Beijing virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-15 10:29:23
1. Qiu Hui, 27, used the convenience of working in an Internet company to unfreeze the account with virtual currency and sell it at a low price, making huge profits. The reporter learned today that the Beijing Second Intermediate People's Court of final appeal rejected Qiu Hui's appeal and upheld the court of first instance's sentence of four years' imprisonment for the crime of embezzlement
on November 1, 2005, Qiu Hui found that three of the company's online accounts with virtual currency were frozen, so he unfrozen the three accounts and bought all the company's game cards with the virtual currency of 1624 519 karat, worth more than 162000 yuan. Qiu Hui sold the game cards to others at a low price, making a profit of more than 150000 yuan. On June 28, 2006, when Qiu Hui was investigated by the company, he admitted most of the facts of the crime and returned 120000 yuan to the company. The rest of the money was wasted by Qiu Hui
after the trial and judgment of the court of first instance, Qiu Hui refused and appealed to the second intermediate people's court
after hearing, the second people's court held that Qiu Hui, as a manager of the company, took advantage of his position to embezzle the company's money, and the amount was huge. His behavior constituted the crime of embezzlement and should be punished according to law. The judgment of the first instance is correct and should be upheld< br /> http://www.fcx114.com/cxbg/7451.html
on November 1, 2005, Qiu Hui found that three of the company's online accounts with virtual currency were frozen, so he unfrozen the three accounts and bought all the company's game cards with the virtual currency of 1624 519 karat, worth more than 162000 yuan. Qiu Hui sold the game cards to others at a low price, making a profit of more than 150000 yuan. On June 28, 2006, when Qiu Hui was investigated by the company, he admitted most of the facts of the crime and returned 120000 yuan to the company. The rest of the money was wasted by Qiu Hui
after the trial and judgment of the court of first instance, Qiu Hui refused and appealed to the second intermediate people's court
after hearing, the second people's court held that Qiu Hui, as a manager of the company, took advantage of his position to embezzle the company's money, and the amount was huge. His behavior constituted the crime of embezzlement and should be punished according to law. The judgment of the first instance is correct and should be upheld< br /> http://www.fcx114.com/cxbg/7451.html
2. Brief introction: "Yuyan" forecast market is the first strategic project of bit-z ecological incubation. It is a "community forecast market" based on "Ethereum", aiming to build an unprecedented profitable global knowledge sharing community "Yu Yan" & Chen 208; App prediction fields are diverse, community ecosystem is perfect, and users rely on their judgment of the future to gain profits, glory and influence
legal representative: Lai Xianhui
time of establishment: March 1, 2017
registered capital: RMB 3 million
business registration number: 110105023031573
enterprise type: limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person)
address: a0907, 8th floor, No. 26, Chaoyang Men Wai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
legal representative: Lai Xianhui
time of establishment: March 1, 2017
registered capital: RMB 3 million
business registration number: 110105023031573
enterprise type: limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person)
address: a0907, 8th floor, No. 26, Chaoyang Men Wai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
3. 1、 Route: Light Textile City bus station (railway station) - 104 National Road - Xiaoshan - Qianjiang bridge - Huanglong tourism distribution center
2. Stops: old market, Xiaoma crossing, Kehua crossing, Qianqing, Yaqian, Yangxunqiao crossing, huamucheng, Binjiang campus, hupaolu zoo, yanggongdi, Shuguang Road, Huanglong tourism distribution center
Third, put the vehicle into operation. In the first phase, 10 high-end air-conditioned vehicles were put into use in Shaoxing County and Hangzhou
you can also take a bus from Keqiao to Hangzhou east bus station, and then take bus 317 to Binjiang
2. Stops: old market, Xiaoma crossing, Kehua crossing, Qianqing, Yaqian, Yangxunqiao crossing, huamucheng, Binjiang campus, hupaolu zoo, yanggongdi, Shuguang Road, Huanglong tourism distribution center
Third, put the vehicle into operation. In the first phase, 10 high-end air-conditioned vehicles were put into use in Shaoxing County and Hangzhou
you can also take a bus from Keqiao to Hangzhou east bus station, and then take bus 317 to Binjiang
4.
