History of virtual currency

There are four stages of currency experience:

1, accidental barter

accidental barter refers to the human's initial commodity exchange at the end of the primitive society. It occurs under the extremely accidental situation that both sides of the tribe have surplus procts. At this time, commodity exchange has great contingency, so it is called accidental barter

the commodity used as the general equivalent is different in different regions and periods, which is not concive to the development of commodity economy objectively. Because gold and silver are rare and easy to be separated and stored, they are graally fixed as general equivalents, and money comes into being

extended data:

money is a fixed commodity separated from commodities and serves as a general equivalent

the nature of money contract determines that money can have different forms, such as general equivalent, precious metal money, paper money, electronic money and so on. It can be used as a medium of transaction, storage value, deferred payment standard and accounting unit

reference: network currency

There is no definition and distinction between game currency and stock, derivative financial instruments, especially electronic currency. In fact, there is an internal thread that can run through these different forms of virtual currency, which is the performance maturity of personalized value. We can summarize it logically as follows:
Bank e-money
Bank e-money was initially a kind of "pseudo virtual money". It only has the form of virtual currency, such as digitization and symbolization, but it does not have the essence of virtual currency and has nothing to do with personalization. For example, it is just the counterpart of paper money; It may be issued by the central bank; It may be in the same market as the money market. However, bank e-money has broken through the extension of money, that is, it can also be issued not by the central bank, but by information service providers, as was the case with several early e-money. The second breakthrough is the liquidity of bank e-money, which far exceeds that of ordinary money. Therefore, it implies a challenge to the pricing power of currency price level. For example, in overnight lending, if the same money is turned over several times in the form of electronic money, although from the traditional monetary point of view, nothing has happened, but from the perspective of virtual money circulation speed, it has actually changed the conditions of money price level
credit information currency
stock is the most typical credit information currency. Its essence is virtual and it is a kind of virtual currency with personalized characteristics. It is the most realistic foundation of the current virtual economy. Stock market and derivative financial instrument market constitute a large-scale and unified virtual money market. They are not only based on entity business, but also supported by a wide range of information services such as trust business and insurance business. The so-called unified market refers to that the market as a whole can be exchanged with the money market at the overall level of national income. Historically, only when money forms a unified market, that is, the main body of the national economy is monetized, can the adjustment of money quantity and interest rate on the national economy be discussed. The same is true for the virtual economy. This issue is not without dispute. Although the scale of the virtual economy is several times larger than that of the real economy, a large part of the real economy has not entered the unified market. If the game currency is compared with stocks, its progress in this respect is far from satisfactory. Only through the two stages of entertainment instrialization and instrial entertainment, it is possible to reach the level of unified market
analyzing the stock market and derivative financial instrument market, the biggest difference between the stock market and the general money market is that its circulation speed cannot be directly determined by the central bank. For example, as a virtual currency, the price level of stock index can not be directly determined by the central bank like the interest rate, but by the so-called "confidence" of people. The fundamentals of the central bank and the real capital market can only indirectly determine the stock market, not directly. So I think the stock market is an information market, not a money market
compared with the mature virtual money market, the main characteristics of the stock market are incomplete. The stock market integrates the noise at all reference points (i.e. indivial gain and loss values) into a unified reference value, which is combined with the standard value (utility value on the basis and general equilibrium value) to form the continuous fluctuation of the market around the utility value. Although it is different from the money market with the central bank as the center for orderly centripetal movement, it is not different from the money market. From the point of view of the real virtual money market, the characteristic of this market is the incommensurable personalized fixed value. In this sense, the centralized stock market has not achieved this function, and the independent role of the stock market as the so-called "casino" has not been played. Thirdly,
the fundamental function of personalized credit voucher
virtual currency is to synthesize value on the spot of personality, rather than to determine a rational value in isolation at an equilibrium point separated from the real world. The significance of virtual currency is to establish a value system centered on the final consumer. After the full realization of virtual currency, the single currency with general equivalent function will tend to be backward. Game currency is the experimental field of virtual currency at a higher stage, and it is difficult to be a major task. The ideal virtual currency is the value symbol of the real world. In the general equivalent exchange, the specific use value and the corresponding subject of the specific use value, namely the non-homogeneous needs and personalized needs of people, are completely filtered out. Virtual currency will change all this, through the virtual way, people's heterogeneous needs and personalized needs will be anchored to the fundamentals by indivial reference point, and the value will be synthesized. Therefore, virtual currency must have two sides, one is to have the function of commodity exchange, the other is to have the function of barter. Through the former to overcome the relativity and subjectivity of value, through the latter to achieve personalized value confirmation. In order to achieve this goal, virtual currency must realize a huge transformation, which is to transform to dialogue system and become interactive currency. The bargaining here is aimed at the level of currency price. Recall that the transformation from text to dialogue, which has been realized for decades, is the direction of the transformation of virtual currency. The value of game currency is uncertain. When people exchange game currency, it is uncertain whether the ultimate happiness they may get is above or below the currency value until they participate in the game. The game is a dialogue process. Of course, various value-added functions of game currency have not been developed in combination with personalized information services. If this kind of value-added business is fully developed, game currency will not be used because of the different businesses providing services, which may become an advantage over stocks
a fully personalized virtual currency may be a kind of currency card with additional information, and its value is to be confirmed. Virtual currency with specific undetermined function and resial value, on the one hand, its information can have room for reinterpretation like text, on the other hand, it has the potential of karaoke like redevelopment. Its information value has an open interface and can be added again. If they are exchanged in the secondary market like the stock market, they may float up and down in the basic par value with their personalized information, and they will have more attractiveness like stocks. Game currency only has the function of value circulation, but not the function of market platform, so it is only an imperfect virtual currency. The reason is the lack of corresponding instrial base

