Application of virtual currency in recent years
virtual currency is the currency used for electronic circulation. Now the scope of virtual currency is very large, including q-coin, bitcoin and so on. With the development of digital currency, virtual currency is becoming more and more abundant, which may become the mainstream in the future. For example, BTC, EOS, bcbot and so on are not only virtual currencies, but also algorithms, landing projects and technologies
virtual currency is mainly issued by online game service providers to purchase game props, such as equipment, clothing, etc. But at present, the use of virtual currency has gone far beyond this category. Virtual currency can be used to buy game cards, physical objects and download services of some movies and software
extended data:
real risk
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transaction of online virtual currency has realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints. In addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players
Taking Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
reference: network virtual currency
bitcoin price has been cut by the waist
how to implement blockchain application is still the main problem. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage. Looking back to the second half of 2017, the price of bitcoin almost reached a new high every day, and finally reached the peak in the South Korean exchange with the highest premium in the world - about 140000 yuan per piece. On June 3, 2018, as of press time, coinbase bitcoin trading platform quoted 49688 yuan, and the price of bitcoin has been cut. Since the beginning of this year, the price of bitcoin has rarely seen eye popping ups and downs, and the overall trend of monthly decline
bitcoin development status
according to the data of the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of the blockchain instry released by the foresight Instry Research Institute, bitcoin prices showed a downward trend in May, with the overall market value falling from US $157.3 billion at the beginning of the month to US $127.4 billion at the end of the month, a decrease of 19%; In addition, there are 444000 active addresses and 197000 transfers per day. From the trend point of view, the number of active addresses and daily transfers are positively correlated with the transaction price. In May, the overall trend is volatile, and the downward trend is very obvious
reasons for the steady decline of bitcoin in the past half year
how to understand the "steady decline" of bitcoin in the past half year? There are two main reasons: firstly, the most important reason is that institutional investors and speculators who have accumulated a large number of "profit" are cashing in their profits and leaving the market; Secondly, before the blockchain instry has no real application and profit model, the rise of bitcoin price can only be regarded as speculative speculation. In addition, it is an undeniable fact that the Central Bank of China has made a decisive move to close the bitcoin trading platform, which has achieved remarkable results in preventing bitcoin speculation
at present, the domestic bitcoin exchanges have basically moved to foreign countries, which has nothing to do with China. Investors operate on those platforms at their own risk
the current market is not very good. Only when the market is good, can investors find ways to participate in bitcoin investment. As the total market value of the coin circle is still small, with more blockchain applications, there is still potential in the future
over consumed blockchain
e to the "tepid" price of bitcoin, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has reached the level of "known to all women and children", and even surpassed bitcoin in recent years
recently, a series of related reports are suspected of making up for the number and full of hype, and blockchain has obviously been over consumed. In addition to bitcoin, the large-scale application of blockchain in other scenarios has not yet reached the commercial stage
with the graal deepening of the understanding of blockchain technology, domestic enterprises have laid out blockchain technology, platforms and applications, including Internet enterprises such as network, Tencent, Ali, Jingdong, Netease, major banks, financial enterprises such as Ping An of China and Huawei. In terms of application, China actively explores and promotes blockchain + applications in the form of alliance chain and private chain to help solve the pain points of related instries, improve efficiency and rece costs.
The essential value of any kind of currency is that it can be used as the value scale to measure other things and has stability. The virtual currency here is not game currency, but a digital cryptocurrency like bitcoin. The bottom layer uses blockchain technology, which has the characteristics of decentralization, information tampering and anonymity. At present, cryptocurrency headed by bitcoin can not bear the property of currency. It is not fair to conclude that there is no value
a consensus has been reached in the currency circle by default, that is, bitcoin is similar to diamonds in the real world. The value of diamonds is given by businessmen, and it has been agreed that diamonds can symbolize love and have practical properties. Mining diamonds and gold also need to consume a lot of costs, but it is because a lot of costs are consumed that the constant intrinsic value of diamonds and gold can be ensured. The resources that can be obtained casually are prone to inflation< br />
The fall in 2018 makes investors return to rationality, which is actually concive to the standardized development of the currency circle. Now, regardless of the practical value of digital currency, this capital harvest makes investors further understand the importance of risk management. Money circle and Internet Finance allow investors to see that they are profitable, so they don't have to think about investing in it. It is ultimately their own loss. Whether this bear market can make investors understand the essence of money circle is still unknown. However, the future development of the coin circle still needs government regulation, as well as the regular operation of platforms and projects. Of course, only with the support of capital can the coin circle develop healthily and systematically. Therefore, capital outflow is the biggest reason for bitcoin's sharp decline.