This is a Linux system IP address configuration command. The specific meaning is:
set the IP address of the system to 192.168.0.2; The subnet mask is 24, that is 255.255.255.0; The broadcast address is 192.168.0.255; The name of NIC device is eth0
all computers in the network must set a unique IP address to communicate normally. Because of this unique address, users can select the objects they need from thousands of computers efficiently and conveniently when they operate on networked computers
The IP address is just like our home address. If you want to write to a person, you need to know his or her address so that the postman can deliver the letter. A computer sending information is like a postman. It must know the only "home address" to avoid sending the letter to the wrong person. But our address is expressed in words, the address of the computer is expressed in binary numbers eth0 is the name set by the system for the network card. If there are al network cards or multiple network cards, there will be names like eth1 and eth2. The name can be set artificially. It is the unique name of the network card in the current computer system
5.
Beijing's Chaoyang District issued a document banning any venue from hosting virtual currency promotion activities, the daily said on August 23. Fengtai District Financial Office of the coordination section of the relevant people confirmed to the financial Associated Press, Beijing to the area of shopping malls, office buildings, hotels and other places, issued a red headed document, asked not to undertake any virtual currency promotion and propaganda activities“ According to the unified requirements of Beijing Municipality, all district financial offices have issued notices to relevant units and streets in the early stage
previously, it was reported that the office of the leading group for financial risk prevention and control in Chaoyang District issued a red headed document to the shopping malls, office buildings, hotels and other places under its jurisdiction, requiring that it should not undertake any virtual currency promotion and propaganda activities
The second type is the special currency issued by the portal website or instant messaging tool service provider to purchase the services in the website. The most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase membership, QQ show and other value-added services. There is no exchange relationship between these virtual currencies and legal currencies, and they can only be obtained and used in the online communitythe third kind of virtual currency on the Internet
such as bitcoin (BTC), Wright money (LTC), etc. bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Some people also translate bitcoin as "bitcoin", which is a kind of network virtual currency. It is mainly used for Internet financial investment, and can also be directly used in daily life as a new currency. These virtual currencies can be exchanged with legal tender, and can also be used to purchase virtual and real goods or services
6.
A new round of digital currency regulation may come. On August 22, it was reported that Chaoyang District of Beijing issued a red headed document, requiring it not to undertake any virtual currency promotion and propaganda activities
In this regard, Yin Zhentao, deputy director of the law and Finance Research Office of the Institute of finance, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said, "before some investors complained about virtual currency investment, some places have exploded relevant cases, and now targeted supervision has begun.". In addition, it is reported that the current regulatory authorities are resolute and plan to include some key blockchains and virtual currency we media into the scope of regulatory remediation, and the possibility of launching a package of attacks is not ruled out7. 1. Technical support of borderless system
1) efficient and scalable performance
borderless system realizes over 100000 times / s batch transfer
high performance blockchain technology is necessary for cryptocurrency and smart contract platform, and can provide a solution that may replace the existing financial platform for the instry. In order to be able to process more transactions per second than visa and MasterCard, unbounded redesign starts from the bottom. Through the share authorization mechanism, the unbounded network can confirm more than 100000 transfer transactions in an average of one second
overview of borderless system architecture. The Lmax can process up to 6 million transactions per second. The key point of unbounded learning from its technology, As follows:
A) put everything in memory
b) put the core business logic in a single thread
C) put the encryption algorithm operation (hash and signature) outside the core business logic
d) divide the verification operation into state independent and state dependent checking
e) use an object-oriented data model
by following these simple rules, Unbounded can process 100000 transfers per second without disruptive optimization. If there is further optimization work, unbounded can achieve the performance similar to that of Lmax exchange (i.e. 6 million times per second). It should be noted that unbounded performance is highly dependent on one of the compatible transaction protocols. If you want to use business logic to run on a virtual machine that operates encryption algorithm and calls all objects with hash identifier, it is impossible to achieve the same level of performance. Blockchain is inherently single threaded, and the performance of single core CPU is one of the most scarce and difficult to expand. Unbounded technical logic can make the single thread execution highly efficient
endorsement of core business of borderless system
