Blockchain technology and ico
Publish: 2021-04-09 05:12:09
1. bitcoin is a kind of virtual digital currency proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. It is characterized by no centralized issuing institution and a fixed total of 21 million pieces. It is not a one-time issue and needs to be proced by miners. Due to the decentralized structure, trust needs to rely on cryptography and consensus mechanism technology to achieve
blockchain is a general technology derived from bitcoin. It implements a decentralized database model. Bitcoin can be called blockchain 1.0 because it has no concept of smart contract. The key technologies of blockchain include cryptography encryption and decryption and consensus mechanism. Blockchain is generally used to combine with specific business logic, which needs to rely on smart contract, which provides an execution mode free from human interference
the IPO of ICO originates from the concept of initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market. It is the behavior of blockchain project to issue token for the first time, raise bitcoin and solve Ethereum and other common digital currencies.
blockchain is a general technology derived from bitcoin. It implements a decentralized database model. Bitcoin can be called blockchain 1.0 because it has no concept of smart contract. The key technologies of blockchain include cryptography encryption and decryption and consensus mechanism. Blockchain is generally used to combine with specific business logic, which needs to rely on smart contract, which provides an execution mode free from human interference
the IPO of ICO originates from the concept of initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market. It is the behavior of blockchain project to issue token for the first time, raise bitcoin and solve Ethereum and other common digital currencies.
2. ICO is very similar to IPO in form and final result
IPO is the initial public offering of a company. After IPO, the company can go to the securities exchange market for listing. Of course, there are various regulatory enforcement before and after the IPO, and the whole process is completed in reality
the difference of ICO is that the public offering party can be an indivial, a company, a community, or an institution. After the offering, it is listed and traded on the online virtual currency trading platform, such as smart star Witkey, XX eight, XX one proct, etc. the whole process is completed on the Internet
virtual currencies, such as bitcoin and Ethereum, have become fixed currency in circulation on the Internet, such as the US dollar in the real world. Most of the ICO process is not the project party selling its own equity, it should be said that it is the right to use, that is, the expected qualification of the future value of the proct
resources ICO internet post bar
IPO is the initial public offering of a company. After IPO, the company can go to the securities exchange market for listing. Of course, there are various regulatory enforcement before and after the IPO, and the whole process is completed in reality
the difference of ICO is that the public offering party can be an indivial, a company, a community, or an institution. After the offering, it is listed and traded on the online virtual currency trading platform, such as smart star Witkey, XX eight, XX one proct, etc. the whole process is completed on the Internet
virtual currencies, such as bitcoin and Ethereum, have become fixed currency in circulation on the Internet, such as the US dollar in the real world. Most of the ICO process is not the project party selling its own equity, it should be said that it is the right to use, that is, the expected qualification of the future value of the proct
resources ICO internet post bar
3. Bitcoin virtual currency was invented by Nakamoto (alias) in 2009
the underlying technology of blockchain bitcoin is actually that it supports the stability of bitcoin in the past eight years. You can understand it as a subversive accounting method or database, and the core is decentralization
ICO, which is essentially blockchain crowdfunding. If an enterprise does ICO, you can understand it as IPO, But the financing is not money, but virtual currency, such as 3000 bitcoins. Of course, you can choose to sell it in any country in exchange for the legal tender of a country
the underlying technology of blockchain bitcoin is actually that it supports the stability of bitcoin in the past eight years. You can understand it as a subversive accounting method or database, and the core is decentralization
ICO, which is essentially blockchain crowdfunding. If an enterprise does ICO, you can understand it as IPO, But the financing is not money, but virtual currency, such as 3000 bitcoins. Of course, you can choose to sell it in any country in exchange for the legal tender of a country
4. Blockchain is technology, bitcoin is digital currency or electronic currency based on blockchain technology, and blockchain technology is the basic technology of all digital currencies. The two are complementary. ICO is the first time to issue currency, which is similar to IPO in stocks
5. Virtual currency is a kind of blockchain technology. Some countries are legal, such as Japan, Russia, South Korea, etc. 66otc is currently the most fluent, reliable and best used OTC platform
6. Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. Blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. There are more and more applications of blockchain, but the main application is bitcoin. After all, it can make money by investment. If you are interested, you might as well open an account number at the okex bitcoin exchange.