Digital currency is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of a specific virtual community. The European Banking authority defines virtual currency as a digital representation of value, which is not issued by the central bank or authorities, nor linked with legal currency. However, because it is accepted by the public, it can be used as a means of payment, or it can be transferred, stored or traded in electronic form
in recent years, the excessive issuance of banknotes has led to the aggravation of inflation, the frequent security crisis of third-party payment, and the graal maturity of blockchain technology, so decentralized digital currencies such as bitcoin, Ethereum and reborn have emerged. Digital currency has the advantages of low transaction cost, fast transaction speed, high anonymity and fixed amount of money
At the same time, the use scenarios of digital currency become more and more abundant, which makes the user acceptance grow. At present, the use of digital currency has covered all kinds of scenes, such as shopping consumption, wage payment, transportation, travel, takeout settlement and tuition payment. The expanding landing scene has also brought a wider range of consumers. In general, although the number of users of digital currency still accounts for a small proportion of the total population, the number of users is growing. At present, the utilization rate of digital currency has exceeded 10% in 10 countries around the world In June 2019, Facebook launched Libra virtual cryptocurrency, which has caused worldwide influence. The emergence of Libra may form a global super sovereign currency, thus affecting the traditional transaction settlement currency. For China, the emergence of Libra, on the one hand, will have an impact on China's traditional currency and threaten the sovereign status of China's currency; On the other hand, because RMB is not included in Libra's basket of currencies, it will rece the reserve demand of RMB by central banks, thus hindering the internationalization of RMB. In response to this threat, CCTV timely launched the central bank digital currency. In September 2019, according to China Daily, the central bank's digital currency closed-loop test has begun, and the central bank's digital currency is about to come outcoincidentally, in addition to China, central banks around the world have also announced that they will launch a centralized digital currency based on national credit. In 2015, Ecuador took the lead in launching the national version of digital currency, which can not only rece the issuance cost and increase the convenience, but also enable people in remote areas who cannot have banking resources to obtain financial services through the digital platform. At present, Canada, Brazil, Norway, the United Kingdom and other countries are studying the central bank legal digital currency, while the Bahamas, Sweden, Russia and other countries are discussing the possibility of digital currency issuance. Generally speaking, the developing countries which have received a great impact on digital currency have supported legal digital currency for financial inclusion, breaking through sanctions and other reasons
for the above data and analysis, please refer to the in depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of China's blockchain instry published by foresight Instry Research Institute . Meanwhile, foresight Instry Research Institute also provides instrial big data, instrial planning, instrial declaration, instrial park planning, instrial investment promotion and other solutions
for example, in a cold drink shop, as long as the boss says it can be paid with bitcoin, then it can be paid with bitcoin.
