Virtual currency act

1. Currency: in essence, it is a contract between the owner and the market about the right of exchange, and it is essentially an agreement between the owners. The essence of money contract determines that money can have different forms, such as general equivalent, precious metal money, paper money, electronic money and so on. Its basic function is the measure of value and the means of circulation—— Extracted from the Internet

fiat money: it means that it does not represent real goods or goods, and the issuer has not cashed the currency into physical obligation; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when the paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the negotiable paper money stipulated by law

the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB, and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB—— From the Internet

e-money: in fact, it is the electronization of legal money, including our common bank card, online banking, e-cash, etc; There are also third party payments developed in recent years, such as Alipay and WeChat payment. No matter what the form of these electronic money is and through which institutions it circulates, its original source is the legal money issued by the central bank

virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency, and its existing state is intangible. The most important difference between virtual currency and electronic currency in narrow sense is the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, game currency, q-coin, and ticket counting are mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment

digital currency: digital currency which applies the latest digital network technologies such as blockchain, has the characteristics of Distributed Accounting, unique encryption technology, decentralized settlement, etc. Of course, digital tools with these characteristics must be supported by national credit if they want to become sovereign currency or legal tender

therefore, digital currency must be currency; In today's social system, money must also be sovereign money or legal tender. Secondly, digital currency must have the basic attributes and main functions of currency.