blockchain is a global account book that determines to modify a shared global state transaction. The orders contained in these transactions can change the validity of other transactions. For example, you cannot withdraw money from your bank account before the deposit of your check takes effect. You can't know if a transaction is valid until all previous transactions that can affect a particular account are processed. If two unrelated accounts do not share any common dependency, theoretically, the transactions between the two accounts can be processed at the same time. In fact, it's tricky to identify which transactions are truly independent on a smart contract driven ledger with arbitration conditions. The only way to ensure that the two transactions are truly independent is by maintaining a completely separate ledger and then transferring value between them on a regular basis. If we want to use this kind of performance tradeoff to compare, it can be like the relationship between non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and uniform memory access (UMA). In fact, the consistent memory access architecture is easier for developers to design, and the cost is lower. Inconsistent memory access architecture is usually used as a last resort when building supercomputers and large computer clusters. The computer instry has graally realized that it is not as easy to achieve performance expansion through parallel computing as it was in the early days. After all, the most important thing to do at that time was to increase the frequency of the processor. It is for this reason that processor designers are trying to improve the performance of single thread before trying to use multi thread settings. When multithreading is not enough, and only in this way, cluster computing will be considered
many people in the cryptocurrency instry try to solve the problem of scalability by cluster computing before exploring what can be achieved by a single core of a computer technically
2) Lmax disruptor decomposer technology
Lmax decomposer provides a learning example of what can be achieved on a single thread. Lmax is a trading platform for end customers with the goal of becoming the fastest exchange in the world. They have been very generous in publishing what they have learned<
overview of Lmax architecture:
business logic processor is where all sequential transactions and order matching occur. It is a single thread that can process millions of orders per second. This architecture can be easily used in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain design. The role of the input resolver is to collect orders from many users from different sources and assign them to a certain order. When the order is assigned to them, they are copied, recorded and broadcast to many rendant business logic processors. The input resolver is highly parallel and can be easily sub contracted into a computer cluster system. When the business logic processor has finished processing the input, an output resolver is responsible for informing those who care about the result. This is also a highly parallel task. Finally, by using a single threaded sample processor and Java virtual machine in the business logic processor, Lmax can execute 6 million transactions per second. If Lmax can achieve this goal, then cryptocurrency and smart contract platform do not need to consider the cluster network solution under the condition of less than 10 transactions per second. High performance blockchain
to build a high-performance blockchain, we need to use the same technology as Lmax. Here are a few things that must be done: put everything in memory, avoid synchronization primitives (locking, atomic operations), and avoid unnecessary calculations on business logic processors. Because memory is designed to be highly parallel, it's getting cheaper. The amount of data needed to track everyone's account balance and permissions on the Internet can be stored in less than 1TB of ram, which can be purchased for less than $15000, and can be installed on the commercialized (high-end) server motherboard. Before the system was adopted by 3 billion people, this kind of hardware would be seen in ordinary desktop computers. The real bottleneck is not the demand of memory capacity, but the demand of bandwidth. In the case of 1 million transactions per second and 256 bytes per transaction, the network will need 256MB of data per second, that is, 1GBIT / s bandwidth. Such bandwidth is not common on ordinary desktop computers. However, such bandwidth is only a little bit of the 100Gbit / s bandwidth of the second generation Internet. The second-generation Internet is available to more than 210 U.S. ecational institutions, 70 companies and 45 non-profit and government agencies
in other words, blockchain technology can easily keep everything in memory, and if properly designed, it can be extended to support millions of transfers per second
3) allocate ID and avoid hash calculation
in a single threaded system, processor cycle is a scarce resource that needs to be reserved. Traditional blockchain design uses hash calculation based on encryption algorithm to generate a unique global ID system, so as to ensure that there will be no collision statistically. The problem with these hashes is that they consume more and more memory and processor cycles. Compared with a direct array index, this method will significantly take up more processor time to find the records of an account. For example, 64 bit integers are easier to compare and operate than 160 bit IDs. A larger hash ID mechanism means less space in the CPU cache and more memory is needed. In the modern operating system, the ram which is not often accessed will be compressed, but the hash identifier is a random number, which cannot be compressed. The model blockchain gives us a way to assign unique IDs around the world. These IDS will not conflict with each other. Therefore, it completely avoids using the identifier based on hash algorithm like bitcoin address to refer to an account, balance or license
4) remove signature verification from the business logic processor
all transactions in the cryptocurrency network depend on the use of encryption algorithm signature to verify permissions. In most cases, the requested permissions can be changed by the results of other transactions. This means that in the business logic processor, permissions need to be defined as a case that has nothing to do with the calculation of encryption algorithm
to achieve this goal, all public keys need to be assigned a unique and irreplaceable ID. After the ID is assigned, the input resolver can verify whether the provided signature matches the specified ID. When the transaction arrives at the business logic processor, you just need to check the ID
the same technology can remove prerequisite checking on objects with irreplaceable static IDs
5) designing transactions for static verification
for transactions, there are many features that can be statically checked without referring to the current global state. These checks include parameter range checking, input de rendancy and array sorting. In general, there are a lot of checks that can be done if the transaction contains data that it "assumes" is global. After these checks are executed, the business logic processor has to make sure that these assumptions are correct. The process is to check the modification timestamp of an object reference related to the transaction signature time