this generation of Taige determined biography can be regarded as the pinnacle of the series. Since its release, it has been highly praised and loved by all kinds of players. It is worth mentioning that the micro game system and the new general system of the game are lethal to female players. This game inherits this series of traditions, but no longer takes Toyotomi's personal struggle as the theme. Instead, it embodies the so-called "Warring States Existentialism" everywhere. Players can play up to 800 historical roles, and can engage in a variety of occupations, such as generals, ninjas, merchants, pirates, swordsmen, doctors, blacksmiths, tea makers and so on. The number of cities has obviously increased, the personal combat and cooperative combat systems have also been improved, the game screen has become more elegant and gorgeous, and the openness of the event editor provides an alternative way to play the original script, which is really impressive. In addition, the function of "making original generals" is added. The original generals can choose from their eyes, nose, hairstyle, clothing and so on. Of course, they can also let the players create female characters to gallop on the battlefield
in a word, it's a classic that can't be missed
game features
the basic content of the game is the same as other works of the series so far. Players operate Yoshiro Takeshita (later Hideki Toyotomi), who has just joined Nobuta Zhitian's team, to survive in the Warring States period, assist the Lord, or make a name for himself to achieve the goal of unifying Japan. However, despite the theme of the game, this work and the previous works of the series, players can operate all kinds of characters other than Yoshiro Muxia, and experience the lifestyle other than generals. For example, it is possible to successfully achieve their goals as a businessman or ninja
the number of people who can be manipulated in this work has increased by more than 200 to 800. Even so, just like the previous work, you can't play all the characters at first. You can get something like a card from the person who has established a good relationship in the process of the game, and you can use the person in the next game. But there's a reason to call that "something like a card.". This is because, although it is not a big problem to say that the part about characters is a card (protagonist's card), in addition, the use of cards will be greatly reced. In the previous work, both indivial warfare and cooperative warfare are represented by cards, but it seems that there are different opinions for and against the system. Therefore, in this work (at least in the battle picture), cards hardly appear.
speaking of the previous work, not only as warriors, but also as merchants or ninjas; To be alive, This is also a big charm of the game. In this work, it is further expanded. Specifically speaking, in addition to the above three professions, players can also live as pirates, swordsmen, forging masters, doctors, tea men and so on. Needless to say, not only to be alive, but also to be the first in the world. As a ninja, as a swordsman, as a doctor, it's hard to be first-class. No matter what field, it will take hard work to reach the summit. In addition, the relationship between peers of the same force and peers of different forces is also reflected. It is said that the opposition between Yihe ninja and Jiahe ninja, the cooperation between merchants and pirates to make money, and so on, may appear in the game
so, what is the combat system that is no longer card to card combat? The battle of this work is divided into "field battle", "siege battle" and "personal battle". Field battle is a battle between armies on a square map, using skillfully the special effects held by generals such as "ambush on all sides" and "super speed" to win. Although there is no specific information, but only from the pictures on the screen, there are also some very nostalgic feelings. The situation of the game screen will really make people interested in further research. The siege was carried out on the map of the whole country. There isn't any detailed information about this yet, but it shouldn't go back to the simple things at the beginning of the series, right? Then there's the indivial fight. It is said that not only knives and guns can be used, but also various kinds of weapons such as fire rope, blunderbuss, scythes and so on can be used to fight. What's more, it's said that the many to many battle, which will appear for the first time in this series, is also worth your attention. In addition, according to the different characters you operate, you can learn the skills of "Er Dao Liu", "Yan Hui", "Fen Shen Shu" and so on
the appearance of Taige 5 seems to be inevitable, and a new way of Taige development found in Taige 4 must have a continuation, because after all, Taige 4 is a beginning, and many imperfections are regretted in players' psychology, so the appearance of Taige 5 seems to be an inevitable expectation of harmony and continuation. Since Taige 5 is a continuation of Taige 4, the introction of Taige 5 will choose the reference object Taige 4
the first thing we can see is that the diversification of professions has been strengthened and improved. At the beginning of the game, there are five main professions and corresponding people for players to choose from, instead of Taige 4, where only fujihiro can play. The imperfect merchant and Ninja routes in Taige 4 have been improved in 5, almost in a new professional posture with the same playability as the samurai route. Not only the system is better, but also there are new, the new main professional pirate also attracted the attention of the players. And Jianhao's career seems to be the general one. The biggest change after the diversification of occupations is that in order to get a character card of a certain profession, you must also be engaged in that profession. People of different professions will not send you task cards, which seems to be a kind of idea that different professions do not conspire with each other. Moreover, in the game, the number of sub professions has increased. Swordsman can also be used as a sub profession, as well as tea man, blacksmith and doctor, Moreover, each occupation has its own characteristics and functions, and there are also some plot triggers, which will be introced in detail later. Although this setting greatly increases the playability of the game, it also greatly increases the complexity of the game, which makes the glorious game which is difficult to use become more "unfriendly"