2. With the rapid development of information instry in recent years, the Internet has entered the homes of ordinary people, and many people are not unfamiliar with virtual property. Small to the game equipment, virtual currency, big to QQ number, game account belongs to the category of virtual property. According to the calculation of relevant departments, last year, the scale of the domestic Internet virtual money market was more than 10 billion yuan, and this market is still growing at an annual rate of more than 20%. However, coins have two-sided properties, and the network itself has given birth to many unprecedented legal problems, which makes people at a loss. Such as network theft, right protection and other issues continue. According to the survey statistics of China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), "61% of the game players have experienced the theft of virtual property, and 77% of the game players feel that the current network environment is a threat to their virtual property.". These things that you and I are used to, for various reasons, may face illegal infringement and can not get right relief. The infringement of virtual property occurs from time to time, but most of them make the judicial authorities face such problems vaguely because of the lack of a clear and unified understanding in theory: either not to file a case, or to convict and sentence the defendant for the crime of infringing freedom of communication, or to sentence the defendant for the crime of theft. There are legal gaps in both civil and criminal aspects. From this point of view, the determination of the legal status of virtual property is the key to the problem. 2、 The legal status and necessity of virtual property there are two opposite views on the legal status of virtual property in China. The negative thinks that it has no value, only exists in the virtual society, and there is no need to protect it. The proponents think that the virtual property is obtained through personal labor, and there is no essential difference between the property that can circulate and the real social property, so it should be protected. In my opinion, under the current situation, it is necessary to bring virtual property into the scope of law 1 Virtual property has legal property attribute. 1. As a property, it must meet the following three conditions: first, it must have value; Second, there must be scarcity, that is, there must be no unlimited existence; Third, it must be legitimate. First of all, virtual property has value, which meets the requirements of value - undifferentiated human labor. The value of virtual property needs to consider time, money, intellectual skills, market supply and demand, game cycle, quantity and price of functional substitutes. Take QQ games as an example. These games all have levels. Players have to pay time and money to get to a higher level. The higher the level, the higher the value of this account in the market. Secondly, just like real objects, the equipment and game currency in the game are limited, and there are also specific objects and kinds of objects. As for legitimacy, that is obvious. 2. Virtual property has poured a lot of time, energy and money into the players. Although it can't be seen in the real society, it does exist. Just like the mobile phone number, it has positive significance for hundreds of millions of Internet users and can meet people's certain needs, including material and spiritual. In this respect, it is also in line with the nature of intangible property, which belongs to intellectual property (Liu Chuntian: Director of intellectual property teaching and research center of Renmin University of China). 3. Virtual property can be controlled by manpower, including deletion, modification, use and transfer. Therefore, virtual property has the property attribute in law 2 Virtual property transaction has a great impact on the real society. Mainly in two aspects: 1, the reality of a large number of virtual goods trading status. Online property such as game currency has initially been able to be exchanged with RMB, and some online game operators even take the sale of virtual property as their profit model (so this year, 14 ministries and commissions, including the Ministry of culture, jointly issued the notice on Further Strengthening the management of Internet cafes and online games). It is necessary to strengthen the regulation and management of virtual currency in online games, prevent the impact of virtual currency on the real economic and financial order, and limit the total amount of virtual currency. 2. Network theft of virtual property is also happening in large numbers. The current situation of network theft is that the theft mode of collectivization and instrialization endangers the survival of the Internet. Therefore, whether from the current situation of virtual goods trading or network theft, it shows the urgency of virtual property protection 3 It is the requirement of building a good faith and friendly society. Nowadays, the theft of property in reality has moved to the Internet, such as the theft of virtual property and other infringement events can not but be said to be a reflection of the real society. Since the Internet has been developing in China for a long time, we should try our best to purify this land. If we can effectively curb such behavior on the Internet, it will have a good role in promoting the construction of a good faith and friendly society. Containment can only be regulated by law. As a special property right of users, whether the network virtual property can be incorporated into the legal system of our country determines whether the judicial department can directly apply the laws of our country to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the name of virtual property in law. Only when the name is correct, can we have the basis to formulate various laws and regulations to protect citizens' property more effectively. 3、 The protection of virtual property must admit that the protection of virtual property is still in the stage of theoretical exploration in China, and the debate has never stopped. In the face of this new phenomenon, it seems that it is not enough to only consider the traditional legal model. Therefore, we need to solve this problem with innovative thinking and appropriate reference to foreign advanced legal model 1 The interpretation and supporting provisions of the property law. People have high expectations for the recently passed property law, but there are no relevant provisions on virtual property in this law. For the lack of this aspect, we can consider to be reflected in the subsequent legislative or judicial interpretation, in order to improve the function of the property law, so that the law can protect citizens' property more thoroughly 2 Criminal law protection. We can consider adding charges or expanding the interpretation of property in the criminal law. As mentioned above, the judicial authorities have totally different opinions on the cases of infringement of virtual property. The same case but different qualitative may send a bad signal to the society. Under the existing legal framework of China, it is completely feasible to expand the interpretation according to a new situation 3 We should attach importance to the role of precedents. For example, after the first case of Internet theft in China was tried by Shenzhen court, it has played a good exemplary role for other courts to deal with similar issues. We can see that more and more courts recognize the legal status of virtual property and fictitious property. In the judgment of a local court in Jiangxi Province, it clearly recognized that virtual property belongs to the property protected by law. The court held that although there are still no relevant laws and regulations on the identification of virtual property in China, virtual property and real property have common interests in possession, use and income, which should also be protected by law 4 The way of administration. Government departments should also do a lot in this regard. We can formulate relevant laws and regulations to strengthen the management of network companies and Internet cafes, improve the registration system, make it clear that the legal network virtual property is protected by law, and punish the infringement of other people's legal network virtual property. Strictly implement the real name identity system of online games, and establish the reporting center for virtual property infringement 5 Some experiences of developed countries and regions are worth thinking and learning. Take South Korea, the most developed country of online games, as an example. When the game instry started to develop, it was also faced with the same confusion as we are now. It went to the two extremes of ignoring and over limiting, but it did not receive good results. After re examining the virtual transaction, South Korea finally recognized the legitimacy of virtual goods in law, and virtual transaction was also protected by law. Not long ago, South Korea proposed to further prohibit the intermediary services of virtual currency transaction, and formulated the "game instry revitalization law". Many developed countries and regions in the world, such as South Korea, Japan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Hong Kong and so on, have clearly recognized the value of "network virtual property" in legislation and judicature, and have been regulated by criminal law, and there have been criminal judgments against infringement of network virtual property. Some countries make it clear that virtual property has independent property value, which is the same as the traditional meaning of "property", and include virtual property into the object category of traditional property crime; Some countries, such as Switzerland, have expanded the system of traditional property crimes and created new ones, such as the crime of illegally obtaining data. Law comes from life, but it is higher than life. When the problem comes, we can only deal with it actively, but not evade and let it go. We should play an active role in guiding and maintaining the law. The market scale has reached tens of billions of huge market, if the lack of effective legal management, the network world will enter a disordered state of chaos, and then spread to the real society, if not timely and properly solve this legal problem, it will have a great impact on the personal property of citizens and social stability, but also against the original intention and essential requirements of building a harmonious society.

