Far east aviation virtual currency

1. Let's give a brief description:
after investors buy the company's shares (circulating shares), they can trade in the secondary market. Although the company's performance does not fluctuate, there is no news that the market affects the stock price. Due to the interest pursuit of investors, the stock price always fluctuates up and down in the value of the stock, which causes the constant fluctuation of the stock price within one day. Of course, there are many factors that affect the stock price. Here we only describe the impact of traders' trading on the stock price trend (i.e. excluding news and other events)

to quote your words: "in a short period of one day, the money is just my hand. In one day, what effect does the funds I raised have on the development of our company?"------- Well, after you issue shares to raise funds, the funds will always be injected into your company. Investors can't withdraw their shares. They have to trade in the market to change hands. And for your company, you can always use the funds. The company's operation directly affects the trend of the stock price, thus affecting the income of investors.

2. 1: Analyze the output value, profitability, and the scale evaluation of the time period of listing, which is used to obtain an index of the bank.
2: the issuing price is the company's online subscription before the listing, and some shareholders collect the price online. How much to issue is an internal matter. Generally, part of the non tradable A shares will be retained for future emergency
3: Yes. Why does the state raise stamp ty? The state wants to get money from it. In addition, the development of enterprises is inseparable from fund-raising. There are also sponsorship in the popular sense
4: if the price earnings ratio is low, the value of the ticket is not too big, that is, the company is stable. If the profit is high, it means that the performance is good. If the performance is good, what are you afraid of in the bull market? Take a look one year later. If 10W changes to 15W, it means that the ticket you bought at that time is not very good.

ha ha ha. Share the wealth brought by the bull market together!!!

3. North China region
Beijing Sanben, Kede College of Capital Normal University, North College of Beijing University of chemical technology, Jiahua College of Beijing business and Technology University
junior college, China Youth Political College, North China University of science and technology, China Defense Science and Technology College, Beijing Youth Political College
Tianjin Sanben, Baode College of Tianjin business college, Jingu College of Tianjin Normal University, Binhai College of Nankai University
Tianjin College of foreign languages, Binhai College of foreign affairs, Tianjin College of urban architecture, China Civil Aviation College, Tianjin Medical College, Hebei Sanben, Business School of Hebei University, Liren College of Yanshan University, Shijiazhuang Economic College, Huaxin college, Shijiazhuang Economic College, Hebei Engineering College, Beihua Institute of aerospace technology, Handan College, Shanxi Sanben, Shanxi Jinci College of medical university Shanxi University of Finance and economics Huashang college Zhongbei University School of information and business Taiyuan University of science and technology Huake college Taiyuan University Jinzhong college Chang college Northeast China University of Finance and Economics Xuejinqiao business college
junior college Bohai University Liaoning College of science and technology
Jilin Sanben Northeast Normal University College of humanities Changchun University Guanghua College of Humanities and information Changchun University of technology Jilin Normal University Boda college
junior college Changchun Finance College Jilin grain college Jilin Ecation College
Heilongjiang Sanben Harbin Normal University Star College Northeast Agricultural University Chengdong college Harbin University of technology Far East College Heilongjiang University Cambridge College
junior college Harbin finance college Jixi University
East China region
Shanghai Sanben Fudan University Pacific Finance College Shanghai Foreign Studies University Xianda College of economics and humanities
Junior College Shanghai Applied Technology College Shanghai Xinqiao Vocational and Technical College College Shanghai Sibo Polytechnic College Shanghai Lida Polytechnic College
Jiangsu Sanben, Chengxian College of Southeast University, Zijin College of Nanjing University of technology, Communication University of China, Nanguang College, China University of mining and technology, Xuhai college
junior college Changzhou Institute of technology, Nanjing Institute of technology, Xuzhou Institute of technology
Zhejiang Sanben, City College of Zhejiang University, Ningbo Institute of technology, Zhejiang University College of modern science and technology, China University of Metrology
junior college, Zhejiang Media College, Zhejiang Medical College
Anhui Sanben, Business School of Anhui University of Finance and economics, School of economics and technology of Anhui Agricultural University
junior college, Chaohu College of Anhui Normal University of technology
Fujian Sanben, Chengyi College of Jimei University, Xiamen University, Jiageng college, Fuzhou University, sunshine University, Fujian Normal University Xuexiehe college
junior college Putian College of Jimei University
Shandong Sanben College of literature and economics of Yantai University
junior college Weifang Medical College Qing Ocean crew college
Jiangxi Sanben College of science and technology of Nanchang University Jiangxi Normal University College of science and technology of East China Jiaotong University
junior college Jiangxi Electric Power Vocational and Technical College of Nanchang Institute of technology Nanchang Institute of Ecation College Jiujiang Vocational University
Central South region
Sanquan College of Henan Sanben Xinxiang Medical College Henan Institute of science and technology Henan Institute of science and technology Henan University of technology Wanfang Institute of science and technology Henan Normal University Xinlian college Henan Normal University Zhengzhou Institute of light instry
Hubei Sanben Huazhong University of science and technology Wenhua college Wuhan University of science and Technology City College Wuhan University of science and technology Xia college Wuhan University of science and technology Zhongnan Branch
junior college Hubei Institute for Nationalities Wuhan University of science and technology Jingzhou College of ecation Xianning College
Hunan Sanben Changsha University of technology Chengnan College Hunan Business College Beijin College Hunan Normal University Shuda college
Junior College Hunan University of Science and technology Xiangnan college Changsha Aviation Vocational and technical college Changsha Medical College
South China region < br / />Zhongshan College of Guangdong Sanben University of Electronic Science and technology, Zhuhai College of Beijing University of technology, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, City College of Dongguan University of technology, junior college, Guangdong Polytechnic College of Posts and telecommunications, Guangzhou Maritime College, Guangdong College of finance, Guangdong Polytechnic of instry and trade College of Bowen management of Guilin Institute of technology
junior college Guilin Institute of technology Guangxi College of Finance and economics Guangxi College of ecation Beihai Vocational College
Southwest region
Chongqing Sanben Chongqing Normal University School of foreign business and Commerce Chongqing Instrial and Commercial University Rong college Chongqing Instrial and commercial University PAISI college Chongqing University of Posts and telecommunications mobile college
junior college Chongqing Three Gorges College Chongqing Institute of Ecation Chongqing Vocational College of social work, Chongqing University of science and technology
Sichuan Sanben, Sichuan Normal University, College of Arts and Sciences, Cheng University of technology, Cheng University of Electronic Science and technology, Cheng University, Sichuan College of foreign languages, Cheng College
junior college, Sichuan Ecation College, Sichuan cuisine college, Sichuan Vocational and technical college
Northwest Region
Shaanxi Sanben, Xi'an University of technology, North China University College of information engineering Xi'an College of Finance and economics Xing college Yan'an University Xi'an College of innovation

