Virtual currency in Tang Dynasty
Publish: 2021-05-12 12:24:29
1. To tell you the truth,
the main applications of blockchain are
banks,
these places can be used,
they have little to do with the public,
moreover,
they are not mature,
I don't know if they can grow up,
these are concepts,
are there any edge computing,
can you understand them,
anyway, I don't understand them
the main applications of blockchain are
banks,
these places can be used,
they have little to do with the public,
moreover,
they are not mature,
I don't know if they can grow up,
these are concepts,
are there any edge computing,
can you understand them,
anyway, I don't understand them
2.
1. Jianling
Jianling is a Korean game represented by Tencent. It has been playing for more than two years. At the beginning, it was just playing with friends. Later, it was found that there are many krypton players in this game, because upgrading equipment requires a lot of gold coins, and there are many places to buy various props and use gold coins
there are several ways to earn gold coins in this game. If you have good equipment and good techniques, you can enter the advanced , take the disabled players to pass the , fight the equipment materials, earn gold coins, and some of you can brush the , fight the equipment and sell gold coins
4, dream journey to the West
this game is really worth preserving, and the whole game is also enring. Because in this game, I played it in primary school at first, but I didn't play it in school at last. It was around 2014 that I continued to play. I've played it before, but it's not more than level 20. This time it's a rookie
3.
games that can earn RMB: World of Warcraft, League of heroes, ngeons and warriors, swordsman romance 3. Dream journey to the West
1. World of Warcraft: This is a stable and profitable game. World of Warcraft players all over the world, players have a high loyalty to the game, even the monthly card charging system has not changed the player's love of this game. Players under the play gold, with new gold, practice number to make money
2. League of Heroes: players all over the world. It is a typical representative of DOTA competitive online games. This kind of online games are almost the same way to make money, that is, by playing games, getting skin, gems and other props, and then selling accounts to make money
Dungeons and Warriors: this Korean game is extremely popular in China. The representative of horizontal layout fighting game. Play this game to make money, mainly through the next of playing gold, and then sell gold to make money (4) swordsman love 3: the classic representative of domestic swordsman online games, two-way charge of monthly card and point card. In the world of the Tang Dynasty, players can get gold or equipment by ing, catching horses and so on, and then make money by selling gold or equipment5. Dream journey to the West: this game can be said to be one of the few round games that can be continued at a fee. Game players are stable, prices are relatively stable, dream journey to the west, catch the baby, the next of gold, and then make money by selling gold
4.
1. Datang Tianxia business model is based on consumption. It builds a platform for consumption reward sharing among consumers, businesses and society. It can also be understood as a multi-dimensional interface that can be infinitely transformed. It organically and stereoscopically combines consumers, institutions and terminals, enterprises and agents according to different needs to form a consumption cycle and wealth sharing. The more you consume, the more you will get, The more points you get
2. If the consumer members (free members) of Datang Tianxia consume at the merchant members of Datang Tianxia, they will be rewarded with the consumption points awarded by Datang Tianxia. The points will start at 0:00 on the second day of consumption, and the "Tangbao" (Datang Tianxia virtual currency) will be rewarded by about 5 / 10000 every day until the consumption amount is rewarded. Besides cash withdrawal and re consumption, Tang Bao can also enter the financial center
3. Datang Tianxia recommends consumer members to business members, and when the transaction is completed, the business pays Datang Tianxia 1% - 20% of the service fee. Datang world will reward its members with bonus points until the service fee is 8%. In addition to reflecting and re consuming, Tang Bao can also enter the financial center
the company's profit comes from the following sources:
1
2. Gross profit of purchase and sale of self operated goods
3. Platform advertising fee and service fee
4. Others
5. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it quickly introced its own coinage policy. In July of the fourth year of Wude, "the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used.". Tongbao has established its legal status as a national coin. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of using silk as currency in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the monetary system of "money and silk" money is copper money. Silk is the general name of silk fabrics, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk
after Zhenguan, silk graally withdrew from the money market, which led to the problem of "money shortage", which reflected the defects of the Tang Dynasty's monetary system< As for the consumption level, it can be seen from the purchasing power and price level of money:
when Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty first won the world, because of the high price of grain in the capital, he even banned slaughtering in the pass; Ten years later, when Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, prices remained high. However, only three years later, the situation has improved: "three years to Zhenguan... Three or four money."
