The price of virtual currency
1. bitcoin
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's ideas, open source software was designed and released, and the P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
2, Ethereum
Ethereum (ETH) is a kind of digital token of Ethereum, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". It adopts the blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin. Developers need to pay for eth to support the operation of the application. Like other digital currencies, they can be traded on trading platforms
3. Litecoin
litecoin It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization
Dogcoin, which is called dogcoin / dogcoin by some people, was born on December 8, 2013. Based on the crypt algorithm, dogcoin is the second largest virtual currency in the world after bitcoin in terms of the number of usersdigital currency is a global common currency initiated by non-governmental organizations. It does not belong to a certain country, but belongs to all mankind. It has the advantages of fast global transfer. For example, it can remit money from China to the United States in a few seconds, and the cost is low, and the total amount will not be increased at will like legal money, so the total amount is relatively stable
Yuanbao coin is a virtual digital currency similar to bitcoin. The founder of yuanbaocoin is a group of bitcoin enthusiasts and the earliest supporters. However, after seeing the problem of bitcoin, he decided to do his best to develop an electronic currency suitable for Chinese people with the latest technology Ppcoin was pre released by sunny king on August 11, 2012 and officially released on August 19, 2012. Ppcoin's biggest innovation is that its mining method combines POW workload proof and POS equity proof. POS mining method only needs ordinary computers and clients to process transactions and maintain network security, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving and security Katecoin (KTC) is a virtual P2P digital currency that can be used all over the world. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment systemin businesses that support Kat coin consumption, you can directly use Kat coin for consumption payment
8, quark money
based on six encryption algorithms (black, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), nine rounds of super secure hash operation of virtual money, three rounds of application of random hash function, quark money has unique technical specifications
9, infinity coin
infinity coin (IFC) is a new digital currency, which has more circulation advantages than bitcoin, and fills the short board of bitcoin in the field of commercial circulation and promoting commercial operation
one transaction of infinite coin needs three confirmations, each confirmation takes 30 seconds, and the transaction confirmation speed is very fast. Because bitcoin transaction needs 6 confirmations, which takes about 1 hour, and lightcoin transaction takes 15 minutes, infinite coin is used in daily common transactions, which is more practical
Common coin, English name popular coin, or POC, was born on March 7, 2014. The total POC is close to the world population (7.057 billion)POC is a super secure hash operation based on nine rounds of six encryption algorithms (Blake, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), which is suitable for CPU mining. It generates a block every 15 seconds, with a total of 7.057 billion (close to the world population)
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currency, such as network company's network currency, Tencent company's Q currency, Q point, Shanda company's voucher, Sina's Micro currency (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver pattern (used for bixue Qingtian game)
the popular digital currencies in 2013 are bitcoin, Leyte coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, BBQ coin, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bar, red coin and prime currency. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
if you are a high-risk investor, you can choose MLM to invest, and the profit depends on luck; If you are a medium risk investor, you can choose to invest in bitcoin, lightcoin and other mainstream digital currencies with market depth; If you are a low-risk investor, you can choose some projects of European crowdfunding platform for investment.
we should be cautious in investing in Liwu currency, which has huge investment risk. It is suggested to learn about bitcoin, Ruitai coin, Laite coin and other mainstream digital cryptocurrencies.
the mainstream digital currency trading platforms in China include five bitcoin trading platforms, as well as counterfeit currency platforms such as jucoin and bitage. Puyin also has its own special trading platform, with a trading zone in jucoin.com.