the major of Lanzhou vocational and Technical College of Lanzhou Institute of technology is:
mechanical manufacturing and automation
main courses:
mechanical drawing, computer application foundation, mechanical design foundation, mechanical manufacturing foundation, tolerance and technical measurement, electrical and electronic technology, mechanical manufacturing technology, mechanical CAD / CAM, PLC, numerical control processing technology Hydraulic transmission
employment prospects:
engaged in general mechanical proct parts mapping and design work; Can achieve the shape and structure design of mechanical components, complete the digital modeling, geometric modeling and other CAD preliminary work; Can complete general mechanical design, assembly and motion simulation; Can complete the NC programming of general parts on the computer<

mold design and manufacturing
main courses:
mechanical drawing, computer application foundation, mechanical design foundation, electrical and electronic technology, cold stamping mold design and manufacturing, plastic mold design and manufacturing, mold manufacturing technology, mold CAD / CAM, numerical control processing technology, hydraulic transmission
employment prospects:
engaged in stamping parts Plastic parts forming process planning and mold manufacturing process planning and implementation work; Engaged in the design of precision stamping die and plastic die; Engaged in the process experiment, quality analysis and control of stamping and plastic pressing procts and mold manufacturing; Engaged in mold assembly, debugging, maintenance work; Be familiar with mold CAD / CAM software<

mechatronics technology
main courses:
computer application foundation, engineering drawing, mechanical foundation, mechanical manufacturing technology, electrician / electronic technology foundation, C language, principle and application of single chip microcomputer, programmable controller, machine tool electrical control, testing technology, NC machining programming Mechanical and electrical equipment maintenance
employment prospects:
engaged in the design and development of general mechanical and electrical procts and parts; Engaged in the use and maintenance of common mechatronics equipment; Maintenance and transformation of machinery and electrical equipment<

numerical control technology and application (two-year system)
main courses:
computer application foundation, engineering drawing, mechanical foundation, electrical and electronic technology foundation, single chip microcomputer and programming controller, testing technology, computer control technology, numerical control programming software, numerical control processing principle and machine tool, numerical control processing technology Data equipment and maintenance
employment prospects:
engaged in automatic programming of CNC machine tools; Engaged in the general technical work in the component design and technology development of CNC equipment; Engaged in the installation, debugging, proction and operation of CNC machine tools; Engaged in electrical testing and maintenance of CNC machine tools<

Introction to optoelectronic technology specialty
optoelectronic technology specialty is a new specialty, which is characterized by strong foresight, advanced technology, wide application fields of professional technology and strong penetration of technology application
training objectives of this major
this major aims to cultivate students with all-round development in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic aspects, with good comprehensive quality, master basic theoretical knowledge, professional knowledge and the latest technology in optoelectronic technology, have certain professional skills, and be able to engage in the basic work of optoelectronic technology, namely proction, management, operation and management After sales service and other aspects of senior application-oriented technical personnel
professional jobs
electronic procts, optoelectronic procts, optical communication procts, laser equipment assembly, debugging, testing, experiment, promotion, application and after-sales service, etc< Major courses:
electronic technology foundation, digital circuit, microcomputer principle and interface technology, engineering optics foundation, laser foundation, optical fiber principle and technology, photoelectric detection technology, optical fiber communication system, modern communication equipment<

Introction to telecommunication technology major
there are four major directions in telecommunication technology major, namely audio-visual technology, instrument detection technology, measurement and control technology and electronic CAD technology
the training objectives of this major
this major is to develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically in an all-round way, have good comprehensive quality, master the basic theoretical knowledge, professional knowledge and the latest technology of electronic information technology, have strong practical ability and professional skills, and be able to engage in electronic information technology work and adapt to the proction, management, operation and management of electronic information procts To serve the first-line needs of higher skilled talents
professional jobs
assembly, debugging, testing, testing, maintenance, proction management, marketing, after-sales service of electronic information procts< The main courses include: circuit analysis, analog circuit, high frequency circuit, digital circuit, electronic measurement, television technology, sensing and detection technology, computer, single chip microcomputer, electronic technology and electronic CAD, etc<

communication technology major

training objective of this major
this major develops morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically in an all-round way, has good comprehensive quality, grasps the basic theoretical knowledge, professional knowledge and the latest technology of communication technology, has certain professional skills, and can be engaged in the field of communication technology and adapt to the unit's proction, management, operation and management High skilled talents for the first line of service
jobs of this major
communication proct assembly, debugging, testing, sales and after-sales service; Engineering construction of communication equipment; Communication network maintenance and debugging
main courses:
electronic circuit, digital electronic technology, communication principle, modern communication network, switching technology, mobile communication, optical fiber communication, computer communication, programmable technology, network technology and generic cabling, access technology

Computer Application technology
training objectives:
this major cultivates students with moral, intellectual, physical and mental abilities The United States and other aspects of all-round development, has a good comprehensive quality, master the basic theoretical knowledge of computer application, professional knowledge and the latest technology, has a strong practical ability, can be engaged in the computer instry technology application work and adapt to the needs of enterprises and institutions in proction, management, operation and service< br /

4.