in the early years of Gaozong's reign, the price of corn was also low. In the fifth year of Yonghui, the price of corn in Luozhou was only two and a half yuan per bucket. It was not until the first year of Qianfeng that Qianfeng Quanbao was recast, which made it worth ten dollars. As a result, merchants were unable to get along with each other, and rice and silk became expensive. In addition, because of the use of troops for years, farming was sluggish, and prices soared. For a long time, the price of rice in Guanzhong area was as high as three or four hundred dollars. Since then, from Empress Wu Zetian's reign to Emperor Zhongzong's restoration in Tang Dynasty, natural disasters have been incessant, and "rice fights for hundreds of money" can be seen everywhere
in the nearly 50 years of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the political level and economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty were improved. The government's collection of evil money and the increase of the circulation of copper money made Tongbao's currency value and purchasing power high and strong. At that time, every Wen Tong Bao could buy 3.9 catties of rice. Such a price level, such a purchasing power of money, is an important symbol of the Tang Dynasty
after the outbreak of the "an Shi rebellion", the Tang Dynasty changed from prosperity to decline. Natural disasters are frequent, levies and levies are urgent and extravagant, and peasant uprisings are surging. Naturally, prices are soaring and the people are in dire straits. The desirable price level and money purchasing power in the early Tang Dynasty are gone forever
in the whole Tang Dynasty, luxury was the most important consumption. In the year of Tianbao, the family of nobility and officialdom was "the most expensive one, which covered ten families of Chinese". In the Wuzong Dynasty, Li Deyu, the prime minister, paid about 30000 yuan for every cup of soup. Du Cong, the Prime Minister of the late Tang Dynasty, paid ten thousand yuan a day. Ordinary people earn thousands of money every year, and the powerful people waste so much money every day!
after Zhenguan, silk graally withdrew from the money market, which led to the problem of "money shortage", which reflected the defects of the Tang Dynasty's monetary system< As for the consumption level, it can be seen from the purchasing power and price level of money:
when Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty first won the world, because of the high price of grain in the capital, he even banned slaughtering in the pass; Ten years later, when Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, prices remained high. However, only three years later, the situation has improved: "three years to Zhenguan... Three or four money."
in the early years of Gaozong's reign, the price of corn was also low. In the fifth year of Yonghui, the price of corn in Luozhou was only two and a half yuan per bucket. It was not until the first year of Qianfeng that Qianfeng Quanbao was recast, which made it worth ten dollars. As a result, merchants were unable to get along with each other, and rice and silk became expensive. In addition, because of the use of troops for years, farming was sluggish, and prices soared. For a long time, the price of rice in Guanzhong area was as high as three or four hundred dollars. Since then, from Empress Wu Zetian's reign to Emperor Zhongzong's restoration in Tang Dynasty, natural disasters have been incessant, and "rice fights for hundreds of money" can be seen everywhere
in the nearly 50 years of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the political level and economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty were improved. The government's collection of evil money and the increase of the circulation of copper money made Tongbao's currency value and purchasing power high and strong. At that time, every Wen Tong Bao could buy 3.9 catties of rice. Such a price level, such a purchasing power of money, is an important symbol of the Tang Dynasty
after the outbreak of the "an Shi rebellion", the Tang Dynasty changed from prosperity to decline. Natural disasters are frequent, levies and levies are urgent and extravagant, and peasant uprisings are surging. Naturally, prices are soaring and the people are in dire straits. The desirable price level and money purchasing power in the early Tang Dynasty are gone forever
in the whole Tang Dynasty, luxury was the most important consumption. In the year of Tianbao, the family of nobility and officialdom was "the most expensive one, which covered ten families of Chinese". In the Wuzong Dynasty, Li Deyu, the prime minister, paid about 30000 yuan for every cup of soup. Du Cong, the Prime Minister of the late Tang Dynasty, paid ten thousand yuan a day. Ordinary people earn thousands of money every year, and the powerful people waste so much money every day!
6. 1 Purpose and significance
China's currency has a long history and profound currency culture. Ancient coins are the most abundant material materials in the long history of China. It directly reflects the economic situation of ancient society, and involves many fields such as politics, military affairs, history, geography, writing, aesthetics, metal smelting, calligraphy and so on
China's currency was really unified after Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, which symbolized the appearance of "Qin banliang" with round square hole of "round heaven and place", marked the initial maturity of ancient Chinese coins, and was a milestone in the development of Chinese currency. Since then, coins have become the basic form of ancient Chinese currency. Two baht coins (such as Qin banliang coin, Han Sanzhu coin, wuzhu coin, etc.) with the name of weight have been popular for more than 700 years until the issue of Kaiyuan Tongbao in the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was first cast in the fourth year of Wude (621). According to the book of the old Tang Dynasty and Chen 8226; According to shihuo, "when Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he still used the five baht money of Sui Dynasty. In July of the fourth year of Wude (621), the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. It was eight cents in diameter and weighed two baht and four cents. The accumulated ten Wen weighed one or two, and one thousand Wen weighed six Jin and four Liang. " The casting of Kaiyuan Tongbao opened up a new era in the history of Chinese currency, and played an important role in the history of currency development. What's more, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" not only opened the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, but also had a profound impact on the subsequent 1300 years of Chinese monetary history. Its positive role can be said to be beyond the times. Specifically speaking, first of all, before the Tang Dynasty, coins were mostly named by shape or weight, such as Dao coin and wuzhu coin. The appearance of Kaiyuan coin made the metal coins of our country formally break away from the system named by weight, which is called "Tongbao" and "Yuanbao". Secondly, from then on, China's weighing system no longer uses baht as the unit of calculation (before Tang Dynasty, baht was used, 24 baht was one or two, which was twenty-four decimal places), but uses the decimal method of two, money, Fen and Li, one of which is 3.73g, which means the weight of a coin of Kaiyuan Tongbao, and ten Kaiyuan Tongbao equals one or two. Thirdly, Kaiyuan Tongbao was still used by successive dynasties because of its moderate size, proper name and shape. Therefore, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is not only the main currency in circulation throughout the Tang Dynasty, but also a model of copper coins for more than 1000 years after the Tang Dynasty