in view of the possible risks of virtual currency, many international organizations and central banks have responded publicly to the supervision of virtual currency system. These responses can be roughly divided into four categories: warning and risk warning, supervision and registration permission, legislative norms, and explicit prohibition
(1) warning and risk warning
some central banks and regulators have issued risk warnings against the special currency and virtual currency system. The federal financial regulatory authority of Germany, the Bank of France, the central banks of the Netherlands and Belgium have issued public warnings against the possible money laundering and terrorist financing caused by the use of bitcoin. In the report released at the end of 2013, the European Banking authority (EBA) warned consumers of many risks of virtual currency, such as exchange loss, e-wallet theft, unprotected payment, price fluctuation and so on. Although Spain did not have a similar risk warning, it issued a timely information announcement related to virtual currency
(2) supervision and registration license
generally speaking, international organizations believe that the supervision of virtual currency should find a balance between risk prevention and innovation promotion. Since 2012, Sweden has required transactions related to virtual currency to be registered with financial regulators. Other countries pay attention to qualification supervision, so as to make it indirectly meet the requirements of prudential supervision. In other countries, the regulation mainly focuses on the business model of virtual currency transaction. The financial prudential regulatory authority of France regards the provision of bitcoin circulation and trading services and the act of earning funds in the process as a payment service and requires the authorization of the government. In addition, some countries focus on the intermediary institutions related to virtual currency. The German federal financial regulatory agency and Danish regulators believe that the provision of intermediary services for virtual currency needs to be authorized< (3) legislative norms
at present, some countries have proposed legislation to regulate virtual currency transactions. Canada plans to legislate to allow the government to supervise the transaction of bitcoin, and to include the transaction of more than US $10000 into the scope of suspicious supervision. The United States hopes to adjust the relevant legal structure should be compared with the development of the special currency. In order to make the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) applicable in the context of network, the financial crime enforcement network (FinCEN) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued the explanatory guidance on the behavior and subject definition of private generation, holding, distribution, trading, acceptance and transmission of virtual currency in 2013. The European central bank stressed that it should strengthen international cooperation under the existing legal framework, and regulate virtual currency from the European and global level under the existing legal framework. More countries believe that bitcoin is not a currency in circulation, has no legal status, and does not meet the definition of financial instruments, such as Finland, Sweden, Malaysia and Indonesia
(4) it is forbidden
in some countries, bitcoin related transactions are prohibited. In December 2013, the people's Bank of China banned financial institutions from trading in bitcoin, which was subsequently extended to payment service providers. The central banks of Thailand and Indonesia share the same attitude. The circulation of anonymous internet currency (including bitcoin) is prohibited by the Russian judicial inspection department as a substitute for currency. The Central Bank of Russia has earlier included the provision of bitcoin services in the scope of suspicious transaction monitoring. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has banned the issue of unregistered shares in exchange for bitcoin, and unregistered online securities trading activities in virtual currency.
secondly, if rights are protected within the territory of our country, according to our legal system, legal liability can be divided into criminal liability, civil liability and administrative liability. In China, the issuance and financing of virtual currency is prohibited, and there is no relevant regulatory agency, so investors can only investigate the criminal and civil liabilities of the corresponding parties
1. Criminal responsibility
however, assuming that there are some cases that may involve criminal crimes, such as online breaking or even later returning to zero, futures trading being manipulated by the platform, and in line with the provisions on jurisdiction in China's criminal law, the corresponding legal provisions should be applied in combination with their criminal acts< According to the provisions of articles 6 to 9 of the criminal law on the principle of criminal jurisdiction, China's criminal jurisdiction can be divided into the following four categories:
(1) territorial principle: if one of the acts or results of a crime occurs within the territory of the people's Republic of China (including ships or aircraft), China's criminal jurisdiction shall apply unless otherwise specified by law< (2) principle of person: if a citizen of our country commits a crime stipulated in this law outside the territory of the people's Republic of China, the criminal law of our country shall apply. However, if the maximum penalty stipulated in this law is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, he may not be investigated. The criminal law of the people's Republic of China shall apply to any state functionary or serviceman who commits any crime specified in this law outside the territory of the people's Republic of China< (3) principle of protection: If foreigners commit crimes against our country or citizens outside the territory of the people's Republic of China and the minimum penalty prescribed in this law is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years, the criminal law of our country can be applied, except those who are not punished according to the law of the place where the crime is committed< (4) general principle: This Law shall apply to crimes stipulated in international treaties concluded or acceded to by the people's Republic of China over which the people's Republic of China exercises criminal jurisdiction within the scope of its treaty obligations
for example, there are illegal means in breaking and manipulating the price of virtual currency in the exchange when it goes online. Although virtual currency does not belong to the category of securities recognized by our country, making profits through this illegal way may also violate the charges of illegal sale of token bills, illegal issuance of securities, illegal fund-raising and financial fraud in our criminal law, Then investors can take measures to protect their rights in China, such as reporting to the public security organs
2. Civil liability
in civil and commercial activities, we mainly follow the principles of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith. With the development of China's securities market, there are many civil cases in which investors defend their rights to A-share companies. However, because China has not yet included virtual currency into the scope of securities, there is no case of civil liability for manipulating the price of virtual currency, Therefore, it is difficult for investors to protect their rights through civil litigation
in addition, based on the relativity of civil legal relationship, even if the underlying assets and projects of overseas ic0 projects are in China, most of them have built overseas structures, so it is difficult for investors to break through the relative relationship and recover the actual project subject responsibility of ic0.