management order in Chapter 6 of the criminal law, that is, the legal interest protected by this crime is actually the public order of our society, not the property interests of the digital currency holders, which in fact denies the property value of digital currency, It is only protected as a data or system function in a computer system. The author thinks that there is some irrationality in this way

first of all, in the notice on the prevention of bitcoin risk issued in 2013, it is mentioned that bitcoin is not a real currency because it is not issued by the monetary authority and does not have such monetary attributes as legal compensation and compulsion. Bitcoin has four main characteristics: no centralized issuers, limited amount, no geographical restrictions and anonymity. Because it belongs to a specific virtual commodity in nature The notice also clearly mentioned that bitcoin does not have the same legal status as currency and should not be used as currency in the market. However, as a virtual commodity, the property value behind bitcoin cannot be ignored

Secondly, Article 127 of the general provisions of the civil law, which came into effect on October 1 last year, stipulates that if the law has provisions on the protection of data and network virtual property, such provisions shall prevail. Although only the protection of the network virtual property has made the principle provisions, but it can not be denied that this shows our country's attitude towards the protection of the network virtual property. Although there is no special law for the protection of data and network virtual property in China, from the perspective of the general provisions of civil law, it is predicted that there will be relevant legislation in the future

finally, from the relevant cases, we can also see the recognition of the property attribute of virtual currency such as bitcoin in China's judicial practice. In April and may 2013, Liu premeditated to set up a bitcoin trading platform, so he recruited Jin and Huang (both sentenced) to jointly set up a "bitcoin" trading platform. During this period, Liu, Huang, Jin, Jin and the defendant he, in addition to other acts of directly stealing customers' funds, also frequently cashed RMB by selling customers' bitcoins, and transferred 120 bitcoins from the website. Finally, the court convicted and punished the defendant for fraud, and the bitcoin transferred by the defendant was also included in the property loss of the victim. Therefore, from the judicial cases, we can also get the recognition of the property attributes of virtual currency such as bitcoin

based on the above reasons, the author thinks that it may be unreasonable to regulate the theft of virtual currency only as the crime of damaging computer information system. We should face up to the hidden property value and consider the application of the crime of infringing property in China's criminal law. Only in this way can we effectively protect the legitimate rights and property of digital currency holders in China

3. According to the criminal law of our country, stealing public and private property secretly for the purpose of illegal possession constitutes larceny. Although the form of stealing virtual money or virtual property is different from stealing traditional public and private property, virtual money or property is intangible, but it exists in a special online game environment. It really exists and has the value and circulation characteristics of traditional property. It has the basic property of property, and also has "use value" and "value", It can be regarded as a special conversion form of real money, and its inherent nature fully conforms to the "public and private property" protected by the criminal law. It should also be regarded as the "property" in the sense of criminal law, which should be protected by law. Therefore, stealing other people's virtual property secretly can be convicted and punished according to the provisions of the criminal law on theft. Of course, some experts once advocated that it should be defined as the crime of destroying computer information system, but the judicial circle, especially the court, which has the judicial power of conviction and sentencing, believes that the essence of such behavior is to secretly steal the network virtual property and then possess or resell it to obtain illegal benefits, which is a kind of secret theft of other people's property based on the intention of illegal possession, The criminal responsibility should be investigated for theft. In recent two years, courts in Henan, Beijing, Guangdong, Liaoning and Sichuan have tried to commit such crimes, and have made a guilty verdict on the suspect. In April 2009, Zhang Jin and others used hacker technology to steal online game coins and sell them online for profit. After being tried by Jiulongpo District Court of Chongqing, Zhang Jin was sentenced to 10 years and 6 months' imprisonment for theft.

4. Due to the lack of legal provisions, the handling of the theft of virtual property, which is different from the real theft, is very inconsistent in different places: some public security organs do not file a case, some impose a warning, fine or public security detention on the perpetrator in accordance with the relevant provisions of the regulations on the security protection of computer information systems and the administrative measures for the security protection of computer information network international networking; Some courts have convicted and sentenced the defendant for theft, while others think that this is not in line with the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime. Because the virtual property such as q-coin has not been regarded as a property right in law, they have sentenced the defendant to the crime of obstructing the freedom of communication. Different courts have ruled that in online games, many game masters can sell these game coins after earning a lot of game coins. This also includes some network hackers who steal the QQ number and then the QQ coin bound with the QQ number. These people often change the stolen Q currency into game currency, and then change the game currency into Q currency to launder money, and then sell it for cash
case 1 recently, the court of Jinjiang District of Cheng sentenced Yang Xiaolong, a "cyber thief", to eight months' imprisonment for theft. Yang Xiaolong has repeatedly stolen the virtual currency in seven online game recharge accounts of a company in Cheng, and used the virtual currency to buy game cards to sell money, making an illegal profit of more than 1300 yuan