in addition to unifying the currency style of "round square hole", Qin also unifies many rules of life including the system of weights and measures
in the course experiment, the applicant found that the weight of ancient coins (i.e. quality, which is replaced by weight in order to avoid ambiguity) varied under the influence of politics, economy and local casting Bureau, and there was no unified conclusion on the weight standard of currency and the balance system of the current Dynasty. To sum up, the applicant chooses "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin which has epoch-making significance from shape to balance system as the research object, and takes Kaiyuan coin as the starting point to study the weight change of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin in Tang Dynasty and the balance system in Tang Dynasty. The applicant plans to investigate the weighing records of Kaiyuan coins in archaeological and monetary documents through literature inquiry, and carry out comprehensive research in combination with the results of physical weighing, so as to cultivate the applicant's good habits and quality for academic research in the process of research, and strive to find and harvest in the research, and play a role in thickening the knowledge of the research field, And give their own guiding views on the public's cognition of this issue. It is expected that the research results of the project will have more far-reaching guiding significance for future study, and can be affirmed to a certain extent
(2) research status of the project
in recent years, the society's concern about ancient coins mostly focused on the collection value of ancient coins, always concerned about the market price and appreciation space of ancient coins, hoping to achieve spiritual and material harvest through the collection of ancient coins. Therefore, if you search for "ancient coins" on major websites, you will find that most of the words that are ready to come out are "ancient coin collection and transaction", "ancient coin boutique Expo", "ancient coin wholesaler" and other words with relatively strong interests, which makes the collection that originally cultivated sentiment tinged with the taste of money. However, people know little about the weight of ancient coins, the evolution of balance system and other professional issues, and with the upsurge of ancient coin collection and trading, some research classes on "ancient coin collection and trading" also appeared. As for the study of the weight and balance of ancient coins, few people seem to care about it. However, some experts and scholars mainly focus on the systematic study of the general situation of the past dynasties, and do not make a complete and in-depth study of the weight and balance system in a single period. Even if the study involves this issue, it is only a part of the overall situation, Not all the coins of a dynasty can clearly reflect the balance system of that dynasty, and not all the coins of a dynasty can be accurately used as the reference object of the HSI. Therefore, from the scientific point of view of coin research is not rigorous enough. Therefore, it is necessary to study the weight and balance system of ancient coins in a specific period in a specific stage. The applicants take the Tang Dynasty, which has a clear relationship between the balance system and currency, as an example, and summarize the changes through specific textual research, so as to provide information for future professional study and try to make up for the academic vacancy.
China's currency has a long history and profound currency culture. Ancient coins are the most abundant material materials in the long history of China. It directly reflects the economic situation of ancient society, and involves many fields such as politics, military affairs, history, geography, writing, aesthetics, metal smelting, calligraphy and so on
China's currency was really unified after Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, which symbolized the appearance of "Qin banliang" with round square hole of "round heaven and place", marked the initial maturity of ancient Chinese coins, and was a milestone in the development of Chinese currency. Since then, coins have become the basic form of ancient Chinese currency. Two baht coins (such as Qin banliang coin, Han Sanzhu coin, wuzhu coin, etc.) with the name of weight have been popular for more than 700 years until the issue of Kaiyuan Tongbao in the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was first cast in the fourth year of Wude (621). According to the book of the old Tang Dynasty and Chen 8226; According to shihuo, "when Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he still used the five baht money of Sui Dynasty. In July of the fourth year of Wude (621), the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. It was eight cents in diameter and weighed two baht and four cents. The accumulated ten Wen weighed one or two, and one thousand Wen weighed six Jin and four Liang. " The casting of Kaiyuan Tongbao opened up a new era in the history of Chinese currency, and played an important role in the history of currency development. What's more, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" not only opened the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, but also had a profound impact on the subsequent 1300 years of Chinese monetary history. Its positive role can be said to be beyond the times. Specifically speaking, first of all, before the Tang Dynasty, coins were mostly named by shape or weight, such as Dao coin and wuzhu coin. The appearance of Kaiyuan coin made the metal coins of our country formally break away from the system named by weight, which is called "Tongbao" and "Yuanbao". Secondly, from then on, China's weighing system no longer uses baht as the unit of calculation (before Tang Dynasty, baht was used, 24 baht was one or two, which was twenty-four decimal places), but uses the decimal method of two, money, Fen and Li, one of which is 3.73g, which means the weight of a coin of Kaiyuan Tongbao, and ten Kaiyuan Tongbao equals one or two. Thirdly, Kaiyuan Tongbao was still used by successive dynasties because of its moderate size, proper name and shape. Therefore, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is not only the main currency in circulation throughout the Tang Dynasty, but also a model of copper coins for more than 1000 years after the Tang Dynasty
in addition to unifying the currency style of "round square hole", Qin also unifies many rules of life including the system of weights and measures