what we can see is the sharp increase in the total number of cards in the card collection system. With the perfection of the profession, the character card has expanded to 800, and all kinds of secret skills, titles, others, and even scenic spots cards have greatly increased. Although it increases the difficulty of the game, it does increase the playability, especially the increase of titles, which seems to give players more pursuit. Many "other" cards are related to professions, which increases the collection fun of other professions. In particular, I would like to talk about the scenic spot cards. From 10 in 4 to 32 in 5, they give a complete introction to the scenic spots and natural scenery in Japan. While increasing the interest of the game, they seem to be a potential development of tourism. Let's talk about the essential difference between the secret skill card and the combined Battle Card and the fourth generation. The fourth generation cards are used. After having the cards, the cards will appear randomly in the indivial battle and the combined battle to choose to use. The fifth generation cards are just a form. In essence, they are used actively in battle with this skill. This difference also determines the essential difference between 4 and 5 in some key systems
as for the system of treasures, similar to the four generations, there is not much difference in the grade, type, initial holding status and even price of treasures, but the quantity of high-grade treasures and ordinary treasures has increased significantly. But the most obvious difference is that the types of weapons are divided in more detail because of the personal combat system. Weapons are divided into sword, gun, musket, chain, kuwu (sword in hand) and bow. Weapons, including armor, can be equipped. This is a major change and also an important flash point of Taige 5, As for the effect of the equipment, I will give some detailed explanation in the analysis of the battle below. The main way to obtain the treasures held by NPCs is to entrust ninjas to steal them (or you are the leader of ninjas), or to become a martial artist to teach them martial arts to send them to you (relatively difficult). However, in general, the importance of collecting treasures seems to have eased, because a set of treasure making system has been added in the five generations. Tea makers can make tea utensils by opening teahouses, blacksmiths can make weapons by opening blacksmiths' shops, doctors can make medicines by opening hospitals (not special treasures, but some medicines can only be made), Moreover, with the increase of manufacturing experience (manufacturing experience is hidden experience value), tea ware and weapons manufacturing can proce very good works, and unsatisfied works can also be discarded. This setting also greatly increases the playability of the sub class and the perfect pursuit of the player
the system of indivial warfare and joint warfare. As far as I'm concerned, I think the personal combat of the 5th generation is a good idea. Although it's not the best, it's at least the best setting in the history of Taige. The whole personal combat system is a pre interactive mode. With the turn, the strength value can be increased. The strength value can drive the secret skill, and the upper limit of strength is connected with the level of fencing skill. In the previous treasure, we talked about the classification of weapons and the ability to equip them. The effect of equipment is also reflected in the personal combat system. If you equip any weapon, you will actually use this weapon in combat. Moreover, each weapon has different attack modes and has a special set of secret skills (of course, the premise is that you have learned these secret skills). This kind of setting is very good. When I play here, I always seem to think of the infinite possibility of Taige series launching online games. First of all, the field combat mode seems to use a typical chess game model, and the use of combat secrets is also different from the previous work, which is equivalent to the use of stratagems in the three countries. Moreover, a skill can only be used once, and the total number of times of skill use is related to the level of military skills. The arms are similar to the Taige 4, with horse, gun and cavalry. The siege war seems to be a bit rigid. Although there is no total defense in the city like Taige 4, Taige 5 is only allocated to Wuzhang city gate. As long as the main city gate is broken, the battle will be won, which seems to be the siege mode of Xinchang yewang 7. The difference between using secret skills and field skills is that the same skill can be used many times, but the total number of times still depends on the level of military skills. The battle here supports reinforcements, and there can be two reinforcements at the same time. However, in my opinion, there is also a bug. Sometimes it's very beneficial for us to let the enemy batch reinforcements for the cities that are difficult to attack, because the enemy's reinforcements will switch to the field mode. As long as we repel the enemy's main generals, we will win together with the city strategy, Therefore, turning to the field to attract the enemy commander to encircle and annihilate is beneficial to the overall victory. There is a "form" parameter in the siege war, which is to see which side is in favor of the current form. We can win the battle through negotiation under favorable circumstances. When the city with a successful leader is overwhelmingly advantageous, we can persuade him to cut his stomach, especially when attacking the main city, we can also ask for supplies, break the alliance and other interesting options. I think this setting is a big success point of the game