case 2: in a previous case of QQ number theft decided by Shenzhen intermediate people's court, the prosecutor initiated a public prosecution in accordance with the crime of theft. However, the judge held that QQ number has not been regarded as a property right in China's law, so it did not support the determination of theft and sentenced the defendant to the crime of obstructing freedom of communication
in case 3, ring the two periods of September 29, 2004 and August to October, 2004, many players in the online game "Dahua Xiyou II" (Netease operation) found their equipment stolen one after another. On November 9, 2004, Netease reported the case to the Internet Supervision Department of Guangzhou Public Security Bureau, and the police arrested the suspect while concting offline transactions. On December 25, 2005, Tianhe District Court of Guangzhou city declared him guilty of theft and fined him 5000 yuan. The defendant refused and appealed. At the end of March 2006, the second instance of Guangzhou intermediate people's court decided to reject the appeal and maintain the original judgment
in case 4, from March to July 2005, the defendants Zeng and Yang sold the cracked QQ number to others. The two defendants sold more than 160 QQ numbers and got more than 70000 yuan of stolen money. On November 28, 2005, Shenzhen Nanshan procuratorate sued Zeng and Yang for theft to Shenzhen Nanshan District People's court. Nanshan District People's court held a trial on December 9, 2005, and made a judgment on January 13, 2006. The two defendants were sentenced to six months' detention for the crime of infringing freedom of communication
is virtual property protected by law
no matter Tencent q-coin or Sina u-coin, they are just data symbols used to represent certain goods or services provided by an Internet manufacturer. So far, no bank has been involved in the launch of this "network virtual currency". Because there is some competition between manufacturers, their "network virtual currency" system is often independent of each other. Therefore, "network virtual currency" can not circulate in real society like RMB. In addition, the "network virtual currency" is only a kind of delivery voucher, and almost all manufacturers that launch the "network virtual currency" do not provide the service of "network virtual currency" cashing back. The two-way or even multi-directional circulation is the basis of money being able to act as a general equivalent. The characteristic of "one-way circulation" determines that "network virtual currency" cannot act as a general equivalent. Unless we can freely and legally convert this "delivery voucher" into real cash or electronic currency. Therefore, it is only a virtual property, not a real property, and can not be the object of legal protection in China
online virtual property theft, which is characterized by stealing and selling online game accounts of major online game companies, Tencent QQ coins and game equipment, is expanding and upgrading. This not only seriously damages the legitimate rights and interests of users, but also poses a great threat to the normal operation of Internet enterprises. Therefore, the case of network virtual property theft can be classified as theft, the victim can report the situation to the public security department, but there must be two kinds of proof to file a case: one is that the victim must prove that he really owns the virtual property, the other is that there is evidence to prove that his virtual property is really stolen. If two kinds of proof are available, and the suspect is found, he can be convicted. Because, at present, the National People's Congress has not legislated on this, and this kind of case belongs to special theft, that is, this kind of crime can be punished as theft