in the course experiment, the applicant found that the weight of ancient coins (i.e. quality, which is replaced by weight in order to avoid ambiguity) varied under the influence of politics, economy and local casting Bureau, and there was no unified conclusion on the weight standard of currency and the balance system of the current Dynasty. To sum up, the applicant chooses "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin which has epoch-making significance from shape to balance system as the research object, and takes Kaiyuan coin as the starting point to study the weight change of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin in Tang Dynasty and the balance system in Tang Dynasty. The applicant plans to investigate the weighing records of Kaiyuan coins in archaeological and monetary documents through literature inquiry, and carry out comprehensive research in combination with the results of physical weighing, so as to cultivate the applicant's good habits and quality for academic research in the process of research, and strive to find and harvest in the research, and play a role in thickening the knowledge of the research field, And give their own guiding views on the public's cognition of this issue. It is expected that the research results of the project will have more far-reaching guiding significance for future study, and can be affirmed to a certain extent
(2) research status of the project
in recent years, the society's concern about ancient coins mostly focused on the collection value of ancient coins, always concerned about the market price and appreciation space of ancient coins, hoping to achieve spiritual and material harvest through the collection of ancient coins. Therefore, if you search for "ancient coins" on major websites, you will find that most of the words that are ready to come out are "ancient coin collection and transaction", "ancient coin boutique Expo", "ancient coin wholesaler" and other words with relatively strong interests, which makes the collection that originally cultivated sentiment tinged with the taste of money. However, people know little about the weight of ancient coins, the evolution of balance system and other professional issues, and with the upsurge of ancient coin collection and trading, some research classes on "ancient coin collection and trading" also appeared. As for the study of the weight and balance of ancient coins, few people seem to care about it. However, some experts and scholars mainly focus on the systematic study of the general situation of the past dynasties, and do not make a complete and in-depth study of the weight and balance system in a single period. Even if the study involves this issue, it is only a part of the overall situation, Not all the coins of a dynasty can clearly reflect the balance system of that dynasty, and not all the coins of a dynasty can be accurately used as the reference object of the HSI. Therefore, from the scientific point of view of coin research is not rigorous enough. Therefore, it is necessary to study the weight and balance system of ancient coins in a specific period in a specific stage. The applicants take the Tang Dynasty, which has a clear relationship between the balance system and currency, as an example, and summarize the changes through specific textual research, so as to provide information for future professional study and try to make up for the academic vacancy.
7. When it comes to Kaiyuan Tongbao, many people think that it was a coin coined by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In fact, it was not. Kaiyuan Tongbao was issued 289 years ago in the Tang Dynasty, and it had been in circulation long before Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Even if you look at the real object carefully, you will find that some Kaiyuan Tongbao has a trace of a woman's fingernail on the back. What's the matter
after Li Yuan, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, announced in July of the fourth year of Wude that the Sui five baht currency would be abolished and a new coin of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao, or Tongbao coin, would be issued. Kaiyuan means "Founding the country and laying the foundation"; Tongbao is the connotation of "circulating treasure goods". At the same time, in order to show his favor, Emperor Gaozu of Tang allowed Li Shimin, king of Qin, and Li Yuanji, king of Qi, to cast three heats of Kaiyuan Tongbao, which was originally not allowed to be cast privately, and Peiji, the founder of the country, to cast one
when Ouyang Xun, who was in charge of casting Kaiyuan Tongbao at that time, put in wax samples to the king of Qin, empress Chang sun, the princess of Qin at that time, inadvertently left a mark on her armor while watching. In this way, the wax pattern with nail marks was turned into a money mold and then cast into money. After casting, a nail pattern in the shape of the moon was left on the back of the money, which was later called Kaiyuan Tongbao back of the moon<
in addition to the colorful back moon style, the shape of Kaiyuan Tongbao still used the Qin Dynasty's Kongyuan coin, but it weighed one or two yuan per ten Wen, which created a new Tongbao currency system like the new atmosphere opened up in the prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty. It became the standard of coinage in all dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, and has been followed for nearly 1300 years<
shihuo in the new Tang Dynasty:
in the fourth year of Wude, the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" was made, with eight points in diameter, two baht and four ginseng in weight, and ten coins in weight, one or two in weight. It was composed of eight points, Zhuan and Li. Luozhou, Bingzhou, Youzhou, Yizhou and Guizhou all had prisons. Give the king of Qin and the king of Qi three furnaces, and the right servant shoots Pei Ji one furnace for casting. Those who steal the casting die without their families< On July 10, the fourth year of Wude, the five baht coin was discarded and the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin was used. It was eight cents in diameter and weighed two baht and four yuan, ten Wen and two yuan, and one thousand Wen and six Jin and four Liang. It is convenient to make a compromise between weight and size. His Qian Wen was called his work when he made Ci and books for Ouyang Xun. Its characters are divided into eight parts, Zhuan and Li. Its words are first read up and then down, then left and then right. From the top to the left, it can be read in a circle. Its meaning is also common. It is commonly known as "Kaiyuan Tongbao" money. According to Zheng Qian's Huizhen, "when I asked for wax samples at the beginning of the inquiry, I took out a mark from empress Wende, so there was a inscription on the money." On the 18th, he placed money in the prefectures of Luo, Bing, you and Yi. The king of Qin and the king of Qi gave three furnaces to cast money, and Pei Ji gave one furnace. If anyone dares to steal the casting, he will die and his family will die. By March 24, 2005, Guizhou had set up a money prison<
"Tam bin Lu" Volume I (Tang Dynasty) Hu fan. In wudezhong, the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. These four words and books are all written by Ouyang Xun. The first injection date, after pinch a trace, because there is.