7. I went to the fire coin college to have a look. Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of bitcoin. In the early days, not many people paid attention to the underlying technology of bitcoin. However, bitcoin has been running stably for many years without any centralized organization operation and management, and there have been no problems. So it was noticed by a lot of people.
8. 1、 Basic training
from the psychological characteristics of different ages of primary school students, the basic requirements of oral arithmetic are different. Low and middle grade students mainly add one or two digits. It is better for senior students to take the one digit by two digit mental arithmetic as the basic training. The specific requirement of oral arithmetic is to multiply the number of one digit and the number of ten digits of two digits, and then add the proct of multiplying the number of one digit and the number of one digit of two digits to the three digits, and quickly say the result. In primary school, this training is a sublimation training of abstract thinking of numbers. It is very beneficial to promote the development of thinking and intelligence. This exercise can be arranged in two periods. One is to read in the morning, the other is to arrange a group at the end of homework. Each group is divided as follows: one digit is optional, corresponding to the number of one digit or ten digit in two digits. There are 18 questions in each group. Let the students write the formula first, then write the number directly after several times of oral calculation. In this way, after a period of time (generally 2-3 months), the speed and accuracy of oral calculation will be greatly improved< Second, the main form of the number of senior primary school students has changed from integer to score. In the operation of numbers, the addition of different denominators is the most time-consuming and error prone place for students, and it is also the key and difficult point of teaching and learning. How to overcome this key and difficult point? It is proved that it is correct to put the oral calculation of fraction operation on the addition of fractions with different denominators. Through analysis and inction, there are only three cases of different denominator addition (subtraction) method, and each case has its oral arithmetic law. As long as students master it, the problem will be solved
1. For two fractions, the large number in the denominator is the multiple of the decimal
for example, "1 / 12 + 1 / 3", in this case, oral arithmetic is relatively easy. The method is: the big denominator is the common denominator of two denominators. As long as the small denominator is expanded by multiple, until it is the same as the big number, the denominator is expanded by several times, and the numerator is also expanded by the same multiple, We can add the fractions with the same denominator for oral calculation: 1 / 12 + 1 / 3 = 1 / 12 + 4 / 12 = 5 / 12
2. The denominator of two fractions is coprime. This kind of situation is more difficult in form, and students are also the most headache, but it can be changed from difficult to easy: after it is divided, the common denominator is the proct of two denominators, and the numerator is the sum of the proct of the numerator of each fraction and the other denominator (if it is subtraction, it is the difference of the two procts), such as 2 / 7 + 3 / 13. The oral calculation process is: the common denominator is 7 × 13 = 91, molecule 26 (2 × 13)＋21(7 × 3) = 47, the result is 47 / 91
if the molecules of both fractions are 1, the oral calculation is faster. For example, "1 / 7 + 1 / 9", the denominator is the proct of two denominators (63), and the numerator is the sum of two denominators (16)
3. Two fractions and two denominators are neither coprime numbers nor multiples of decimals. In this case, we usually use the short division method to get the common denominator. In fact, we can also calculate the general score directly in the formula and get the result quickly. The common denominator can be obtained by enlarging the large number in the denominator. The specific method is: to double the large denominator (large number) until it is a multiple of another denominator decimal. For example, 1 / 8 + 3 / 10 expands the large number 10, 2 times, 3 times and 4 times, and compares it with the decimal 8 every time to see if it is a multiple of 8. When it is expanded to 4 times, it is a multiple of 8 (5 times), then the common denominator is 40, and the numerator is expanded by the corresponding multiple and then added (5 + 12 = 17), and the number is 17 / 40
the above three cases are also applicable to the addition and subtraction method with score< Thirdly, the content of memory training is extensive, comprehensive and comprehensive. Some common operations are often encountered in real life. Some of these operations have no specific rules of oral arithmetic and must be solved by strengthening memory training. The main contents are as follows:
1
2. The proct of the approximate value of PI 3.14 with one digit and with several common numbers 12, 15, 16 and 25
3. The denominator is the decimal value of the simplest fraction of 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 and 25, that is, the interaction between these fractions and decimals
the results of the above numbers, whether in daily work or in real life, are used very frequently. After mastering and remembering them, they can be transformed into abilities and proce high efficiency in calculation< Four, regular training