In the stock market, the rise and fall of a stock is based on the transaction price. The rise of a stock = (current price - yesterday's closing price) yesterday's closing price, and the fall of a stock = (yesterday's closing price - current price) yesterday's closing price

extended data:

in the long run, the rise and fall of stock price is determined by the profits created by listed companies for shareholders, while in the short run, it is determined by the relationship between supply and demand. The factors that affect the relationship between supply and demand include people's profit expectations of the company, artificial speculation of large investors, the amount of market funds, policy factors and so on

value investment depends on whether investors think a stock is undervalued or overvalued, or the whole market is undervalued or overvalued. The simplest way is to compare a company's P / E ratio, dividend and yield with competitors in the same instry and the average level of the whole market

there are many factors that affect the rise and fall of stocks, such as the bad policy, the good or bad market environment, the inflow and outflow of main funds, the major changes in the fundamentals of indivial stocks, the rise and fall of the historical trend of indivial stocks, the rise and fall of the whole sector of indivial stocks, etc., which are all general reasons (indirect reasons), They all work through the two fundamental laws of value and supply and demand

5. 1. If a bull market is reversible, shareholders will only lose but not make money. The middle point of Shanghai stock index is about 600 points. In the bull market in early 1993, Shanghai stock market broke through 1500 points, and then fell back to more than 300 points in July 1994; In September 1994, the Shanghai stock market hit 1000 points again, but soon fell below 600 points. Judging from the operation of the index in recent years, the Shanghai stock index always starts from below 600 points, forms a bull market and then returns to 600 points. It can be said that all bull markets in Shanghai stock market are reversible
when the Shanghai stock index rose from 600 points to 1000 points and returned to its original position, indivial shareholders may earn and lose money, thus transferring their wealth. But for this group of shareholders, they not only have no gains, but also have losses
first, no matter which point the transaction is at, the shareholders need to pay transaction tax and handling charges. The stock index rose from 600 points to 600 points again. For the investors as a whole, there is no return on investment except transaction costs. The trading volume of Shanghai stock market above this point should at least account for more than half of the total trading volume. For the investors, it is futile to spend less than half of the transaction fees and taxes, because the purpose of investing in stocks is to gain profits from the rise of stocks
secondly, shareholders pay an extra price for the rights issue and the issuance of new shares. When the index returns to below 600, it is equivalent to holding up for the investors who allot shares or buy new shares above this point. This holding up is different from holding up in the secondary market, because holding up in the secondary market is only a change of hands among shareholders, There was no loss of funds. However, after the high price allotment or purchase of new shares, the funds flow to the listed companies. This kind of hold up in the primary market is a huge loss to the shareholders as a whole. For example, the cost of issuing Tsingtao beer is about 12.8 yuan per share, but its net assets are only 2 yuan per share. That is to say, the shareholders spent 12.8 yuan to buy only 2 yuan of net assets. No matter what the opening price of the stock is later, the shareholders as a whole paid 12.8 yuan for each Tsingtao Beer stock. If the investors invest a share of Tsingtao beer in treasury bonds or deposit in the bank, they can get at least 1.3 yuan a year. No matter how promising Tsingtao beer is, its annual average income is difficult to reach such a high level. Therefore, in a reversible bull market, if we take the investors as an investment as a whole, the investors will only lose but not make money
2. Even in a bull market, investors may not be able to make profits. The rise and fall of the stock index is the return on investment of shareholders, but this return on investment is nominal and does not dect transaction costs. For some of the more mature western stock markets, because the annual turnover rate is only about 30%, the transaction cost is generally negligible. In China's stock market, e to the frequent turnover of shareholders, the turnover rate in recent two years is generally around 700. If the transaction cost is included, the income of shareholders in China is actually a negative number
in 1994, the tradable shares of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets proced nearly 5 billion yuan of after tax profits for the investors, but the total turnover of the two stock markets in this year was as high as 820 billion yuan. According to the unit turnover, the buyer and the Seller each need to pay 3I transaction tax and nearly 45i handling fee, the investors will spend 12 billion yuan of transaction cost, and the investors will also pay 7 billion yuan of transaction cost
although the composite index of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets is much higher than the base of 100 points at the beginning of counting points, according to preliminary estimation, by 1995, the listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets had only proced 10 billion yuan of after tax profits for the shareholders in the secondary market in five years, while the transaction fees and taxes paid by the shareholders in this stage were as high as 20 billion yuan
compared with 1990, although the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets are still bull markets, the shareholders as a whole are losing money, because the returns given by listed companies to shareholders can hardly offset the expenses of stock trading
3. If a bull market makes the stock price deviate from its investment value, the profit of shareholders is fictitious, and the profit of some shareholders is based on the loss of others. In the short-term bull market, the stock market may create an illusion that all shareholders are profit makers. In fact, this kind of profit is virtual, because the overall value of the stock is calculated by the transaction price of some stocks. When a stock is traded at a higher price, the market value of some non traded stocks will be calculated according to the transaction price. As a result, the book value of the shareholders who hold the stock increases. For example, more than 70% of the state-owned shares or corporate shares of Listed Companies in China are not listed in circulation, but some people often calculate the value of state-owned assets based on the market price of the shares. After the stock price rises, they think that the value of state-owned assets has increased. However, if all the stocks of listed companies enter into circulation, it will be difficult for the stock price to reach the current stock market level e to the sharp increase of stock supply. Therefore, the profit in the stock market can not be calculated by the transaction price of others, but can only be calculated by the transaction price realized when selling. In addition, when the stock price deviates from its investment value, the profit of some shareholders is based on the loss of others. If the annual after tax profit of a stock is 0.1 yuan, the current one-year savings rate is 10%, so the theoretical price of the stock should be 1 yuan. When some investors wildly speculate their prices to deviate from their investment value, for example, when they speculate their prices from 1 yuan to 5 yuan, the investors who buy 1 yuan and sell 5 yuan make a profit of 4 yuan, but the investors who buy 5 yuan lose 4 yuan, because the actual income of the stock is only equivalent to 1 yuan of savings. Therefore, in the stock speculation, it is generally the latter to buy in return, the first to buy, and the new investors return the old investors< Four famous stock indexes in the world, Dow Jones stock index is the oldest stock index in the world, and its full name is the average stock price. It was started in 1884 by Charles Dow, the founder of Dow Jones. Its original Dow Jones average stock price index is based on 11 kinds of representative railway company stocks, calculated by the arithmetic average method, and published in Charles Dow's Daily Bulletin. The calculation formula is:
average stock price = the sum of the prices of the selected stocks. Since 1897, the Dow Jones average stock price index has been divided into two categories: Instry and transportation. The average instrial stock price index includes 12 stocks, while the average transportation index includes 20 stocks, And began to publish it in the Wall Street Journal, published by Dow Jones. In 1929, the Dow Jones stock price average index added public utility stocks to 65 stocks, and has continued to this day
the current Dow Jones average stock price index is based on October 1, 1928, because the average Dow Jones stock price at the close of the day is just about $100, so it is set as the base date. In the future, the percentage calculated by comparing the stock price with the base period will become the voting price index of each period. Therefore, the current stock index generally uses points as the unit, and the rise and fall of each point of the stock index is the percentage of rise and fall relative to the base date
the Dow Jones average stock price index was originally calculated by simple arithmetic average method. When the ex weight and ex dividend of stocks are encountered, the stock index will be discontinuous. After 1928, Dow Jones used a new method to calculate the average stock price, that is, the connection technology was used to ensure the continuity of the stock index, so that the stock index was improved and graally extended to the whole world< At present, Dow Jones average stock price index is divided into four groups, the first group is instrial average stock price index. It is composed of 30 kinds of representative stocks of large instrial and commercial companies, and grows with the development of economy. It can roughly reflect the price level of the whole instrial and commercial stocks in the United States, which is the Dow Jones instrial stock price average commonly quoted by people. The second group is the average transportation stock price index
it includes the shares of 20 representative transportation companies, namely 8 railway transportation companies, 8 airlines and 4 road freight companies. The third group is the average stock price index of public utilities, which is composed of shares of 15 gas companies and power companies representing American public utilities. The fourth group is the average price composite index
it is a composite index obtained by synthesizing 65 stocks of the first three groups of average stock price index. Although this group of composite index provides direct stock market conditions for superior stocks, now it usually refers to the first group average instrial stock price index
Dow Jones average stock price index is the most influential and authoritative stock price index in the world at present. One of the reasons is that the stocks selected by Dow Jones average stock price index are representative. The issuing companies of these stocks are famous companies with important influence in the instry, and their stock market has attracted the attention of the world stock market, Investors all over the world attach great importance to it. In order to maintain this characteristic, Dow Jones company often adjusts the stocks selected in its stock price average index, replacing the stocks that are not representative with more representative ones. Since 1928, the stocks of 30 instrial and commercial companies, which are only used to calculate the Dow Jones instrial average stock price index, have been replaced 30 times. Almost every two years, a new company's stock will replace the old company's stock. The second reason is that the Wall Street Journal, the news carrier of Dow Jones average stock price index, is the most influential newspaper in the world's financial sector
the paper reports in detail the average index, percentage change rate and transaction amount of each sample stock calculated every hour, and pays attention to the correction of the average index of stock price after stock division. The Dow Jones average is released every half an hour ring New York stock exchange business hours. The third reason is that the stock price average index has never stopped since it was compiled. It can be used to compare the stock market and economic development in different periods. It has become one of the most sensitive stock price average indexes to reflect the changes of the stock market in the United States. It is the main reference for observing the market dynamics and investing in stocks. Of course, because Dow Jones stock price index is a kind of constituent stock index, the companies it includes only account for a small part of more than 2500 listed companies, and most of them are hot stocks, and it does not include the companies in service instry and financial instry which have developed rapidly in recent years, so its representativeness has been questioned and criticized by people all the time