after Li Yuan, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, announced in July of the fourth year of Wude that the Sui five baht currency would be abolished and a new coin of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao, or Tongbao coin, would be issued. Kaiyuan means "Founding the country and laying the foundation"; Tongbao is the connotation of "circulating treasure goods". At the same time, in order to show his favor, Emperor Gaozu of Tang allowed Li Shimin, king of Qin, and Li Yuanji, king of Qi, to cast three heats of Kaiyuan Tongbao, which was originally not allowed to be cast privately, and Peiji, the founder of the country, to cast one
when Ouyang Xun, who was in charge of casting Kaiyuan Tongbao at that time, put in wax samples to the king of Qin, empress Chang sun, the princess of Qin at that time, inadvertently left a mark on her armor while watching. In this way, the wax pattern with nail marks was turned into a money mold and then cast into money. After casting, a nail pattern in the shape of the moon was left on the back of the money, which was later called Kaiyuan Tongbao back of the moon<
in addition to the colorful back moon style, the shape of Kaiyuan Tongbao still used the Qin Dynasty's Kongyuan coin, but it weighed one or two yuan per ten Wen, which created a new Tongbao currency system like the new atmosphere opened up in the prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty. It became the standard of coinage in all dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, and has been followed for nearly 1300 years<
shihuo in the new Tang Dynasty:
in the fourth year of Wude, the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" was made, with eight points in diameter, two baht and four ginseng in weight, and ten coins in weight, one or two in weight. It was composed of eight points, Zhuan and Li. Luozhou, Bingzhou, Youzhou, Yizhou and Guizhou all had prisons. Give the king of Qin and the king of Qi three furnaces, and the right servant shoots Pei Ji one furnace for casting. Those who steal the casting die without their families< On July 10, the fourth year of Wude, the five baht coin was discarded and the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin was used. It was eight cents in diameter and weighed two baht and four yuan, ten Wen and two yuan, and one thousand Wen and six Jin and four Liang. It is convenient to make a compromise between weight and size. His Qian Wen was called his work when he made Ci and books for Ouyang Xun. Its characters are divided into eight parts, Zhuan and Li. Its words are first read up and then down, then left and then right. From the top to the left, it can be read in a circle. Its meaning is also common. It is commonly known as "Kaiyuan Tongbao" money. According to Zheng Qian's Huizhen, "when I asked for wax samples at the beginning of the inquiry, I took out a mark from empress Wende, so there was a inscription on the money." On the 18th, he placed money in the prefectures of Luo, Bing, you and Yi. The king of Qin and the king of Qi gave three furnaces to cast money, and Pei Ji gave one furnace. If anyone dares to steal the casting, he will die and his family will die. By March 24, 2005, Guizhou had set up a money prison<
"Tam bin Lu" Volume I (Tang Dynasty) Hu fan. In wudezhong, the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. These four words and books are all written by Ouyang Xun. The first injection date, after pinch a trace, because there is.