6) smart contract
many blockchains are integrating a common scripting language to define all operations. These designs ultimately define the business logic processor as a virtual machine, and all transactions are defined as scripts run by the virtual machine. This solution has a single threaded performance limit on a real processor, and the problem is exacerbated by forcing everything to be executed through a virtual processor. A virtual processor will always be slower than a real processor even if it uses JIT, but the computing speed is not the only problem of this "everything is a script" scheme. When the transaction is defined at such a low level, it means that the static check and encryption algorithm operation will still be included in the business logic processing, which will also rece the overall throughput. A script engine should never ask to perform a signature checking request for an encryption algorithm, even if the request is implemented through a native mechanism
according to the course we learned from Lmax, we know that a virtual machine designed for blockchain should consider single thread performance. This means that compiler optimization should be implemented at the beginning, and the most commonly used smart contracts should be natively supported by blockchain, while only those rarely used and customized contracts will run on a virtual machine. These custom contracts are designed with performance in mind, which means that the virtual machine should limit the range of memory that can be accessed to a level that can be placed on the processor cache
7) object oriented data schema
in memory
1) efficient and scalable performance
borderless system realizes over 100000 times / s batch transfer
high performance blockchain technology is necessary for cryptocurrency and smart contract platform, and can provide a solution that may replace the existing financial platform for the instry. In order to be able to process more transactions per second than visa and MasterCard, unbounded redesign starts from the bottom. Through the share authorization mechanism, the unbounded network can confirm more than 100000 transfer transactions in an average of one second
overview of borderless system architecture. The Lmax can process up to 6 million transactions per second. The key point of unbounded learning from its technology, As follows:
A) put everything in memory
b) put the core business logic in a single thread
C) put the encryption algorithm operation (hash and signature) outside the core business logic
d) divide the verification operation into state independent and state dependent checking
e) use an object-oriented data model
by following these simple rules, Unbounded can process 100000 transfers per second without disruptive optimization. If there is further optimization work, unbounded can achieve the performance similar to that of Lmax exchange (i.e. 6 million times per second). It should be noted that unbounded performance is highly dependent on one of the compatible transaction protocols. If you want to use business logic to run on a virtual machine that operates encryption algorithm and calls all objects with hash identifier, it is impossible to achieve the same level of performance. Blockchain is inherently single threaded, and the performance of single core CPU is one of the most scarce and difficult to expand. Unbounded technical logic can make the single thread execution highly efficient
endorsement of core business of borderless system
blockchain is a global account book that determines to modify a shared global state transaction. The orders contained in these transactions can change the validity of other transactions. For example, you cannot withdraw money from your bank account before the deposit of your check takes effect. You can't know if a transaction is valid until all previous transactions that can affect a particular account are processed. If two unrelated accounts do not share any common dependency, theoretically, the transactions between the two accounts can be processed at the same time. In fact, it's tricky to identify which transactions are truly independent on a smart contract driven ledger with arbitration conditions. The only way to ensure that the two transactions are truly independent is by maintaining a completely separate ledger and then transferring value between them on a regular basis. If we want to use this kind of performance tradeoff to compare, it can be like the relationship between non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and uniform memory access (UMA). In fact, the consistent memory access architecture is easier for developers to design, and the cost is lower. Inconsistent memory access architecture is usually used as a last resort when building supercomputers and large computer clusters. The computer instry has graally realized that it is not as easy to achieve performance expansion through parallel computing as it was in the early days. After all, the most important thing to do at that time was to increase the frequency of the processor. It is for this reason that processor designers are trying to improve the performance of single thread before trying to use multi thread settings. When multithreading is not enough, and only in this way, cluster computing will be considered
many people in the cryptocurrency instry try to solve the problem of scalability by cluster computing before exploring what can be achieved by a single core of a computer technically
2) Lmax disruptor decomposer technology
Lmax decomposer provides a learning example of what can be achieved on a single thread. Lmax is a trading platform for end customers with the goal of becoming the fastest exchange in the world. They have been very generous in publishing what they have learned<
overview of Lmax architecture:
