Virtual currency with lower price
many small exchanges are free of charge, but how much can they bring you?
the least valuable now:
according to the Eurasian archives, although prices in some countries are soaring and money is becoming less and less valuable, the least valuable money is still Turkish Lira
according to the current exchange rate, one dollar can be converted into 269000 Turkish Lira. In 1924, when the lira was issued, 0.9 lira could be converted into 1 US dollar, but in recent years, inflation has remained high, and lira has become less and less valuable. The biggest headache for this is Turkish businessmen and accountants, who are often tens of billions of lira. Ordinary calculators simply do not have such a large capacity.
reference price of currency: 978.511 euro / RMB, that is, 100 yuan RMB = 978.511 euro<
the lowest is vnd:
reference price of currency pair: 0.028 vnd / RMB, that is, 100 vnd = 0.028 RMB< br />" Exchange rate & quot; Also known as & quot; Foreign exchange market; Or & quot; Exchange rate;, It is the ratio of one currency to another. It is the price of one currency to another. Due to the different names and values of the currencies of various countries (regions) in the world, it is necessary to set an exchange rate for a currency against the currencies of other countries (regions), that is, the exchange rate. In the short run, the exchange rate of a country (or region) is determined by the demand and supply for the exchange of its currency into foreign currency. Foreigners' purchase of their own goods, investment in their own country and investment in their own currency will affect the demand for their own currency. Domestic residents want to buy foreign procts, invest in foreign countries and foreign exchange speculation affect the domestic money supply. In the long run, the main factors affecting the exchange rate are: relative price level, tariff and quota, preference for domestic goods relative to foreign goods, and proctivity.
It is difficult to avoid the typical risks related to the payment system. In a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing the typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks largely depend on the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity. It is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of important payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause or transmit shocks to the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and there is no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. In the network virtual currency scheme, network currency is not the settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default. The security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
(4) risk of absence of supervision generally speaking, supervision lags behind the development of science and technology. The network virtual currency program was established in the late 1990s, but it was not until 2006 that some government agencies in the United States began to analyze these programs. Due to the lack of supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is easily used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect consumers' rights and interests and financial stability, and restrain the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities. At present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities
The reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of its policies, especially monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB will define reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so it is necessary to guard against the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. Although in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, its high volatility and instability also increase the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without regulation, the central bank may be regarded as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation Compared with the exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is the transaction based on investment that accelerates the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, the participants of virtual money market will also face the potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take the bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to the beginning of 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden age. Because the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, the bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with the US dollar reached 1:1; In 2013, the bitcoin price achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, exceeding the gold price of US $1241.98/oz in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risksunlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, bitcoin market is not deep enough, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' trading behavior and controlled by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin. Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude. Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on its price, especially in the short term
with the rapid rise of bitcoin, Leyte and other digital currencies, Ruitai currency has been stagnating. Is it ready to go, or is it just in a moment.
response time: January 25, 2021. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
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generally speaking, the value of money depends on its activity: the central bank prints a lot of money and puts it into the economy with high-speed monetary activity. Therefore, we find that if the value of money decreases, we will be more inclined to sell in the future, resulting in a further decline in the quoted price. This cycle will lead to a runaway effect
for bitcoin, there is no high speed activity of bitcoin. Only the speculative bubble burst, and the quotations get closer to the mall balance point. This leads to a humorous question: where is the balance? First of all, let's make some assumptions. If in the future, no one in the world will hoard bitcoin at all: no one believes that bitcoin will rise, but will only fall in the future. Therefore, in the near future, we will only purchase procts by purchasing just enough bitcoin. In this way, the quotation of bitcoin depends entirely on the demand (the amount of bitcoin that people spend on purchasing procts and services) and the supply (the amount of bitcoin that exists). We are going to test to set up a lower bound: there will be some conjecture data in it, so we are going to choose the more extreme (disappointed) data. Data results are relatively small, and are affected by many factors, but data results can let us roughly know the magnitude of the answer to the question. In addition, we have the same assumption that everyone has lost interest in all counterfeit coins: we only pay attention to the bitcoin quotation supported by the bitcoin demand brought by real procts and services, that is to say, we do not use the statistical data of business channels to count the demand
let's get started. It is an excellent representative of the total demand of bitcoin for procts and services. It is the total activity of coinbase and bitpay, the two largest bitcoin payment processors in the bitcoin instry. Of course, bitcoin for procts and services also occurs in other places (this does not include the bitcoin compensation paid by some companies). The total bitcoin traffic of these two payment processors can exceed 50% of the bitcoin demand in all bitcoin businesses: the service of all large-scale commercial bitcoin transactions is coinbase or bitpay
surprisingly, neither coinbase nor bitpay clearly revealed their detailed business data. Fortunately, we can make a reasonable and accurate guess about the implied meaning of some articles announced by them. For example, we know that bitpay's business volume in 2013 was $100 million, and we also know that its business volume in 2012 was $3 million. Bitpay was founded in 2011, so we can reasonably guess that the total business volume of bitpay at the end of 2013 will be at least $94 million. Coinbase didn't disclose similar data, but both sides made clear the detailed number of cooperative businesses: bitpay is "more than 30000 businesses", coinbase is "31000 businesses". If we assume that the average bitcoin business volume of each of the two payment processors is similar, then the revenue of coinbase and bitpay are very similar. Let's calculate according to this. They are all US $100 million per year, or the remaining 50% of bitcoin needs that do not flow through coinbase and bitpay will bring us $300 million per year. In fact, since it is almost certain that there will be a continuous increase in 2014, these figures are likely to be higher. Since it is difficult to evaluate the detailed increase, let's leave it alone and simply assume that it will be $300 million in 2014
according to the current quotation of bitcoin (US $474), the total value of bitcoin mall is about US $6 billion, so US $300 million only accounts for 5%. That is to say, 95% of the total demand for bitcoin is speculative. Therefore, our estimation of the lower bound of bitcoin price is 23 US dollars. At this moment, the natural market's strength will prevent the price from further falling
let's analyze the above achievements reasonably. Our approximate data comes from bitpay and coinbase's bitcoin traffic (2013), and the bitcoin traffic of the three major business channels is accounted for by the partners working in coindesk. The channel traffic of bitcoin business is mainly speculative business (and counterfeit money business), which can hardly represent the business needs of bitcoin brought by any procts and services. At the same time, the three major business channels in the world (Mt. GOx, bitstamp, btc-e) account for 93% of the total amount of bitcoin shopping malls, and 7% are not included. We think that it is appropriate for the real commercial bitcoin demand to account for 5%
but will bitcoin really fall to $23? Very likely not. Let's assume that bitpay and coinbase did not increase in 2014, which is 100% wrong. Overstock, a US online retailer, Dell, a global PC retailer, and Xindan, a US e-commerce channel, announced in 2014 that they had accepted bitcoin payment, so the real amount could be several times higher. In addition, no one can store bitcoin and counterfeit coins at all. Therefore, this achievement is likely to be far lower than the low bound of the actual quotation, but it also gives us a general idea of where the equilibrium point of the market can exist, and the current bitcoin quotation is actually unsustainable.