1. There are mainly five laws in this aspect: commutative law and associative law of addition; Commutative law, associative law and distributive law of multiplication. Among them, the multiplication distribution law is widely used and has many forms, including positive use and negative use, and the forms of integer, decimal and fraction. In the multiplication of fractions and integers, students often ignore the application of the law of distribution of multiplication, which makes the calculation complicated. Such as 2000 / 16 × 8, using the law of multiplicative distribution, the result is 1001.5, but using the general method of false fraction is time-consuming and easy to make mistakes. In addition, there are subtraction properties and quotient invariant properties< 2. Regular training. It is mainly the oral calculation method (strategy) of the square result of the two digit number of 5
3. Master some special cases. For example, in fractional subtraction, if the numerator is not enough to be subtracted after general division, and the numerator subtracted is usually larger than the numerator subtracted by 1, 2, 3 and other smaller numbers, no matter how big the denominator is, it can be directly calculated orally. For example, the difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 is only 1. The difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 must be 1 less than the denominator. The result is 6 / 7 without calculation. Another example is: 194 / 99-97 / 99, if the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, and the result is 97 / 99. When the subtracted molecule is larger than the subtracted molecule by 3, 4, 5 and other smaller numbers, the result can be quickly calculated orally. Another example is the mental calculation of the proct of any two digit number and 1.5, which is two digits plus half of it< 5. Comprehensive training
1
2< 3. Comprehensive training of four mixed operation sequences
comprehensive training is concive to the improvement of judgment ability, reaction speed and the consolidation of oral arithmetic
of course, in order to make students master the above situations, teachers should first use them skillfully, so that they can be handy in guiding and improve the effect. At the same time, the training should be carried out persistently. It is difficult to achieve the expected effect to catch fish in three days and dry the net in two days.
from the psychological characteristics of different ages of primary school students, the basic requirements of oral arithmetic are different. Low and middle grade students mainly add one or two digits. It is better for senior students to take the one digit by two digit mental arithmetic as the basic training. The specific requirement of oral arithmetic is to multiply the number of one digit and the number of ten digits of two digits, and then add the proct of multiplying the number of one digit and the number of one digit of two digits to the three digits, and quickly say the result. In primary school, this training is a sublimation training of abstract thinking of numbers. It is very beneficial to promote the development of thinking and intelligence. This exercise can be arranged in two periods. One is to read in the morning, the other is to arrange a group at the end of homework. Each group is divided as follows: one digit is optional, corresponding to the number of one digit or ten digit in two digits. There are 18 questions in each group. Let the students write the formula first, then write the number directly after several times of oral calculation. In this way, after a period of time (generally 2-3 months), the speed and accuracy of oral calculation will be greatly improved< Second, the main form of the number of senior primary school students has changed from integer to score. In the operation of numbers, the addition of different denominators is the most time-consuming and error prone place for students, and it is also the key and difficult point of teaching and learning. How to overcome this key and difficult point? It is proved that it is correct to put the oral calculation of fraction operation on the addition of fractions with different denominators. Through analysis and inction, there are only three cases of different denominator addition (subtraction) method, and each case has its oral arithmetic law. As long as students master it, the problem will be solved
1. For two fractions, the large number in the denominator is the multiple of the decimal
for example, "1 / 12 + 1 / 3", in this case, oral arithmetic is relatively easy. The method is: the big denominator is the common denominator of two denominators. As long as the small denominator is expanded by multiple, until it is the same as the big number, the denominator is expanded by several times, and the numerator is also expanded by the same multiple, We can add the fractions with the same denominator for oral calculation: 1 / 12 + 1 / 3 = 1 / 12 + 4 / 12 = 5 / 12
2. The denominator of two fractions is coprime. This kind of situation is more difficult in form, and students are also the most headache, but it can be changed from difficult to easy: after it is divided, the common denominator is the proct of two denominators, and the numerator is the sum of the proct of the numerator of each fraction and the other denominator (if it is subtraction, it is the difference of the two procts), such as 2 / 7 + 3 / 13. The oral calculation process is: the common denominator is 7 × 13 = 91, molecule 26 (2 × 13)＋21(7 × 3) = 47, the result is 47 / 91