there are mainly three views on the legal attribute of network virtual property in the theoretical and judicial circles, namely, the theory of property rights, the theory of intellectual property rights and the theory of creditor's rights. Although the network virtual property is different from the general property, but in my opinion, it is intangible property. Article 75 of China's general principles of civil law clearly stipulates that "citizens' personal property includes citizens' lawful income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, trees, livestock, means of proction and other lawful property that are permitted by law to be owned by citizens."“ "Other legal property" can be interpreted broadly, and network virtual property such as q-coin and virtual weapons can be classified as "other legal property" because of their basic properties. Citizen's property includes both tangible and intangible. Network virtual property should be one of intangible assets. Q-coin can be purchased directly from game developers, or obtained from the virtual currency market, so it has the property of general commodity. But whether it is creditor's rights or property rights, or intellectual property rights, this issue is the root of the current judicial and academic disputes. Virtual property is a kind of property with legal significance, which should be protected by law. As a kind of intangible property, virtual property has its own unique attributes and characteristics, which is different from the traditional tangible property and intangible property. The protection of virtual property should not be included in the category of real right or creditor's right mechanically, so it is necessary to protect it by separate legislation. The acquisition of virtual property needs to pay the corresponding time, energy and money, which has the characteristics of virtual space, tradability, value and time limit. In the network virtual space and time limit, it reflects the property value of virtual property, and shows the actual material interests in real life. It is precisely because of the transaction and value of the virtual property, as well as the paid nature of the acquisition, that the virtual property has the property nature. On the other hand, virtual property can also be possessed, used, benefited and disposed, and become the object of legal relationship. Therefore, virtual property should be protected by property law. Can theft of virtual property be punished as theft? At present, there are many kinds of currencies in the virtual market, such as Tencent Q currency, internet currency, Netease bubble currency, Sina u currency, Warcraft currency, Paradise currency, Shanda counting, etc. Take Q coin as an example, the number of users provided by Tencent is more than 200 million. Instry insiders estimate that the domestic Internet has a virtual money market scale of several billion yuan per year. Although the virtual currency market has a large scale, but the virtual currency stolen, "Filing" still has no legal basis? Virtual currency itself has no other transaction function, so it can be said that virtual currency is not a property right recognized by law. However, with the unlimited issuance of q-coin and the constant limited consumption of virtual procts, it will lead to the relative surplus of q-coin and the inflation of virtual world. At present, it is urgent to standardize the order of the virtual currency market, instead of blindly "Filing" protection, so that the public feel that the virtual currency is equivalent to RMB. When the network virtual property is stolen and cheated, we can also use the criminal law to punish criminals. At present, the court for the crime of network virtual property, some to be punished by theft, some to violate the freedom of communication to be punished. One of the reasons for different approaches is the lack of unified qualitative analysis of network virtual property. If we define the network virtual property as a kind of property, these problems can also be effectively solved. For example, some people steal virtual property or cheat for the purpose of illegal possession. If the amount of theft or fraud reaches the standard of "large amount", their behavior can be defined as theft or fraud. Of course, when the actor steals the network virtual property, his intrusion into the computer system and other means may also violate the crime of destroying the computer information system and other crimes. The combination of means and purpose constitutes an implicated crime, which can be dealt with again. What is q-coin Tencent q-coin is a virtual currency that can be paid uniformly on Tencent website. The face values of q-coin are 1 yuan, 2 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan and 20 yuan respectively. For the q-coin obtained by users using the application method of dialing voice call, the expression form of 1 yuan face value q-coin is a 12 digit number string, and the expression form of 2 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan and 20 yuan q-coin is a 14 digit number string starting with 2, 5, 1 and 8 respectively. The applied q-coin can purchase a series of related services on Tencent website, and input the corresponding q-coin amount according to the corresponding prompt when purchasing. At present, q-coin card can be used to apply for QQ bank number, purchase QQ beautiful number, QQ member service, QQ dating, QQ greeting card and other services. According to Tencent, a series of wonderful personalized value-added services will be launched later. Zhao Yiyong (judge of Zhengzhou high tech Instrial Development Zone, master of law): Disputes between players and thieves and between players and operators caused by the theft of virtual property. Once the virtual property is stolen, it is often difficult for users to find the thief, or it is difficult to provide evidence although they can find it. Therefore, once the virtual property is stolen, they often ask the operator for assistance and provide evidence, and most of them directly resort to the court on the ground that the operator does not fulfill its security obligations. From a technical point of view, game operators have the ability to help players save historical data and prevent data loss; From a legal point of view, game operators are also obliged to save historical data, prevent data loss and reproce game data e to charging players. Because the relationship between users and game operators is a service contract, according to the basic principles of China's "contract law", if the user's loss is caused by the game operators' failure to fulfill their ty of care, or major defects in program technology, then the game operators should bear the liability for breach of contract, including compensation for losses, restitution, and continued performance. If the game operator has no fault and the loss is caused by the infringement of a third party, it should directly claim to the infringer
legislation of virtual property protection suggests that in the absence of legislation on virtual property protection in China, network enterprises should apply the form of instry self-discipline to protect the interests of users. At the same time, we should speed up the formulation of relevant legislation or judicial interpretation. The specific measures include: (1) giving virtual property a legal status from the level of judicial interpretation 2 Add criminal legislation to protect computer data 3 Standardize the order of virtual property transactions, and ensure the security of virtual property transactions. It is suggested that the best way to deal with virtual property is through legal means