5. bitcoin can be regulated
however, it has not been fully and effectively regulated at present (as of March 6, 2019)
if we understand bitcoin as a kind of "currency", then it is equivalent to US dollars leaving the United States. Usually, after the US dollar leaves the United States, banks in other countries will help manage it. However, it is impossible to count the scattered us dollars that are neither in the United States nor in the hands of banks and other financial institutions. For example, in some areas of Africa where there are no banks, the US dollar is used
these scattered us dollars are equivalent to bitcoin
how to regulate these scattered us dollars
generally, in addition to controlling the issuance of US dollars, US dollar regulation also controls the circulation and usage ports. The Federal Reserve controls the number of new currencies issued each year according to the flow and damage of dollars abroad. At the same time, we should supervise the inflow and outflow of US dollars, so as to keep us dollars in an environment that can be roughly traced, so as to facilitate the issuers to count the total amount, so as to avoid excessive inflation or deflation
in fact, these scattered us dollars exist in some deregulated environments. Although they are out of control, they will not affect the overall economic situation
If anyone wants to influence the international economy through these scattered us dollars, then it must enter the existing regulatory system. In this way, these scattered dollars are regulated
for bitcoin, we can also learn from these forms of regulation
first of all, from the point of view of the issuing end, although the total number of bitcoin is now 21 million, it is also "set before" and cannot be changed
recently, it has been mentioned that the 21 million bitcoin limit should be abolished, which means that the issue of bitcoin is not stable. Therefore, it is necessary to control the issuance of bitcoin from the development end
you need to get inside the development side and become a core developer
Second, monitoring from the circulation link. In fact, this is the most difficult monitoring at present, because the blockchain is anonymous, the user is anonymous, and the receiver is anonymous
even though we can trace the circulation path of bitcoin by technical means (for example, we can know that a transaction is sent from a small house in the United States to a commercial building in Germany), it is only a drop in the bucket for tens of millions of users in the whole environment. How to trace and manage the overall transaction data is a huge problem
you can't know from the transaction data whether the user is engaged in illegal transactions
what should we do? Regulators have come up with a way to bind personal identity information to the user's real name, your exchange account number and bitcoin wallet address. But this is also a temporary solution, because it can only monitor the use of bitcoin in specific situations. An indivial can use multiple bitcoin wallet addresses. You don't know when he will apply for a new one
in terms of circulation, there is also a monitoring system to control the exchange channel between bitcoin and local legal currency. Banks in some regions do not provide financial services for users who exchange bitcoin for legal currency, and some countries and regions prohibit financial institutions from providing bitcoin and local legal currency exchange services
if users secretly exchange huge amounts of bitcoin, some clues can be found through the bank transfer records, so as to crack down on illegal acts in time. As for those who make little trouble, let him go
thirdly, restrict the use. This is relatively easy to achieve. For example, relevant laws have been issued to prohibit the use of bitcoin transactions. Although it's impossible to ban it completely, it's better than letting it run wild All over the world, it seems that what is forbidden is not completely forbidden
for example, before using bitcoin in public, you must use your real name, and you have to pay taxes to hold or use bitcoin
of course, it's OK for users not to do so, so it's better to use its assets in the dark
having said so much, now you know that bitcoin can be regulated, but it's not so well managed. Many measures have been taken, and it seems that they are not effectively regulated. Under what circumstances can bitcoin be effectively regulated? Users consciously report their holdings of bitcoin to the regulatory authorities. The regulatory authorities add some development functions to the bitcoin to achieve supervision, or they don't need to use it, so it doesn't matter at all
in fact, it can't be controlled so strictly, as long as it can't be controlled in the range of big waves. After all, there is light and dark, and there may be no gray space at all
new technology will surely have an advantage when it comes to living now.

6. The i7-6700k itself is not locked, and the default frequency is 0.6GHz higher than the i7-6700
moreover, the TDP of the former is much higher than that of the latter, which shows that Intel has left a huge space for overclocking of i7-6700k
therefore, after overclocking the i7-6700k, the i7-6700 will naturally be pressed by force. There is no doubt about this
it should be said that Intel has made the non frequency locking K version more conscientious this time
however, when it is usually used, such a big gap is not felt
if i7-6700k is not overclocking, it is similar to 6700
after overclocking, there is an experience improvement in large software.