8. [origin]: five baht coins were popular in the Sui Dynasty, but at the end of the Sui Dynasty, social unrest led to the prevalence of stealing and indiscriminate casting of private money. According to the new book of the Tang Dynasty, shihuo, "Shiqian money weighed two Jin at the beginning, and then the lighter it was, it was less than one jin. Iron leaf and leather paper all thought it was money.". After Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, took charge of Chang'an, the management of the currency system was still quite chaotic. At that time, there were only 80000 or 90000 copper coins on the market, and the five baht coins had been coined for more than 700 years since the Yuanshou reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During this period, the coins were continuously recast, resulting in the uneven shape, size, texture and circulation. After the Tang Dynasty, the social order graally stabilized, the economy began to turn to the right track, and it was obviously out of time to continue to use the Sui five baht coin<
[casting and circulation]: about the "Kaiyuan Tongbao", it is recorded in the new Tangshu shihuo that "in July of the fourth year of Wude, the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. Eight points in diameter, two baht and four taels in weight, ten Wen and one or two in weight, and one thousand Wen and six Jin and four taels in weight. They still placed money in the prefectures of Luo, Bing, you and Yi. The king of Qin and the king of Qi each gave three heats to cast money, and the right servant, Pei Ji, gave one. The move marks the formal withdrawal of China's currency named after baht from the stage of history and its replacement by the new "Baowen money" currency system Note 2: the so-called "Baowen money" means one money; Text & gt; According to records, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" Qian Wen was donated by Ouyang Xun, one of the four greatest calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty. His calligraphy is fierce, and is known as "European style". During the reign of Zhenguan, Ouyang Xun was an official and the prince led Gengling. Therefore, this calligraphy style of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is also known as "hugeng style". According to historical records, his writings are divided into three styles: Bafen, Zhuan and Li. In other words, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" Qian Wen combines the advantages of official script and seal script (eight points is actually official script). This kind of Qian Wen has been widely praised after it came out - "called its work at that time" ("Old Tang Shu. Shihuo")! Combining Chinese calligraphy with coins perfectly, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is a pioneer
"Kaiyuan Tongbao" is directly read as "Kaiyuan Tongbao", and if it is read as "Kaiyuan Tongbao", it is commonly used Note 2: the four character Qian Wen is read in the order of top, bottom, right and left, which is also called "direct reading". If you read in a clockwise direction from top to right and bottom to left, it is called "rotation reading", also called "clockwise reading and back reading") As a matter of fact, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" should have read Qian Wen directly, but at the beginning of the issue of the money, the people did not know about this new coin, so they often read it by rotation, and then it became a convention“ The "Kaiyuan" of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" has nothing to do with the "Kaiyuan" year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The beginning of the Tang Dynasty is the season of martial virtues, so the meaning of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is that the Tang Dynasty replaces the former Sui Dynasty and creates a new era“ "Tongbao" means "Tongbao goods"
in Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were usually made by mold casting and sand turning, which were folded into today's units. A Kaiyuan coin has a diameter of about 2.4-2.5 cm, a hole side length of 0.7 cm, a Guo width of 0.2 cm, a thickness of 0.1 cm, and a weight of 4.5 g. its outline belongs to men's coin (Note 4: outline refers to the protruding frame of the outer and inner edges of the coin, which is to protect the coin from abrasion. The outer edge is called contour, also called outer wheel, outer edge, etc. the one with wide contour is wide margin. The inner edge is called the inner contour, which is also called the inner contour. Money without inner edge is called "women's money" and money with inner edge is called "men's money" There are good Zhou Guo on both sides. The format of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" in Tang Dynasty is very regular and easy to identify among the people (Fig. 4). Especially in the early Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan coins were deep and precipitous in outline, pure in copper, exquisite in casting technology, dignified and well proportioned in writing, and moderate in weight, which were popular since they were put into circulation. In fact, ring the two hundred years of the Tang Dynasty, the enthusiasm of using "Kaiyuan Tongbao" in the circulation field has been very high. In addition to the excellent casting of the money, there are also positive factors such as the relative stability of the currency value, which is unprecedented in the previous dynasties<
[epoch-making significance]: a "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is only the same size as today's five cent coin, but it not only started the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, but also had a far-reaching impact on the subsequent 1300 years of Chinese monetary history. Its positive role can be said to be beyond the times. In short, Baowen coin, represented by Kaiyuan Tongbao, first had the concept of credit currency. Since then, China's coinage has bid farewell to the era of renaming with banliang and wuzhu, and began to transform into abstract and symbolic. In the following 1300 years, the coinage of all the dynasties followed this "Kaiyuan" pattern, whether it was the shape standard or the decimal currency value. This is a great change that has never happened since Qin Shihuang unified Chinese currency. Therefore, "Kaiyuan Tongbao", together with Qin banliang and Han wuzhu, are the three most influential monetary systems in Chinese history.