Standard & Poor's stock price index
in addition to Dow Jones stock price index, standard & Poor's stock price index is also very influential in the United States. It is the largest securities research institution in the United States, namely standard & Poor's

6. Common English knowledge of international foreign trade logistics
1. Common transportation costs of all routes in English (a total of 32)
English code explanation in Chinese
OCB ocean FRT. Box ocean freight
CYC CY handling Charge Japan port operation surcharges
IAC intermodal administrative charge
SPS Shanghai Port surcharges
Yas yen applied surcharges
ACC alam EDA corridor green channel fee
CAF currency adjustment factor or devaluation surcharge
CUC chassis usage tray usage fee
DDC dest. Delivery charge
EBS Emergency Bunker Su Emergency fuel surcharge
EMS emergency surcharge (near the war field)
ers equipment. Rest. Surch General increase of Gen rate increase, DDC and BAF
Orc original receiving charge Surcharge
PSC port service charge
PSS peak season surcharge
SCF Suez Canal Fee
SPS Shanghai Port Surcharge
BAF bunkering adjustment fee
CFS CFS charge container terminal fee
cod charge of diversification Transfer fee
DHC dest. Terminal handling charge port of destination surcharge
DIB's destination inland (box) port of destination inland surcharge
EFS emergency fuel surcharge fuel surcharge
IMO IMCO a Additional dangerous goods surcharges
LHC loading port terminal handling charge
OIB original inland (box) departure port inland surcharges
WRS war risk surcharges < br/ >ISPs international ship and port facility security charge Surcharge
heavy lift additional surcharge
long length additional surcharge
cleaning charge
fumigation charge
ice surcharge
optional fees or optional additional surcharge
alternative charge Port surcharges
deviation surcharges
ICD inland container depot

commonly used shipping terms

anera: Asia North America East Bund rate agreement

Far East North America trans Pacific route eastbound freight agreement

A / W: all water land and water

apply to customers: Declaration = = clear from customs

established B / L: backdated bill of lading

AMS: Automated Manifest System: Regulations for us to submit manifest before 24 hours

TWRA: trans Pacific westward rate agreement

BAF: bunker adjustment factor fuel surcharge

b / L: Bill of landing List

bay plan: stowage plan

CAF: current adjustment factor currency depreciation surcharge

Cy: container yard

CFS: container free station assembly and disassembly site

collect: cash on delivery

cargo receipt: goods receipt

customs broker: customs broker

COC: carrier's Owner container

CNTR No.: container No.

CBM: cube meter

raft: cube fee (multiply by 35.315 = CBM)

CLP: container loading plan

DDC: destination delivery charge

DST: double stack train

< br/ >Doc: document fee

demurrage change: overe storage fee

definition: demurrage fee

D / O: delivery order bill of lading

devanning: unpacking

dock receipt: Station cargo receipt

ETA: estimated time of arrival

ETD: estimated time of departure Day

EBS: Emergency Bunker premium

etc: estimated time of closing day

EDI: electronic data interchange

feu: strength foot equivalent units 40 'for short

FAF: fuel additive factor

flat rack: flat container


fo: Free Free in & out, FCL: full container cargo load

FAK: free all gold, regardless of item

FMC: Federal Maritime Commission

FIATA: Int'l Federation of forwarding agents association

Goh: currency on hanger Wardrobe

gri: general rate increase

Gulf port: refers to the port of the United States near the Gulf of Mexico

HAFFA: Hong Kong Association, freight forwarding and Logistics Ltd.