business logic processor is where all sequential transactions and order matching occur. It is a single thread that can process millions of orders per second. This architecture can be easily used in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain design. The role of the input resolver is to collect orders from many users from different sources and assign them to a certain order. When the order is assigned to them, they are copied, recorded and broadcast to many rendant business logic processors. The input resolver is highly parallel and can be easily sub contracted into a computer cluster system. When the business logic processor has finished processing the input, an output resolver is responsible for informing those who care about the result. This is also a highly parallel task. Finally, by using a single threaded sample processor and Java virtual machine in the business logic processor, Lmax can execute 6 million transactions per second. If Lmax can achieve this goal, then cryptocurrency and smart contract platform do not need to consider the cluster network solution under the condition of less than 10 transactions per second. High performance blockchain
to build a high-performance blockchain, we need to use the same technology as Lmax. Here are a few things that must be done: put everything in memory, avoid synchronization primitives (locking, atomic operations), and avoid unnecessary calculations on business logic processors. Because memory is designed to be highly parallel, it's getting cheaper. The amount of data needed to track everyone's account balance and permissions on the Internet can be stored in less than 1TB of ram, which can be purchased for less than $15000, and can be installed on the commercialized (high-end) server motherboard. Before the system was adopted by 3 billion people, this kind of hardware would be seen in ordinary desktop computers. The real bottleneck is not the demand of memory capacity, but the demand of bandwidth. In the case of 1 million transactions per second and 256 bytes per transaction, the network will need 256MB of data per second, that is, 1GBIT / s bandwidth. Such bandwidth is not common on ordinary desktop computers. However, such bandwidth is only a little bit of the 100Gbit / s bandwidth of the second generation Internet. The second-generation Internet is available to more than 210 U.S. ecational institutions, 70 companies and 45 non-profit and government agencies
in other words, blockchain technology can easily keep everything in memory, and if properly designed, it can be extended to support millions of transfers per second
3) allocate ID and avoid hash calculation
in a single threaded system, processor cycle is a scarce resource that needs to be reserved. Traditional blockchain design uses hash calculation based on encryption algorithm to generate a unique global ID system, so as to ensure that there will be no collision statistically. The problem with these hashes is that they consume more and more memory and processor cycles. Compared with a direct array index, this method will significantly take up more processor time to find the records of an account. For example, 64 bit integers are easier to compare and operate than 160 bit IDs. A larger hash ID mechanism means less space in the CPU cache and more memory is needed. In the modern operating system, the ram which is not often accessed will be compressed, but the hash identifier is a random number, which cannot be compressed. The model blockchain gives us a way to assign unique IDs around the world. These IDS will not conflict with each other. Therefore, it completely avoids using the identifier based on hash algorithm like bitcoin address to refer to an account, balance or license
4) remove signature verification from the business logic processor
all transactions in the cryptocurrency network depend on the use of encryption algorithm signature to verify permissions. In most cases, the requested permissions can be changed by the results of other transactions. This means that in the business logic processor, permissions need to be defined as a case that has nothing to do with the calculation of encryption algorithm
to achieve this goal, all public keys need to be assigned a unique and irreplaceable ID. After the ID is assigned, the input resolver can verify whether the provided signature matches the specified ID. When the transaction arrives at the business logic processor, you just need to check the ID
the same technology can remove prerequisite checking on objects with irreplaceable static IDs
5) designing transactions for static verification
for transactions, there are many features that can be statically checked without referring to the current global state. These checks include parameter range checking, input de rendancy and array sorting. In general, there are a lot of checks that can be done if the transaction contains data that it "assumes" is global. After these checks are executed, the business logic processor has to make sure that these assumptions are correct. The process is to check the modification timestamp of an object reference related to the transaction signature time
6) smart contract
many blockchains are integrating a common scripting language to define all operations. These designs ultimately define the business logic processor as a virtual machine, and all transactions are defined as scripts run by the virtual machine. This solution has a single threaded performance limit on a real processor, and the problem is exacerbated by forcing everything to be executed through a virtual processor. A virtual processor will always be slower than a real processor even if it uses JIT, but the computing speed is not the only problem of this "everything is a script" scheme. When the transaction is defined at such a low level, it means that the static check and encryption algorithm operation will still be included in the business logic processing, which will also rece the overall throughput. A script engine should never ask to perform a signature checking request for an encryption algorithm, even if the request is implemented through a native mechanism
according to the course we learned from Lmax, we know that a virtual machine designed for blockchain should consider single thread performance. This means that compiler optimization should be implemented at the beginning, and the most commonly used smart contracts should be natively supported by blockchain, while only those rarely used and customized contracts will run on a virtual machine. These custom contracts are designed with performance in mind, which means that the virtual machine should limit the range of memory that can be accessed to a level that can be placed on the processor cache
7) object oriented data schema
in memory
8. In 2017, CCTV announced the list of 350 fund MLM organizations, with MFC currency on the list.
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