[casting and circulation]: about the "Kaiyuan Tongbao", it is recorded in the new Tangshu shihuo that "in July of the fourth year of Wude, the five baht coin was discarded and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin was used. Eight points in diameter, two baht and four taels in weight, ten Wen and one or two in weight, and one thousand Wen and six Jin and four taels in weight. They still placed money in the prefectures of Luo, Bing, you and Yi. The king of Qin and the king of Qi each gave three heats to cast money, and the right servant, Pei Ji, gave one. The move marks the formal withdrawal of China's currency named after baht from the stage of history and its replacement by the new "Baowen money" currency system Note 2: the so-called "Baowen money" means one money; Text & gt; According to records, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" Qian Wen was donated by Ouyang Xun, one of the four greatest calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty. His calligraphy is fierce, and is known as "European style". During the reign of Zhenguan, Ouyang Xun was an official and the prince led Gengling. Therefore, this calligraphy style of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is also known as "hugeng style". According to historical records, his writings are divided into three styles: Bafen, Zhuan and Li. In other words, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" Qian Wen combines the advantages of official script and seal script (eight points is actually official script). This kind of Qian Wen has been widely praised after it came out - "called its work at that time" ("Old Tang Shu. Shihuo")! Combining Chinese calligraphy with coins perfectly, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is a pioneer
"Kaiyuan Tongbao" is directly read as "Kaiyuan Tongbao", and if it is read as "Kaiyuan Tongbao", it is commonly used Note 2: the four character Qian Wen is read in the order of top, bottom, right and left, which is also called "direct reading". If you read in a clockwise direction from top to right and bottom to left, it is called "rotation reading", also called "clockwise reading and back reading") As a matter of fact, "Kaiyuan Tongbao" should have read Qian Wen directly, but at the beginning of the issue of the money, the people did not know about this new coin, so they often read it by rotation, and then it became a convention“ The "Kaiyuan" of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" has nothing to do with the "Kaiyuan" year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The beginning of the Tang Dynasty is the season of martial virtues, so the meaning of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is that the Tang Dynasty replaces the former Sui Dynasty and creates a new era“ "Tongbao" means "Tongbao goods"
in Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were usually made by mold casting and sand turning, which were folded into today's units. A Kaiyuan coin has a diameter of about 2.4-2.5 cm, a hole side length of 0.7 cm, a Guo width of 0.2 cm, a thickness of 0.1 cm, and a weight of 4.5 g. its outline belongs to men's coin (Note 4: outline refers to the protruding frame of the outer and inner edges of the coin, which is to protect the coin from abrasion. The outer edge is called contour, also called outer wheel, outer edge, etc. the one with wide contour is wide margin. The inner edge is called the inner contour, which is also called the inner contour. Money without inner edge is called "women's money" and money with inner edge is called "men's money" There are good Zhou Guo on both sides. The format of "Kaiyuan Tongbao" in Tang Dynasty is very regular and easy to identify among the people (Fig. 4). Especially in the early Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan coins were deep and precipitous in outline, pure in copper, exquisite in casting technology, dignified and well proportioned in writing, and moderate in weight, which were popular since they were put into circulation. In fact, ring the two hundred years of the Tang Dynasty, the enthusiasm of using "Kaiyuan Tongbao" in the circulation field has been very high. In addition to the excellent casting of the money, there are also positive factors such as the relative stability of the currency value, which is unprecedented in the previous dynasties<
[epoch-making significance]: a "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is only the same size as today's five cent coin, but it not only started the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, but also had a far-reaching impact on the subsequent 1300 years of Chinese monetary history. Its positive role can be said to be beyond the times. In short, Baowen coin, represented by Kaiyuan Tongbao, first had the concept of credit currency. Since then, China's coinage has bid farewell to the era of renaming with banliang and wuzhu, and began to transform into abstract and symbolic. In the following 1300 years, the coinage of all the dynasties followed this "Kaiyuan" pattern, whether it was the shape standard or the decimal currency value. This is a great change that has never happened since Qin Shihuang unified Chinese currency. Therefore, "Kaiyuan Tongbao", together with Qin banliang and Han wuzhu, are the three most influential monetary systems in Chinese history.
9. There are many monetary units in ancient China, which are different from Dynasty to Dynasty, especially before Qin and Han Dynasties. Only three basic units are discussed here:
Yiwen coin (i.e. a standard copper coin with square hole)
one or two silver
one or two gold
although the above units are different from Dynasty to Dynasty, there is little difference at least after Tang and Song Dynasties, so relatively stable and reliable data can be obtained<
exchange relationship
the exchange ratio of copper, silver and gold, just like the current foreign exchange price, often changes, unlike the one yuan equals 100 points<
according to the following description:
"the price ratio of gold and silver rose from 1:8 around 1600 to 1:10 in the middle and late 20th century, and doubled to 1:20 by the end of the 18th century."
it can be seen that 1 liang of gold can be exchanged for 8 ~ 11 liang of silver< In the early years of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver were exchanged for a crane, that is, one thousand Wen; By the time of the Opium War in the 20th year of Daoguang, one or two silver coins could be exchanged for 16700 RMB. Since Xianfeng, the price of silver has soared, and one or two silver coins can be exchanged for as much as two thousand two hundred and three hundred Wen. "
it can be seen that under normal circumstances, one liang of silver can be exchanged for 1000-1500 Wen of copper coins. In ancient times, one Guan coin or one Diao coin is 1000 Wen
metal price
since the currency made of gold, silver and copper has value itself, and theoretically, the value of currency should be equal to the price of metal, we can answer the question of "how much is one or two silver" through the current price of metal