H / C: handling charge

HQ: high cube

IPI: international point international, USA

IATA: Int'l Air Transport Association

LCL: less than container cargo load

L / L: loading list

L / C: letter of credit


NVOCC: non vessel opera Ting common carrier NVOCC

MLB: Mini land bridge

manifest: manifest

mate's receipt: first mate's receipt

O / F: ocean freight

Orc: original receiving charge

ocean B / L: ocean bill of lading

out port charge: non basic port surcharge

on board date: shipment date

partial shipment: partial shipment

PSS: peak sea premium

PCC / PCS: Panama Canal charge / premium

PCF: Port construction fee

P / P: freight prepaid

PNW: Pacific Northwest PSW: Pacific Southwest route from far east to South Pacific region of North America Port of departure

Pod: place of discharge

PTI: pre-trip inspection parameters

ripi-reverse IPI: entering inland from Atlantic port

R / T: revenueton billing unit

RRs: rate restoration surchage freight price adjustment

SOC: Shipper's own container

s / O: shipping order Er booking order

seal No.

seaway Bill: B / L

storage: storage fee

shipping: loading

shipping advice: shipping advice

s / C: service contract

TEU: Twenty foot container short form

thc: terminal handling charge


< br />USWC: United State west coast port

USEC: United State east coast port

VSL / voy: vessel / voice voyage

Yas: Yen Adjustment Surcharge
ACI: advance commercial information
warehouse / storage: warehouse rental
destination: counter rental
d /O: Delivery order
L / C: letter of credit
C / O: Certificate of origin, certificate proving the place of proction or manufacture of goods
form a: GSP certificate of origin
some countries have given China some preferential policies as the basis for tariff rection and exemption, such as Britain, the United States, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, etc
1. Dry cargo container
2. Bulk container such as grain and resin
3. Reefer container (RF)
4. Open top container, 5. Plat form based container
6. Pen container
7. Tank container, TK)
8. Car container
CLG: closing date
ETD: estimated time of departure
ETA: estimated time of arrival

7. For example, if you and two friends start a company together, you will pay 200000 yuan, and each of them will pay 100000 yuan. In this way, the total investment of your company is 400000 yuan, and you will have 50% equity and 25% equity of each of them. There are three shareholders in your company

therefore, the so-called equity refers to the right of a person's shares in the enterprise. This right includes decision-making right and dividend right. The decision-making power is the weight of his speech. The decision-making power that accounts for more shares is greater. Dividend right is the right to distribute profits according to the proportion of shares. If the shares are large, there will be more dividends

if the above shares are printed into a certificate on a piece of paper, it will be printed with the following words: how many% of the shares are owned by someone in a company. This certificate is called stock

therefore, stock is only a form of equity. Just as you are employed by the work unit, you will be issued a work permit to prove that you are an employee of the unit. If you are given a share, it will prove that you are a shareholder of the company

a listed company means that its shares can be traded in the market. So at this time, the company's stock will not print the name of the owner

besides, if you buy the shares of a company in Nanning, Guangxi, and you are in Beijing, it will be very troublesome for their company to mail the shares to you for 100 shares. Moreover, in a few days, you may sell the shares to others, so the listed companies will not issue the printed shares to ordinary shareholders, The records in the computer will be enough. So, if you buy the stock of a company, there will be a record in the computer of the securities company

therefore, when you buy the shares of the company, you have the right to participate in its shareholders' meeting and also participate in dividends. Of course, if you sell the stock before you get a dividend, you won't get it. Hehe

the so-called stock speculation is to open an account in any securities company and become a so-called shareholder. In this way, you can buy and sell stocks in the stock market at will. If you buy 100 shares with 10 yuan / share, you will spend 1000 yuan. After a few days, if it rises to 11 yuan / share, you can sell it again and get 1100 yuan, and you will make money. Of course, you have to pay a little service charge. But if the stock falls and the price becomes 9 yuan / share, you will lose money if you sell it. But maybe it won't go up any more, so you can't make money. That's the risk of the stock market<

because the total number of shares in circulation of a listed company in the market is fixed, except when the company first issues shares, people take money to buy out the shares for the company, the other time is the trading between shareholders. The shares you buy are the shares sold by someone. If the shares rise after you buy, then you are lucky, He is sorry. On the contrary, after you buy the stock, the stock falls, then you lose money, he is escaped

the operating principle of the stock market is very simple: buy low and sell high. But it's hard to do. And the most difficult is to overcome their own psychological quality problems, psychological quality is not good people, stocks to be sick. ha-ha.

8. I don't know what you want to know. I don't know if the following is suitable< From Fukuzawa Yukichi to Hideki Tojo (3)

ITO Bowen (1841-1909), he is a representative vassal statesman of Changzhou vassal origin. Modern "mainland policy" makers

in his early years, he studied in the "Panasonic village school" and participated in the "respecting the king and fighting against foreigners" movement together with Gao San Jin Zuo and Mu Hu Xiaoyun. In 1863, he went to England to study, and after returning to China, he took part in the movement of discussing the curtain, which contributed to the Meiji Restoration. In 1871, he visited Europe and the United States with the diplomatic mission of secretary of foreign affairs Yasukuni iwkura. After that, he opposed the theory of "levying Korea immediately" proposed by Xixiang Longsheng and others. Soon after his death, he became Secretary of the interior and became a prominent figure in Japanese politics. In 1881, in the "Meiji coup of the 14th year", together with Yasukawa, he expelled the opposition Okuma Chongxin from the government and became the highest leader of the government. In 1882, Emperor Meiji issued the military edict, which absorbed and improved the military admonition issued by army minister Youpeng Shanxian in 1878 In the form of "imperial edict", the military edict further instilled into the people, especially the officers and soldiers, the thoughts and principles of "imperial power, loyal service, military discipline as imperial edict, glorious death in war" and "loyalty, etiquette, divine force", so as to ensure that the army and the people became the taming tools of the Empire's strategic expansion The military edict was carried out until the end of World War II and the collapse of the great Japanese Empire in the 20th century<