if the molecules of both fractions are 1, the oral calculation is faster. For example, "1 / 7 + 1 / 9", the denominator is the proct of two denominators (63), and the numerator is the sum of two denominators (16)
3. Two fractions and two denominators are neither coprime numbers nor multiples of decimals. In this case, we usually use the short division method to get the common denominator. In fact, we can also calculate the general score directly in the formula and get the result quickly. The common denominator can be obtained by enlarging the large number in the denominator. The specific method is: to double the large denominator (large number) until it is a multiple of another denominator decimal. For example, 1 / 8 + 3 / 10 expands the large number 10, 2 times, 3 times and 4 times, and compares it with the decimal 8 every time to see if it is a multiple of 8. When it is expanded to 4 times, it is a multiple of 8 (5 times), then the common denominator is 40, and the numerator is expanded by the corresponding multiple and then added (5 + 12 = 17), and the number is 17 / 40
the above three cases are also applicable to the addition and subtraction method with score< Thirdly, the content of memory training is extensive, comprehensive and comprehensive. Some common operations are often encountered in real life. Some of these operations have no specific rules of oral arithmetic and must be solved by strengthening memory training. The main contents are as follows:
1
2. The proct of the approximate value of PI 3.14 with one digit and with several common numbers 12, 15, 16 and 25
3. The denominator is the decimal value of the simplest fraction of 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 and 25, that is, the interaction between these fractions and decimals
the results of the above numbers, whether in daily work or in real life, are used very frequently. After mastering and remembering them, they can be transformed into abilities and proce high efficiency in calculation< Four, regular training
1. There are mainly five laws in this aspect: commutative law and associative law of addition; Commutative law, associative law and distributive law of multiplication. Among them, the multiplication distribution law is widely used and has many forms, including positive use and negative use, and the forms of integer, decimal and fraction. In the multiplication of fractions and integers, students often ignore the application of the law of distribution of multiplication, which makes the calculation complicated. Such as 2000 / 16 × 8, using the law of multiplicative distribution, the result is 1001.5, but using the general method of false fraction is time-consuming and easy to make mistakes. In addition, there are subtraction properties and quotient invariant properties< 2. Regular training. It is mainly the oral calculation method (strategy) of the square result of the two digit number of 5
3. Master some special cases. For example, in fractional subtraction, if the numerator is not enough to be subtracted after general division, and the numerator subtracted is usually larger than the numerator subtracted by 1, 2, 3 and other smaller numbers, no matter how big the denominator is, it can be directly calculated orally. For example, the difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 is only 1. The difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 must be 1 less than the denominator. The result is 6 / 7 without calculation. Another example is: 194 / 99-97 / 99, if the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, and the result is 97 / 99. When the subtracted molecule is larger than the subtracted molecule by 3, 4, 5 and other smaller numbers, the result can be quickly calculated orally. Another example is the mental calculation of the proct of any two digit number and 1.5, which is two digits plus half of it< 5. Comprehensive training
1
2< 3. Comprehensive training of four mixed operation sequences
comprehensive training is concive to the improvement of judgment ability, reaction speed and the consolidation of oral arithmetic
of course, in order to make students master the above situations, teachers should first use them skillfully, so that they can be handy in guiding and improve the effect. At the same time, the training should be carried out persistently. It is difficult to achieve the expected effect to catch fish in three days and dry the net in two days.
9. Jingdong has a large share of revenue, and the price is generally higher than that of Taobao tmall. The price of some graphics cards can be as low as two or three thousand, and the quality is the same
the quality of Weigang is OK, and it is a first-line manufacturer with Kingston
MgO is a memory foundry, which can proce its own granules. Some of Kingston Viagra also use MgO's memory granules, but MgO's memory is not recommended to buy. It is used by others. Although the price is cheap, the quality is not high.
the quality of Weigang is OK, and it is a first-line manufacturer with Kingston
MgO is a memory foundry, which can proce its own granules. Some of Kingston Viagra also use MgO's memory granules, but MgO's memory is not recommended to buy. It is used by others. Although the price is cheap, the quality is not high.