7. Bus route: Metro Line 10 → Metro Line 8, the whole journey is about 21.4km
1. Take Metro Line 10 from Hongqiao Railway Station, pass 13 stations, and reach Laoximen station
2. Take Metro Line 8, pass 3 stations, and reach the Chinese Art Palace Station
3. Walk about 650m north to reach Mercedes Benz cultural center

8. =He won't carry out any chaotic things in Internet cafes. Who knows your number is under age? Go charge. These things in China are all disguises. It seems that game currency trading is not a point charge. It's not easy to manage such things as Internet. It's very difficult to carry out them. Go charge. There's no problem. This ban has not been implemented at all

9.

RMB is the legal currency of China, also known as RMB, CNY

Relevant introction:

the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of RMB management, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. Since the issuance of RMB, the people's Republic of China has graally improved and improved with the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life. So far, five sets of RMB have been issued, forming many varieties, such as paper currency and metal currency, ordinary commemorative currency and precious metal commemorative currency

on January 20, 2016, the people's Bank of China disclosed at a meeting held here that it will strive to launch the digital currency issued by the central bank as soon as possible. The meeting held that under the current new normal of China's economy, it has positive practical significance and far-reaching historical significance to explore the digital currency issued by the central bank

Background:

there is a detailed explanation in the learning guidance book of the regulations of the people's Republic of China on the administration of RMB published by China financial press in 2000. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the unit of secondary currency is Jiao and Fen, which is the code of payment unit, The symbol of RMB is the initial letter of yuan in pinyin, capital y plus two horizontal lines, that is "&#"

when the first set of RMB was first issued, the whole country was not liberated. Therefore, the early and middle versions of the first set of RMB were still dated in the way of "XX year of the Republic of China", while the later versions were only dated in AD

The unified issuance of RMB is a major measure taken to meet the national liberation. It eliminated all kinds of currencies issued by the Kuomintang government, ended decades of inflation under the Kuomintang rule and China's nearly 100 years of history of foreign currency, gold and silver in the market, and promoted the overall victory of the people's liberation war, It played an important role in the early period of economic recovery

source of reference: Internet - RMB

10.

To determine the price ratio between two different currencies, we must first determine which country's currency is used as the standard. Due to the different standards, there are several different pricing methods of foreign exchange rate

1, direct pricing method , also known as payable pricing method, is based on a certain unit (1, 100, 1000, 10000) of foreign currency as the standard to calculate how many units of domestic currency should be paid. It is equivalent to calculating how much local currency should be paid for purchasing a certain unit of foreign currency, so it is called payable pricing method. In the international foreign exchange market, most countries in the world, including China, adopt the direct pricing method. For example, the exchange rate of Japanese yen to us dollar is 119.05, that is, the exchange rate of US dollar to us dollar is 119.05

2, indirect pricing method also known as a / R pricing method. It is based on a certain unit of domestic currency as the standard to calculate the amount of foreign currency receivable. In the international foreign exchange market, euro, pound sterling and Australian dollar are all indirect pricing methods. If the exchange rate of euro to us dollar is 0.9705, that is 1 euro to us dollar is 0.9705. In indirect pricing method, the amount of domestic currency remains unchanged, while the amount of foreign currency changes with the change of domestic currency value. If the amount of foreign currency that a certain amount of local currency can convert is less than that in the previous period, it means that the value of foreign currency rises and the value of local currency falls, that is, the foreign exchange rate rises

3, dollar pricing method, also known as New York pricing method, refers to the indirect pricing method for other foreign currencies in the New York international financial market, in addition to the direct pricing method for pound sterling. The dollar pricing method was formulated and implemented by the United States on September 1, 1978, which is the prevailing pricing method in the international financial market (in 2013)

extended information:

exchange rate will change e to interest rate, inflation, national politics and economy of each country. The exchange rate is determined by the foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange market is open to different types of buyers and sellers for extensive and continuous Currency Trading (foreign exchange trading is concted 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. from 8:15 on Sunday GMT to 22:00 on Friday GMT). Spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate, while forward exchange rate refers to the exchange rate quoted and traded on the same day but paid on a specific future date)

source: Internet exchange rate