In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:

1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency

2

4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao

5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency

knowledge development:

commemorative coin

ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins

The history of Chinese currency development:

1. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, which has a history of more than 4000 years

there were cloth money, knife money, yuan money, five baht money, Tongbao, coin making, silver, silver yuan, copper yuan, as well as victims of gold and silver, grain and silk money and paper money, with a wide variety of forms and materials, which can be called the world's top currency

the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency, from disordered shape to unified shape, from local coin to central coin, from document weight to Tongbao and Yuanbao, and from metal currency to paper currency "Jiaozi"

in the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, since the signing of the unequal treaty of Nanjing, the silver yuan used for compensation was "foreign money". At that time, China had no silver yuan in its own country, and the foreign money in stock was not enough to offset the sharply increased amount of foreign compensation, so the government of the late Qing Dynasty was forced to start casting its own silver yuan

China has been using currency for 4000 years and is one of the earliest countries in the world

Natural seashells are still important currencies

metal currency is widely used:

A, copper shell and copper block

ant nose money: copper imitation shell circulating in southern Chu state

Qin yuan Qian: in the unit of two coins, one or two coins have round holes without outline, and half two coins have round square holes

6. The circulation of gold in the Warring States Period

7. The currency of Qin Dynasty was named as long, which was the upper currency; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The Pearl, jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to the jewelry treasure, not the coin

in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, there were gold (round) and gold (ellipse) imitating Qilin horseshoe

in the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for rewards and gifts. In Wang Mang's time, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold was reced, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used for rewards

Shu: qian

Nanqi and Xiaoliang: for the first time, a large number of cast iron coins were cast, including copper coins, five baht coins and short hundred coins

Chen: six big loans

Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe wuhb, Yongan wuhb

Northern Qi Dynasty: wuzhu in Changping

the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were in chaos, and Zhou Shizong's casting of Zhou yuantianbao was the most

16. Currency of the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. The currency issued in the early Northern Song Dynasty was Tongbao of song and Yuan Dynasties, which was the same as Tongbao of Kaiyuan Dynasty. After that, there were Taiping Tongbao and Chunhua Tongbao. Every time the emperors changed the Yuan Dynasty, they would recast new year money. The characters are Tongbao, chongbao, Yuanbao, etc., but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing

Tongqian District of Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, jingdongxi, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Liangzhe, Fujian, guangdongxi, etc

Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Sichuan

Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Shaanxi, Hedong

Southern Song Dynasty Tongqian District: Southeast,

Southern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Lianghuai, Jingxi, Hubei

jiaozi: fully cashable credit certificate, can only be used in Sichuan

qianyin: not used as currency, only used for exchange, can be used outside Sichuan (song Huizong changed jiaozi to money)

Huizi of Southern Song Dynasty: it was initially issued in the southeast region, and later the government set up Huizi library, which completely imitated the method of Chuanyin

sometimes, e to special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they all have different versions of pound sterling,

and can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected outside the UK

e to historical factors, the people's Republic of China has three kinds of legal tender: RMB is used in the mainland, while Hong Kong and Macao adopt one country, two systems. Hong Kong's legal tender is Hong Kong dollar and Macao's is Macao dollar; They are not directly or indirectly linked to the US dollar

New Taiwan dollar is used in Taiwan

each basic unit of currency can also be divided into smaller coins. The most commonly used proportion is 1 / 100 of the main currency, for example, 100 points = 1 yuan

but sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of materials used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency

the early metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established

people in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia minted coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery

but this kind of metal currency made of bronze is rough in making, simple in design, unfixed in shape, without unit of use, and not widely used in the market. Because of its shape is very similar to the shell as a currency, so most people call it copper shell

according to the analysis of archaeological materials, after the emergence of copper shell, it was circulated with shell coins at the same time. In the middle of the spring and Autumn period, a new form of currency appeared, that is, copper shell wrapped with gold, which is not only luxurious but also wear-resistant. Copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world

20, gold and silver

the main coins in western countries are gold and silver coins, and the subsidiary coins are made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation

since the 16th century, a large number of gold and silver from America have flowed into Europe through Spain, saving the European monetary system and creating conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe