Can circulation means be virtual currency
What are the advantages of bitcoin
freedom of payment - you can pay and receive any amount of money anytime and anywhere. No bank holidays, no borders, no imposed restrictions. Bitcoin allows its users full control of their funds
very low fee - at present, there is no or very little fee for the processing of bitcoin payment. The user can include the service charge in the transaction to obtain the processing priority and receive the transaction confirmation from the network faster. In addition, there are also merchant processors to assist merchants in processing transactions, converting bitcoin into legal tender every day and depositing the funds directly into the merchant's bank account. Because these services are all based on bitcoin, they can offer much lower fees than paypal or credit card networks
rece business risk - bitcoin transactions are secure, irreversible, and do not contain customers' sensitive or personal information. This avoids the loss of merchants e to fraud or fraulent chargeback, and there is no need to comply with PCI standards. Where credit cards are not available or where fraud rates are unacceptably high, businesses can easily expand into new markets. The end result is lower costs, larger markets, and less administrative costs
Security and control - bitcoin users have complete control over their own transactions; It is impossible for businesses to impose fees that may occur in other payment methods that should not be or are not easy to find. Payment with bitcoin can avoid binding personal information in the transaction, which provides great protection against identity theft. Users of bitcoin can also protect their funds through backup and encryption
transparent and neutral - all information about the bitcoin funding itself is stored in the block chain and can be verified and used by anyone in real time. No indivial or organization can control or manipulate the bitcoin protocol because it is password protected. This makes the bitcoin core believed to be completely neutral, transparent and predictable
in addition to bitcoin, the more popular virtual currencies are Wright coin, Fuyuan coin, Ruibo coin, dog coin, etc.
the European Banking authority defines virtual currency as a digital representation of value, which is not issued by central banks or authorities, nor linked to legal currency. However, because it is accepted by the public, it can be used as a means of payment, or transferred, stored or traded electronically
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(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
Strategic vision of talent cultivation
in the next 15 years, we will always maintain a world-class talent team that is good at large-scale hydropower project construction and power operation, and can lead the comprehensive development and utilization of the Yangtze River Basin, build a domestic first-class talent team with comparative advantages in the field of clean energy, and form a good environment for the common development of people and enterprises
talent cultivation concept and guiding ideology
establish the talent concept of pursuing first-class, paying attention to responsibility, encouraging innovation and achieving transcendence, take the scientific outlook on development as the guidance, take the development strategy of the head office as the basis, take solving the talent problems faced by the head office ring the strategic transformation period as the priority, focus on building the core and backbone talent team, and optimize the talent structure as the main line, We should focus on cultivating our own talents, appropriately introce high-end talents in urgent need, and form a talent management system that is compatible with the development strategy of the head office and with the group management, so as to make the overall strength and use efficiency of the talent team reach the level of world-class enterprises
talent training planning objective
1. Total amount objective. On the premise that the total number of basic talents remains basically stable, we should improve the overall basic quality in the dynamic adjustment, and cultivate about 1800 core and backbone talents, including about 200 core talents and about 1600 backbone talents. 2. The goal of talent structure. We will continue to maintain the dominant position in the number of technical personnel for hydropower project development and power operation management, and increase the proportion of professionals in immigration management, new energy, investment and financing, marketing, law, environmental protection, and public relations management in an orderly manner. Among the core talents, about 30% are large-scale hydropower project development talents, about 25% are large-scale hydropower station operation talents, about 15% are specialized company operation talents, about 10% are comprehensive development and utilization talents in the Yangtze River Basin, and 5% are cascade dispatching talents, capital operation talents, new energy development talents and headquarters. The professional structure of basic talents meets the requirements
3. Capacity building objectives. The five core competitiveness have been significantly improved, including the ability to build and manage large-scale engineering projects, to operate and manage world-class clean energy power stations, to develop and utilize cascade large-scale water conservancy projects, to operate capital market investment and financing, and to comprehensively develop and utilize the Yangtze River Basin; The sense of internationalization and marketization of the decision-making and senior management personnel of the group company and its affiliated companies has been further enhanced, and the strategic decision-making ability, the ability to grasp the team and lead the team, the market judgment ability, the development and innovation ability, the operation and management ability and the ability to control complex situations have been significantly improved; The ability of professional and technical personnel to make plans and carry out experiments, the ability of cooperation, innovation, foreign language ability, learning ability in multi-disciplinary teams, and the ability to solve challenging professional and technical problems have been significantly enhanced, forming a group of core technologies with instry-leading and independent intellectual property rights, and building a high-level professional leading talent team; The ability of skilled personnel to master high and new technology and master applicable technology has been significantly enhanced; The professional dedication, learning ability, professional level and team cooperation consciousness of basic talents have been greatly improved
talent training plan