ITO advocates graal reform of the political power and the rise of Prussia. At the beginning of taking power, he helped the emperor to issue an imperial edict: promising to establish a parliament, to make a constitution, and to learn from Prussian reform. In 1882, he went to Europe and America again to study the Prussian constitution. After returning to China, he devoted himself to the establishment of the Meiji Constitution system, the establishment of the Chinese system and the cabinet system, the establishment of the Privy Council, and presided over the formulation of the constitution of the greater Japanese Empire (also known as the Meiji Constitution) and the Royal model. In 1889, the two basic laws were passed and promulgated. They established the system of the Japanese Empire in terms of legal system, which was not abolished until after World War II. However, it turns out that they are only cancelled in form, and their influence is still entrenched in people's ideology and values< In 1885, ITO became the first prime minister and speaker of the Privy Council of Japan. Later, it formed a cabinet three times. After Meiji Restoration, he served as Prime Minister of Japan and governor of Korean colony in 1885-1888, 1892-1896 and 1898. In 1894-1895, he commanded the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the post-war diplomatic negotiations After the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the "constitutional Friendship Association" was established, and he was the president himself. He came to China in September 1898. During the Russo Japanese war from 1904 to 1905, he directed the war as a veteran. After the Russo Japanese War, he served as the unified governor of South Korea from 1906 to 1909 and planned to completely annex North Korea. From 1884 to 1907, he was promoted from Earl and marquis to ke. In 1909, he went to Northeast China to inspect and adjust the relations between Japan and Russia, and was assassinated by an chonggen, a Korean patriot, at Harbin railway station in China

ring his term of office, ITO Bowen made friends with his early classmate Yama Prefecture. As a general and marshal of the Japanese army, Yamamoto was the number one person in the Japanese army. During the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he served as commander of the first army and Minister of the army, commanding the war on the spot. In 1895, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki, realizing the first stage of Japan's mainland policy

it was ring ITO Bowen's tenure that the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 took place. It can be said that ITO completed the first stage of the rise of modern Japanese militarism and the surrender of North Korea and the invasion of the mainland<

the formal diplomacy between China and Japan in modern times began in 1871. In fact, this treaty is only the first step in planning aggression against Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan and Chinese mainland after the Meiji Restoration. Since then, Japan has committed crimes against Taiwan, invaded Korea and annexed Ryukyu. It is expected that there will be a war between China and Japan. Among them, Japan had a small "setback". In December 1884, taking advantage of the emptiness of the Qing army, the Japanese military authorities in North Korea supported, covered and abetted the pro Japanese faction Jin Yujun and Pu yongxiao in North Korea to launch the "Jiashen coup". However, three days later, the coup failed because the Qing army rushed to help. The Japanese embassy was burned down and dozens of people were killed and injured. Jin Yujun, park yongxiao and others died in Japan. In April 1885, ITO Bowen and Li Hongzhang signed the Tianjin treaty, which agreed that the two sides should withdraw their troops and inform each other in advance before sending troops to North Korea. On this basis, Japan's position on the Korean issue was equal to that of the Qing government, which created conditions for Japan to defeat the Qing government in the future< In 1894-1895, Japan launched the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the Qing government was corrupt and incompetent. It was defeated by Yashan, Feng, Pyongyang land war, yellow sea water war, jiuliancheng, Weihaiwei Liugong sea war and a series of land wars in Liaodong Peninsula. Finally, Dalian Lushun was slaughtered by Japanese troops, and the Qing Dynasty was defeated. When the Japanese army entered Lushun, they killed people when they saw them. Women and children were unavoidable. More than 20000 people were killed, but only 36 survived. Even American newspapers exclaimed: "today the Japanese take off the mask of civilization and reveal the essence of barbarism." The body was then burned for more than ten days, and the ashes were buried in today's "Wanzhong tomb" in Lushun<

after the large-scale war, ITO personally served as the plenipotentiary for the "peace talks" (in addition to ITO, the Japanese representative also had the crazy militarist Foreign Minister Lu aozongguang) and talked with Li Hongzhang, the "first plenipotentiary minister" of the Qing Dynasty (imperial envoy) who arrived in Maguan, Japan< The result of the negotiation was that the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. There are 11 clauses in the treaty, 3 clauses in the other treaty and 3 clauses in the agreed special articles. The most important contents are as follows: 1. Japan occupied Taiwan, Penghu Archipelago and Liaodong Peninsula (Liaodong Peninsula was "redeemed" with 30 million taels of silver); 2. Japan was granted consular jurisdiction and many privileges in China; 3. China paid 230 million taels of Chinese Treasury standard silver to Japan, namely "Kuping silver". This compensation includes the ransom of 30 million vehicles redeemed by the Qing government in Liaodong Peninsula, but does not include the 500000 taels of military expenses that must be paid to Japan every year. Not to mention the well-known historical consequences of Japan's colonial plunder of Taiwan, let's just say 230 million taels of silver compensation. In 1894, China's fiscal revenue was less than 89 million taels of silver, which was equivalent to the revenue of the Qing government's Treasury for two and a half years. In addition, 230 million taels of compensation silver was equivalent to more than 340 million yen at that time, while Japan's annual Treasury revenue was only 80 million yuan, which was equivalent to Japan's fiscal revenue for four years and two months. Japan was pleasantly surprised by this "windfall" and thought that Japan would become a rich country from then on. Japan used the reparations as follows: 1. The expansion of land and sea armaments was more than 125 million yen, which made the Japanese army among the great powers and prepared sufficient conditions for the coming war between Japan and Russia in East Asia; 2. Carry out currency system reform to change Japanese currency from silver standard to gold standard and keep pace with Western powers in finance. In response to Japan's strong demand, the Qing government converted the compensation from the Qing Dynasty's Kuping bank into pounds sterling, which was deposited by the Japanese government in the Bank of England in London, so as not only to stabilize prices in Japan, improve national life, but also to purchase warships and military procts, and promote Japan's foreign trade; 3. Set up three "funds" to promote the growth of national strength. The three funds are: warship mine boat supplementary fund 30 million yen, disaster preparation fund 10 million yen and ecation fund 10 million yen. The three funds are deposited in the Bank of Japan in the form of gold or purchased foreign government bonds to collect interest. Their primary purpose is to expand armaments and strengthen the military power