rediscount policy: (discount refers to the transfer of bills in which the bill holder pays certain interest to the bank in order to obtain cash before the bill matures. Rediscount refers to the transfer of bills to the central bank by commercial banks or other financial institutions from the unexpired bills discounted.) It means that the central bank adjusts the money supply by changing the loan interest rate to commercial banks or other financial institutions
the main advantages are: it is concive for the central bank to play the role of lender of last resort, and it can regulate both the total amount and the structure of money supply. The main disadvantages are: the initiative of rediscount business lies in commercial banks, not in the central bank, which limits the initiative of the central bank; The effect of rediscount rate is limited
increasing the rediscount rate may not be able to restrain the rediscount demand of commercial banks in the boom period, because the profits of commercial banks are higher; Recing the rediscount rate ring the depression may not stimulate the borrowing demand of commercial banks, because the profitability is lower at this time. So the policy may "add fuel to the fire" in boom times and "add insult to injury" in depression times. Moreover, the rediscount rate can't be adjusted frequently, otherwise the fluctuation of market interest rate will make commercial banks at a loss
open market operation (also known as "open market operation") refers to the open trading of government securities by the central bank in the financial market, which affects the money supply and interest rate. For example, when the central bank judges that there is too much money in the society, it will sell bonds and recover part of the money accordingly; On the contrary, it will buy bonds to directly increase the amount of funds available to financial institutions
advantages: the central bank can timely use the open market operation to buy and sell securities of any size, so as to accurately control the reserve and base currency of the banking system to a reasonable level. The effect is more accurate, and is not affected by the degree of reaction of the banking system. In the open market operation, the central bank is always in an active position and can implement monetary policy according to its own will. It is "active attack" rather than "passive wait"; There is no "notice effect" in the operation of open market, which will not cause the public to misunderstand the intention of monetary policy, and will not cause unnecessary economic disorder. It can enable the central bank to operate the open market continuously, flexibly and without the limitation of time and quantity, without the disorder of economic operation caused by the adaptive adjustment of economic entities; When the central bank concts open market operation, it does not determine the yield or interest rate of other securities, so it will not directly affect the bank's income. In addition, open market operation can be widely used, which has a wide impact on social and economic activities
but its effect is slow, because the impact of treasury bond trading on money supply and interest rate will take some time to transmit to other financial markets and affect economic operation
open market business must have the following three conditions in order to fully and effectively play its role: (1) the central bank must have strong financial strength enough to intervene and control the whole financial market 2) There should be a developed, perfect and national financial market with a full range of securities and a certain scale 3) There must be the cooperation of other policy instruments
variable statutory deposit reserve ratio: the deposit reserve ratio refers to the ratio of the deposit reserve to the total amount of deposits paid by financial institutions to the central bank according to regulations
when the central bank increases the legal reserve ratio, the ability of commercial banks to provide loans and create credit will decrease, the money supply will decrease, the interest rate will increase, and the investment and social expenditure will decrease accordingly. And vice versa
since the people's Bank of China began to establish the deposit reserve system in 1984, several adjustments have played a positive role at that time - restraining the overheating of the economy, the rapid rise of prices and the excessive supply of money
advantages: the central bank has complete autonomy, and it is the easiest means to implement among the three major monetary policy tools; The change of deposit reserve rate has a rapid effect on money supply. Once it is determined, all commercial banks and other financial institutions must implement it immediately; The reserve system treats all commercial banks equally, and all financial institutions are equally affected
deficiency: the effect is too great, and its adjustment has too much impact on the whole economy and social psychological expectations, so it is not suitable to be used as a tool for the central bank to regulate and control the money supply; The effect of the policy is largely affected by the excess deposit reserve of commercial banks. When commercial banks have a large amount of excess reserves, if the central bank raises the legal deposit reserve ratio, commercial banks will use part of the excess reserves as legal reserves without shrinking the credit scale, which makes it difficult for the central bank to rece the money supply
among the three tools, the open market business is the most commonly used by the central bank, because this policy is relatively mild and fine-tuning the economy, while the statutory reserve rate and discount rate are relatively tough means. Therefore, when we see a country's central bank's statutory reserve rate and discount rate changing, it is generally regarded as announcing a significant change in monetary policy
hope to adopt