1. Implement the basic talent training plan. By holding the "Three Gorges class", we can recruit potential excellent college students in advance. Strengthen the basic training of new recruits according to the three-year period. 2. We will implement the plan to promote key talents. We will establish a training system for young backbone personnel, which will be carried out every two years. We will select management technical backbone personnel under the age of 35 for centralized training, so as to speed up the growth of young talents
3. Every year, combined with the assessment of "four good teams" and employee performance assessment, we select and establish a reserve talent team, strengthen the training on the post by handing over tasks and burden, and promote the growth of reserve talents and the formation of echelons through job rotation, temporary training and overseas training
staff training principles and management system
staff training adheres to the principle of training on demand and learning for application, implements the management system of "unified planning, centralized management, hierarchical responsibility, classified implementation and covering all staff", and graally forms a sound, efficient and complete training system of the head office, so as to improve the ability of employees, enhance the performance of the organization, and promote the operation and management The coordinated development of the three teams of professional technology and skills can meet the strategic needs of building an international first-class clean energy group and realize the common development of enterprises and indivials< The training management organization is divided into five levels, including the human resources department of the head office and the training center; All functional departments, engineering construction departments and affiliated companies of the head office; All project departments and branches; Business department, workshop; Division and team
staff training curriculum system
the staff training curriculum of the head office is divided into management courses, professional courses and skills courses. The management category includes: inction training courses for new employees, training courses for excellent employees in recent five years, training courses for general managers, training courses for newly promoted cadres, training courses for middle-level cadres (Level 6 and 7), training courses for reserve talents / cadres (Level 5 and 6), training courses for department heads and team members of their companies. Professional categories include: engineering technology, power proction, finance and law, human resources, safety and environmental protection immigration, strategic planning, information technology, ideological and political (Corporate Culture), marketing, skill service and other categories. Skills include: general skills, professional skills< The training center of China Three Gorges Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "training center") is located in the dam area of the Three Gorges project, which attracts worldwide attention. It is an ecational resource and training center of the development company of China Three Gorges Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "China Three Gorges Corporation") The base of engineering ecation resources and social ecation resources (referred to as "three kinds of ecation resources") is also an important carrier of "building dam to ecate people and repay society" of China Three Gorges Corporation. The training center was established in 1994. After more than ten years of hard work, it has become "National College Students' teaching practice and social practice base, staff training base of China Three Gorges Corporation, National Water Conservancy and hydropower engineer training base, post doctoral research workstation of China Three Gorges Corporation and correspondence Station of three Gorges University Training Center" (referred to as "three bases and two stations"), More than 50000 college students from nearly 100 universities in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been received to practice in the construction site of the Three Gorges project, and more than 10000 talents have been trained for China Three Gorges Corporation and the hydropower and water conservancy instry. At the same time, the training center also undertakes the organization and arrangement of various large-scale reception activities of China Three Gorges Corporation, with an annual reception of more than 5000 people
the training center is 5 km away from the Three Gorges water control project and is closely connected with the famous scenic spots such as Jiuwan River, Shennong River and Sixi river. The 28 km "Three Gorges special road" is connected with Yichang and has convenient transportation. It is an important platform for experts' investigation, students' teaching practice, social practice, professional training, and so on It is an ideal place for investigation and tourism
the training center is composed of Jiaoyuan building, Xueyuan building, Yixin building, Yihua building and Zuixian building, with a construction area of 27000 square meters, and can accommodate 550 people at the same time
in the future, the training center takes "building dams to ecate people and repay the society" as its service purpose, takes the development of "three kinds of ecation resources" as its starting point, and takes "three bases and two stations" as its link to strengthen the close cooperation between enterprises and all sectors of the society. It has become an important window for China Three Gorges Corporation to face the world and the society
It can be judged by the difference between the two
First, different concepts:1. Means of circulation:
also known as "means of purchase". Circulation means that money acts as a medium of exchange in commodity circulation to realize the value of commodities
2. Means of payment:
refers to the function that money is used to pay off debts, pay taxes, rents, wages, etc. This function is developed to meet the needs of the development of commodity proction and commodity exchange
Second, the background is different:1. Means of circulation:
after the emergence of money, money became the medium of commodity exchange
2. Means of payment:
appears with the emergence of credit sale, in which money is used to pay debts
extended data
both payment and exchange are the process of property transfer, and the characteristics of payment means are similar to transaction media, so currency is also the most common means of payment
when the credit buyer pays off the debt to the credit seller with money, the function of money is the means of payment. Generally speaking, in all the economic activities without commodities moving in the same direction at the same time and in the same place, what money performs is the function of means of payment
The means of circulation has the following characteristics:1. It must be a real currency rather than a conceptual currency, because it will change the holder
2. It can be a substitute for money, not necessarily a metal money, because the means of circulation is only a medium, fleeting
It can be varied, but not exclusive It has a necessary quantity, which is equal to the total commodity price divided by the speed of money circulation