from then on, Japanese militarism embarked on an irresistible "no return road", fell into the "hunger" of war and was unable to extricate itself, finally colluded with Hitler and Mussolini all over the world and became the enemy of the whole progressive mankind

in a word, to talk about Japanese militarism in the 20th century, it is necessary to talk about Ito's blog<

in the instrial age, resources and markets are indeed the basis for survival, but the era of virtual capital is not the same, but more dependent on stable and excellent investment places...
in the post instrial age, Japan has: 1. Increasing influence through economic expansion; 2. Restoring more state power; 3 Expanding investment places is one of the ways to realize economic expansion, which can be avoided by virtual economy

however, the ultimate goal of economic expansion to increase influence is to form or strengthen civilization system: if economic influence can not form civilization, the future will be doomed Even if a civilization has been formed, it may not last forever, and even if a civilization can not be formed, it will die quickly)

however, Japan has only culture but no civilization. It is basically a dream to rebuild a new civilization today. Even the United States, with the power of superpower, can not build a new American civilization, which is still a branch of Western civilization. What's more, Japan is a hybrid culture: a hybrid of Chinese civilization and Western civilization

the formation of civilization should be powered by energy, and then draw some nutrition from other civilization systems

economic expansion to increase influence is only an option on the road of historical evolution. Whether it can form a civilization system, it will either join the confrontation between the future earth civilization and alien civilization, or disappear with the trend of history

the fundamental problem of Meiji Restoration is: change mother If Meiji were not so stupid and chose to completely turn to Western civilization, but to use the advantages of Western civilization to stimulate Japan's own civilization construction when it got rid of the Chinese civilization system, Japan would never be so miserable today

the Japanese boast of Meiji's wisdom and greatness. In fact, he is too stupid: history has given him a rare opportunity to form his own civilization, but he is lazy and chooses to go directly to the Western civilization, without even thinking about the construction of Japanese civilization

for example, when my mother raised me, at the age of 18, if I live and struggle independently, I will eventually form my own characteristics: my mother is my mother, I am myself, and the world can distinguish clearly. But if I face the difficulty of living independently, after leaving my mother, I will recognize another mother: she has food and drink. Although it seems that the new mother gives more food and drink than the old one, who am I in the future? No one! This is Japan today. This is the stupid thing done by Meiji. This is the reason why Japan can't distinguish "East from west" today

therefore, I explain that the restoration has actually brought the fate of the Japanese nation into the Yellow Spring Road: beyond redemption

Japanese militarism after the Meiji Restoration
Yoshihiro Yamaguchi (1838-1922) was a soldier and politician, and a decision-maker of Japan's sending troops to join the "eight nation coalition" in the invasion of China in 1900. Born under the vassal. He studied in Matsushita village school. During the tumultuous period at the end of the shogunate, he served as the commander and governor of the "surprise troops" and was very active. After the reform, he visited Europe with the regiment and served as a minor assistant in the military department after returning home. In 1872, he served as a major assistant of the army, responsible for formulating the "conscription order" and preparing for the establishment of the new army

9. I hope to adopt
I. The definition of index

stock index is the stock price index. It is a kind of indicator for reference, which is compiled by stock exchange or financial service institution to indicate the change of stock market. Because of the volatility of stock prices, investors are bound to face market price risk. It's easy for investors to understand the price changes of a specific stock, but it's not easy and tedious to understand the price changes of various stocks one by one. In order to adapt to this situation and need, some financial service institutions make use of their own business knowledge and the advantage of being familiar with the market to compile stock price indexes, which are published publicly as indicators of market price changes. Based on this, investors can test the effect of their investment and predict the trend of the stock market. At the same time, the press, company owners and even political leaders also take this as a reference index to observe and predict the social, political and economic development situation

this kind of stock index is the average price that indicates the change of stock market. The compilation of stock index is usually based on a certain month of a certain year. The stock price of this base period is taken as 100. The percentage of increase and decrease is calculated by comparing the stock price of each subsequent period with that of the base period, which is the stock index of this period. According to the rise and fall of the index, investors can judge the trend of the stock price. And in order to reflect the trend of the stock market to investors in real time, almost all stock markets publish the stock price index at the same time when the stock price changes

to calculate the stock index, three factors should be considered: one is sampling, that is, to select a few representative constituent stocks from a large number of stocks; The second is weighted, weighted average according to unit price or total value, or no weighted average; The third is the calculation program, which calculates arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or both price and total value