5. The dressing of jewelry processing is to get a certain probability of gem from 5 parts of ore and destroy the ore at the same time. The following is the probability:

copper ore
required skills: 1
quantitative probability of mineral processing results
copper slag 1 100.0%
Malachite 1 50.0%
Huyan 1 50.0%
shadowstone 1 10.0%

required skills: 50
quantitative probability of mineral processing results
Tin slag 1 100.0%
Green Agate 1-2 35.0%
secondary Moonstone 1-2 35.0%
shadowstone 1-2 35.0%
Topaz 13.5%
jadeite 13.5%
cyanite 13.5%

iron ore
required skills: 125
number of mineral processing results Probability
iron slag 1 100.0%
Topaz 1-2 30.0%
jadeite 1-2 30.0%
secondary Moonstone 1-2 30.0%
cyanite 1 5.0%
Ruby 1 5.0%

mitag ore
required skills: 175
quantitative probability of mineral processing results
mitag slag 1 100.0%
Turquoise 1-2 30.0%
Ruby 1-2 30.0%
Topaz 1-2 30.0%
giant emerald 13.0%
sapphire 13.0%
big cat's eye 13.0%
Azeroth diamond 13.0%

silver ore
skills required: 250
/>Quantitative probability of mineral processing results
silver slag 1 100.0%
Ruby 1-2 30.0%
giant emerald 1-2 15.0%
sapphire 1-2 15.0%
big cat's eye 1-2 15.0%
Azeroth diamond 1-2 15.0%
gold delanite 12.0%
abyssal olivine Olivine 12.0%
flame clinopyroxene 12.0%
shadow Delaunay 12.0%
Blue Moonstone 12.0%
Blood Garnet 12.0%

Magic iron ore
required skills: 275
quantity probability of mineral processing results
Magic iron slag 1 100.0%
huangjinde Lenite 1-215.0%
abyssal olivine 1-215.0%
flame clinopyroxene 1-215.0%
shadow dryenite 1-215.0%
Blue Moonstone 1-215.0%
Blood Garnet 1-215.0%
limonite 11.0%
nighteye 11.0%
garnet Life Ruby 1 1.0%
Elune star 1 1.0%
rare Topaz 1 1 1.0%
high iron olivine 1 1.0%

hard steel ore
required skills: 325
quantitative probability of mineral processing results
hard steel slag 1 100.0%
gold delanite 1-2 20.0%
abyssal olivine 1-2 20.0%
flame clinopyroxene 1-2 20.0%
shadow draenite 1-2 20.0%
Blue Moonstone 1-2 20.0%
Blood Garnet 1-2 20.0%
limonite 12.5%
nighteye 12.5%
raw Life Ruby 12.5%
Elune star 12.5%
rare Topaz 12.5%
high iron olivine 12.5%

6. 1. Detailed introction of PI coin: pchainnetwork (PI) is a new type of native multi chain system, which makes it possible for large-scale instrial application of blockchain smart contract. The main technological innovations of pchainnetwork include: the world's first native multi chain supporting EVM, sharding consensus pipeline, smart contract of smart data, cross chain call and transaction< 2. Statistics of the total amount of PI currency: 2100 million PI
3. The latest opening price of PI currency: 165; 0.026078
4. PI currency market value evaluation:
24h, the highest: &; 026981
24h amount: 2.438 million
24h minimum: 165; 025931
24h: 165; 62902.59
7d was the highest: 165; 026659
the highest in history: 165; 1672
7d was the lowest: 165; 023335
the lowest in history: 165; 0.012983
crowdfunding price: $0.053300
return on Investment: - 93.01%

warm tips:
① the above explanation is for reference only, without any suggestions. The relevant procts are issued and managed by the corresponding platform or company, and our bank does not undertake the responsibilities of investment, cashing and risk management of the procts
② there are risks in entering the market, so investment should be cautious. Before making any investment, you should make sure that you fully understand the nature of the investment and the risks involved in the proct. After a detailed understanding and careful evaluation of the proct, you can judge whether to participate in the transaction

response time: July 14, 2020. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes

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8. Freundlich adsorption equation can be applied to both monolayer adsorption and heterogeneous surface adsorption. Freundlich adsorption equation, as an empirical adsorption isotherm of heterogeneous surface, can well describe the adsorption mechanism of heterogeneous surface, and is more suitable for low concentration adsorption. It can well explain the experimental results in a wider concentration range. However, the disadvantage of Freundlich adsorption equation is that it can not get a maximum adsorption capacity and estimate the adsorption beyond the concentration range of parameters

9.

The theft of 14.5 million bitcoins in Jiangxi Province was solved, which caused heated discussion among netizens on the Internet. We all know that the current era is an Internet era, and it is also an era of rapid development. There are many people who want to earn money through illegal means, which is not worth advocating. We also hope that everyone can learn this lesson, suspects will also face very severe punishment

we also hope that this lesson can arouse a wake-up call for everyone. If everyone is like them, they will certainly face the disaster of imprisonment. At the same time, we need to pay attention to the fact that no matter how powerful the hacking technology is, there will still be many hot spots left. After all, it is the body, which cannot be separated from legal sanctions, I also hope that they can learn from this lesson, be a good person in their future life, and never violate the law and discipline. I hope everyone can pay attention to this