Kaiyuan Tongbao Tongqian of Tang Dynasty has a diameter of 8 points, 10 pieces weigh 1 liang, and Qianwen weighs 6 Jin and 4 liang; During the reign of emperor Shun of the Qing Dynasty, each copper coin weighed one and two cents and five percent, and then increased to one and four cents, which meant that each thousand Wen weighed eight Jin and twelve Liang. Although the ancient "two" weight units are different, they are about 40 grams, while the "Jin" is about 700 grams. The average weight of each coin is 5g< At present, the price of gold, silver and copper (RMB) is as follows:
Gold: 100 yuan / g
silver: 2 yuan / g
brass: 0.02 yuan / g
the calculation results are as follows:
one pair of gold: about 4000 yuan
one pair of silver: about 80 yuan
one copper coin (one coin): about 0.1 yuan
grain price
many In Historical Monographs, grain prices are used to directly measure monetary relations. Although it is not accurate and objective to consider grain prices alone, it should be an extremely important reference. Xiaolin found the following records on the Internet:
"shangmi (stone) is nine cents and five cents&# 57360;&# 57360;&# 57360;&# 57360;<
Zhong rice (stone) is nine cents and six cents and eight cents&# 57360;<
xiami (stone) eight money three Fen & Chen 57360
White & white; In the first half of the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, the grain prices of shuntianfu, damingfu and xuanhuafu in Zhili Province were calculated on the basis of millet, sorghum and corn, with an average of one hundred twenty-four cents and six cents per warehouse stone, according to the records of the military aircraft Department of the Qing Dynasty
according to the calculation of 1 stone = 100 Jin = 70 kg, and the grain price is 2 yuan / kg, the following average value can be obtained:
1 two silver: about 170 yuan
1 copper coin (1 coin): about 0.2 yuan
conclusion
according to the above calculation, considering that
1 the price of gold is more stable than others, We should pay attention to
2 now silver has been used as an instrial proct, so the reference value of silver price is low
3 e to the rapid development of agricultural technology, the relative price of grain is much cheaper than that in ancient times
4 respect the exchange ratio in ancient times
5 rounding up, which is convenient for conversion and perceptual knowledge establishment
therefore, The author suggests that the following conversion system should be adopted when meeting the ancient currency units in the future:
1 liang of gold = RMB 2000 yuan = 10 liang of silver
1 liang of silver = RMB 200 yuan = 1000 Wen Yuan = 1 Guan (hang) Qian
1 Wen Qian = RMB 0.2 yuan
Yiwen coin (i.e. a standard copper coin with square hole)
one or two silver
one or two gold
although the above units are different from Dynasty to Dynasty, there is little difference at least after Tang and Song Dynasties, so relatively stable and reliable data can be obtained<
exchange relationship
the exchange ratio of copper, silver and gold, just like the current foreign exchange price, often changes, unlike the one yuan equals 100 points<
according to the following description:
"the price ratio of gold and silver rose from 1:8 around 1600 to 1:10 in the middle and late 20th century, and doubled to 1:20 by the end of the 18th century."
it can be seen that 1 liang of gold can be exchanged for 8 ~ 11 liang of silver< In the early years of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver were exchanged for a crane, that is, one thousand Wen; By the time of the Opium War in the 20th year of Daoguang, one or two silver coins could be exchanged for 16700 RMB. Since Xianfeng, the price of silver has soared, and one or two silver coins can be exchanged for as much as two thousand two hundred and three hundred Wen. "
it can be seen that under normal circumstances, one liang of silver can be exchanged for 1000-1500 Wen of copper coins. In ancient times, one Guan coin or one Diao coin is 1000 Wen
metal price
since the currency made of gold, silver and copper has value itself, and theoretically, the value of currency should be equal to the price of metal, we can answer the question of "how much is one or two silver" through the current price of metal
Kaiyuan Tongbao Tongqian of Tang Dynasty has a diameter of 8 points, 10 pieces weigh 1 liang, and Qianwen weighs 6 Jin and 4 liang; During the reign of emperor Shun of the Qing Dynasty, each copper coin weighed one and two cents and five percent, and then increased to one and four cents, which meant that each thousand Wen weighed eight Jin and twelve Liang. Although the ancient "two" weight units are different, they are about 40 grams, while the "Jin" is about 700 grams. The average weight of each coin is 5g< At present, the price of gold, silver and copper (RMB) is as follows:
Gold: 100 yuan / g
silver: 2 yuan / g
brass: 0.02 yuan / g
the calculation results are as follows:
one pair of gold: about 4000 yuan
one pair of silver: about 80 yuan
one copper coin (one coin): about 0.1 yuan
grain price
many In Historical Monographs, grain prices are used to directly measure monetary relations. Although it is not accurate and objective to consider grain prices alone, it should be an extremely important reference. Xiaolin found the following records on the Internet:
"shangmi (stone) is nine cents and five cents&# 57360;&# 57360;&# 57360;&# 57360;<
Zhong rice (stone) is nine cents and six cents and eight cents&# 57360;<
xiami (stone) eight money three Fen & Chen 57360
White & white; In the first half of the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, the grain prices of shuntianfu, damingfu and xuanhuafu in Zhili Province were calculated on the basis of millet, sorghum and corn, with an average of one hundred twenty-four cents and six cents per warehouse stone, according to the records of the military aircraft Department of the Qing Dynasty
according to the calculation of 1 stone = 100 Jin = 70 kg, and the grain price is 2 yuan / kg, the following average value can be obtained:
1 two silver: about 170 yuan
1 copper coin (1 coin): about 0.2 yuan
conclusion
according to the above calculation, considering that
1 the price of gold is more stable than others, We should pay attention to
2 now silver has been used as an instrial proct, so the reference value of silver price is low
3 e to the rapid development of agricultural technology, the relative price of grain is much cheaper than that in ancient times
4 respect the exchange ratio in ancient times
5 rounding up, which is convenient for conversion and perceptual knowledge establishment
therefore, The author suggests that the following conversion system should be adopted when meeting the ancient currency units in the future:
1 liang of gold = RMB 2000 yuan = 10 liang of silver
1 liang of silver = RMB 200 yuan = 1000 Wen Yuan = 1 Guan (hang) Qian
1 Wen Qian = RMB 0.2 yuan
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