10. He once bought his first miner for 5000 yuan and g out three bitcoins to earn the first bucket of gold; He once "got off the bus" because of the collapse of currency value, and his five-year "currency speculation" course was full of ups and downs; He is the "old leek" of the coin circle
in the evening of March 18, according to the reporter, he recalled his mental journey since he came into contact with various virtual currencies. In his view, some projects that have nothing to do with blockchain technology and virtual currency use the concept of blockchain to confuse the ecosystem of the coin circle and chain circle with the help of some big names' false endorsements. In addition, at present, the quality of investors in the market is uneven, many people blindly enter, "only people who have a clear view of the logic have the opportunity, if nothing blindly enter, you must be cut leeks."
many people buy money with the mentality of "frying garlic"
"at the beginning, I just thought it was cool and stylish, and it was really a dazzling thing to generate data with my own computing power." In April 2013, the price of bitcoin was still between 700 yuan and 800 yuan. Only a few geeks noticed this new thing and used computer programs to mine bitcoin
"at that time, I knew that bitcoin was an encrypted currency, which was obtained through mining mode, but I didn't know the internal logic." At that time (2013), bitcoin's capital recovery was very fast, about two months, "there are 8000 yuan mining machines on the market."
after bitcoin, various new virtual currencies, such as litecoin and namecoin, were called "Shanzhai coin" by geeks at that time. Different from the "believers" who began to study in the currency circle a few years ago, until the middle of 2017, they felt that this "fire" was graally burning to ordinary investors
in 2017, ICO (first token issue) became very popular relying on the concepts of "blockchain" and "smart contract". However, only by publishing a "white paper" through a few people's team, even without a white paper, we can start financing activities, and this way also makes the legitimacy of ICO controversial. In September last year, the central bank and other seven departments gave a clear definition of ICO and stopped all kinds of token financing activities
however, after the ban of ICO, a new way of playing the coin circle, IFO, has sprung up. The so-called IFO is based on bitcoin, Ethereum and other mainstream currencies, which has become a new means of virtual currency financing
at the same time, there are also many projects to get money by pulling people, building groups and registering. This is not a "coin circle" project in the strict sense, but a deception in the guise of ICO
"a lot of people buy money with the mentality of" speculating in stocks "," speculating in garlic "and" speculating in soybeans. " As an "old leek", it is said that many friends will show him the white paper of the project, but the quality of some white papers is just like the PPT level of primary school
investors in the currency circle are now polarized
the Five-Year "currency speculation" road is not smooth, and they once "got off the bus" because of losses. He said that many people come in because they make fast money and exit because of the decline of currency value. People who get money in the currency circle can stand loneliness“ Some big men have spare money in their hands. Compared with ordinary investors, they have stronger ability to resist risks and are more aware of the development trend of the chain and currency circles. Therefore, their index for judging the value of the currency may not be a big drop or a big rise at a certain stage. Even when the value of the currency is at the bottom, they can hold it. " Shen Xiaofeng said
in 2013, I was also a "speculator" after entering the currency circle. At that time, there were very few applications. However, with the development of underlying technology blockchain, I have a deeper understanding of technology and underlying logic. Five years later, I even regard the investment in virtual currency as a long-term investment
"not everyone can earn the money. Only those who have a clear understanding of the logic have the opportunity. If you enter blindly without anything, you must be cut leeks." Shen Xiaofeng said frankly that 99% of the people come in because of the money making effect, but they are often "unable to bear" because of the sharp drop
in addition to some investors who hold a wait-and-see attitude, there is a polarization in the currency circle at present, "real believers study the underlying technology and internal logic, and hold one or two currencies for a long time to wait for appreciation; And more people join many groups with a kind of hustle and bustle mentality, and always worry about the rise and fall of currency value. "
I would like to remind you that the real qualified ICO projects will not promise how much the currency value will rise, but make a special statement on the emphasis of risk. Only some pyramid selling currencies with bright coat will blindly emphasize the appreciation of the currency value. Everyone wants to make money, but the money they want to make is money that can be understood. After deeply understanding the meaning of blockchain, they can enter!