e to the variety of listed stocks, it is difficult and complex to calculate the average price or index of all listed stocks. Therefore, people often select several representative sample stocks from the listed stocks and calculate the average price or index of these sample stocks. It is used to show the general trend and fluctuation range of the stock price of the whole market. When calculating the average stock price or index, the following four points are often considered: (1) the sample stock must be typical and common. Therefore, the selection of sample should consider its instry distribution, market influence, stock grade, appropriate number and other factors 2) The calculation method should be highly adaptable and can adjust or revise the changing stock market, so that the stock index or average has a good sensitivity 3) There should be scientific basis and means of calculation. The calculation basis must be unified. Generally, the closing price is used as the calculation basis. However, with the increase of calculation frequency, some are calculated at hourly price or even shorter time price 4) The base period should be well balanced and representative< Second, the calculation method of stock index. By definition, the stock index is the average stock price. However, in terms of their actual effects on the stock market, the average stock price is the general level reflecting the price changes of various stocks, which is usually expressed as the arithmetic average. By comparing the average stock price in different periods, people can know the change level of various stock prices. The stock index is a relative index reflecting the changes of stock prices in different periods, that is, the percentage of the average stock price in the first period as the benchmark of the average stock price in another period. Through the stock index, people can know the percentage of the stock price rising or falling in the calculation period compared with that in the base period. Because the stock index is a relative index, so for a long time, the stock index can more accurately measure the change of stock price than the average stock price< The calculation of average stock price can be divided into three categories: simple arithmetic average stock price, modified average stock price and weighted average stock price. People can see the change and trend of stock price by comparing the average stock price at different time points
(1) simple arithmetic average stock price
simple arithmetic average stock price is obtained by dividing the sum of the daily closing prices of sample stocks by the number of samples, that is:
simple arithmetic average stock price = (P1 + P2 + P3 +... + PN) / N
the first average stock price in the world - Dao? Jones stock price average was calculated by simple arithmetic average before October 1, 1928
we assume that the stocks sampled from a certain stock market are a, B, C and D, and the closing prices on a certain trading day are 10 yuan, 16 yuan, 24 yuan and 30 yuan respectively, so as to calculate the average stock price of the market. Put the above numbers into the formula, we can get:
average stock price = (P1 + P2 + P3 + P4) / N
= (10 + 16 + 24 + 30) / 4
= 20 (yuan)
simple arithmetic average stock price has two disadvantages: one is that it does not consider the weights of various sample stocks, so it can not distinguish the different effects of sample stocks with different importance on average stock price. Second, when the sample stocks are divided, bonus shares are distributed and capital is increased, the average stock price will be broken and lose continuity, which makes it difficult to compare before and after the time series. For example, when the above-mentioned D shares are divided into three shares by one share, the share price is bound to be reced from 30 yuan to 10 yuan. At this time, the average is not 20 yuan calculated above, but (10 + 16 + 24 + 10) / 4 = 15 yuan. That is to say, e to the change of d-share segmentation technology, the average share price has dropped from 20 yuan to 15 yuan (this does not take into account other factors affecting the change of share price), which obviously does not meet the requirements of average as an index to reflect the change of share price
(2) there are two kinds of modified average stock price:
one is divisor correction method, also known as the modified method. Is this American road? Jones created a method to calculate the average stock price in 1928. The core of this method is to find a constant divisor to correct the change of the average stock price caused by stock segmentation, capital increase, bonus issue and other factors, so as to maintain the continuity and comparability of the average shares. The specific method is to divide the total new stock price by the average of the old stock price to get the new divisor, and then divide the total stock price in the calculation period by the new divisor to get the revised average stock price. That is:
New divisor = total new share price after change / average old share price
modified average share price = total share price ring the reporting period / new divisor
in the previous example, the divisor is 4, and the adjusted new divisor should be:
New divisor = (10 + 16 + 24 + 10) / 20 = 3, and the new divisor is substituted into the following formula, Then:
the average of the revised stock price = (10 + 16 + 24 + 10) / 3 = 20 (yuan) is the same as that calculated when the stock is not divided, and the stock price level will not change e to the stock division
the second is the stock price correction method. The stock price correction method is to split the stock and restore the changed stock price to the original stock price, so that the average stock price will not change. The 500 stock price averages compiled by the New York Times adopt the stock price correction method to calculate the average stock price
(3) weighted average stock price
weighted average stock price is the average stock price calculated by weighted average according to the relative importance of various sample stocks, and its weight (q) can be the number of shares traded, the total market value of the stock, the stock issuance, etc

2. Calculation of stock index
stock index is a relative index reflecting the changes of stock price at different time points. Usually, the stock price of the report period is compared with the fixed price of the base period, and the ratio of the two is multiplied by the index value of the base period, which is the stock index of the report period. There are three ways to calculate stock index: one is relative method, the other is comprehensive method, and the third is weighted method
(1) relative method
relative method, also known as average method, is to calculate the stock index of each sample first. Add it up to find the arithmetic mean of the total. The calculation formula is:
stock index = the sum of n sample stock indexes / N
this method is used by the economist general stock index in the UK
(2) comprehensive method
the comprehensive method is to sum up the prices of the sample stocks in the base period and the report period respectively, and then compare them to get the stock index. That is:
stock index = the sum of the stock prices in the reporting period / the sum of the stock prices in the base period
by substituting the figures,
stock index = (8 + 12 + 14 + 18) / (5 + 8 + 10 + 15) = 52 / 38 = 136.8%
that is, the stock price in the reporting period has increased by 36.8% over the base period
from the point of view of the average method and the comprehensive method to calculate the stock index, they do not take into account the factors such as the different issuance and trading volume of various sampling stocks, and the different impact on the stock price of the whole stock market, so the calculated index is not accurate enough. In order to calculate the stock index accurately, we need to add the weight, which can be the trading volume or the circulation volume
(3) weighted method
weighted stock index is weighted according to the relative importance of sample stocks in each period, and its weight can be the number of shares traded, stock issuance, etc. Divided by time, the weight can be the weight of the base period or the weight of the reporting period. The index weighted by the number of shares (or circulation) traded in the base period is called lasr index; An index weighted by the number of shares traded (or issued) in the reporting period is called paixu index
the lasr index focuses on the number of shares (or circulation) traded in the base period, while the paixu index focuses on the number of shares (or circulation) traded in the reporting period. At present, most stock indexes in the world are paixu index< The stock index is a positive proportion function of the market value of the index portfolio, and its fluctuation range is the return rate of the portfolio. But in the calculation of the stock index, the transaction cost of the stock is not dected, so the real income of the investors will be less than the rise and fall of the stock index, which is the maximum return on investment of the index portfolio
there is a common saying in the stock market, which is called "bull gains bear losses". That is to say, in a bull market, the investors make profits and lose money in a bear market. But if we analyze the investors as a whole, the investors may not be able to make profits in a bull market
1. If a bull market is reversible, investors will only lose but not make money. The middle point of Shanghai stock index is about 600 points. In the bull market in early 1993, Shanghai stock market broke through 1500 points, and then fell back to more than 300 points in July 1994; In September 1994, the Shanghai stock market hit 1000 points again, but soon fell below 600 points. Judging from the operation of the index in recent years, the Shanghai stock index always starts from below 600 points, forms a bull market and then returns to 600 points. It can be said that all bull markets in Shanghai stock market are reversible
when the Shanghai stock index rose from 600 points to 1000 points and returned to its original position, indivial shareholders may earn and lose money, thus transferring their wealth. But for this group of shareholders, they not only have no gains, but also have losses
first, no matter which point the transaction is at, the shareholders need to pay transaction tax and handling charges. The stock index rose from 600 points to 600 points again. For the investors as a whole, except for transaction costs, there is no difference