in the evening of March 18, according to the reporter, he recalled his mental journey since he came into contact with various virtual currencies. In his view, some projects that have nothing to do with blockchain technology and virtual currency use the concept of blockchain to confuse the ecosystem of the coin circle and chain circle with the help of some big names' false endorsements. In addition, at present, the quality of investors in the market is uneven, many people blindly enter, "only people who have a clear view of the logic have the opportunity, if nothing blindly enter, you must be cut leeks."
many people buy money with the mentality of "frying garlic"
"at the beginning, I just thought it was cool and stylish, and it was really a dazzling thing to generate data with my own computing power." In April 2013, the price of bitcoin was still between 700 yuan and 800 yuan. Only a few geeks noticed this new thing and used computer programs to mine bitcoin
"at that time, I knew that bitcoin was an encrypted currency, which was obtained through mining mode, but I didn't know the internal logic." At that time (2013), bitcoin's capital recovery was very fast, about two months, "there are 8000 yuan mining machines on the market."
after bitcoin, various new virtual currencies, such as litecoin and namecoin, were called "Shanzhai coin" by geeks at that time. Different from the "believers" who began to study in the currency circle a few years ago, until the middle of 2017, they felt that this "fire" was graally burning to ordinary investors
in 2017, ICO (first token issue) became very popular relying on the concepts of "blockchain" and "smart contract". However, only by publishing a "white paper" through a few people's team, even without a white paper, we can start financing activities, and this way also makes the legitimacy of ICO controversial. In September last year, the central bank and other seven departments gave a clear definition of ICO and stopped all kinds of token financing activities
however, after the ban of ICO, a new way of playing the coin circle, IFO, has sprung up. The so-called IFO is based on bitcoin, Ethereum and other mainstream currencies, which has become a new means of virtual currency financing
at the same time, there are also many projects to get money by pulling people, building groups and registering. This is not a "coin circle" project in the strict sense, but a deception in the guise of ICO
"a lot of people buy money with the mentality of" speculating in stocks "," speculating in garlic "and" speculating in soybeans. " As an "old leek", it is said that many friends will show him the white paper of the project, but the quality of some white papers is just like the PPT level of primary school
investors in the currency circle are now polarized
the Five-Year "currency speculation" road is not smooth, and they once "got off the bus" because of losses. He said that many people come in because they make fast money and exit because of the decline of currency value. People who get money in the currency circle can stand loneliness“ Some big men have spare money in their hands. Compared with ordinary investors, they have stronger ability to resist risks and are more aware of the development trend of the chain and currency circles. Therefore, their index for judging the value of the currency may not be a big drop or a big rise at a certain stage. Even when the value of the currency is at the bottom, they can hold it. " Shen Xiaofeng said
in 2013, I was also a "speculator" after entering the currency circle. At that time, there were very few applications. However, with the development of underlying technology blockchain, I have a deeper understanding of technology and underlying logic. Five years later, I even regard the investment in virtual currency as a long-term investment
"not everyone can earn the money. Only those who have a clear understanding of the logic have the opportunity. If you enter blindly without anything, you must be cut leeks." Shen Xiaofeng said frankly that 99% of the people come in because of the money making effect, but they are often "unable to bear" because of the sharp drop
in addition to some investors who hold a wait-and-see attitude, there is a polarization in the currency circle at present, "real believers study the underlying technology and internal logic, and hold one or two currencies for a long time to wait for appreciation; And more people join many groups with a kind of hustle and bustle mentality, and always worry about the rise and fall of currency value. "
I would like to remind you that the real qualified ICO projects will not promise how much the currency value will rise, but make a special statement on the emphasis of risk. Only some pyramid selling currencies with bright coat will blindly emphasize the appreciation of the currency value. Everyone wants to make money, but the money they want to make is money that can be understood. After deeply understanding the meaning of blockchain, they can enter!
Hot content