Virtual currency identification
Publish: 2021-04-15 17:36:34
1. I would like to ask Taobao market research, how to do is very simple, according to Tao Taoming questionnaire.
2. (1) Observe the paper quality. Real RMB paper has toughness and is resistant to folding, while fake RMB paper usually lacks toughness. When it is folded several times on the same line, the face of the paper will break with a slight pull< (2) observe the color and pattern. Due to the frequent contact with RMB, we are deeply impressed by the colors and patterns. When observing the color and pattern, it mainly depends on whether the edge is clear. The edge of real RMB color and pattern is clear, while the edge of false RMB color and pattern is usually fuzzy< (3) wipe. Although the color and pattern of RMB with large denomination are clear, the pattern and pattern printed with dark ink will still leave that kind of color mark on the white paper after wiping it with force, but the face is not blurred. That's not usually the case with fake Renminbi< (4) watermark. Unfold the RMB and look at the light. From the other side, you can see figures, Tiananmen Square and other patterns that are usually invisible. This is not the case with fake RMB
(5) touch. The real RMB is printed by concave convex printing, and the face (especially the new face) feels concave convex. Fake RMB is usually printed by photo plate making with smooth surface< (6) safety line and point. In recent years, the new version of large denomination RMB paper has metal lines, or several black spots on the right and bottom of the front. The black spots are not printed like other patterns, but obviously have a certain thickness. By observing the arrangement position and thickness of the metal lines and black spots, we can also distinguish between real and fake RMB.
(5) touch. The real RMB is printed by concave convex printing, and the face (especially the new face) feels concave convex. Fake RMB is usually printed by photo plate making with smooth surface< (6) safety line and point. In recent years, the new version of large denomination RMB paper has metal lines, or several black spots on the right and bottom of the front. The black spots are not printed like other patterns, but obviously have a certain thickness. By observing the arrangement position and thickness of the metal lines and black spots, we can also distinguish between real and fake RMB.
3. It is mainly reflected in the operational efficiency, such as whether 10000 people visit at the same time, whether it will jam, maintenance reliability, and timely antivirus ring backup. Protection is more important than the platform itself, and high-quality protection is the absolute guarantee for the stable and long-term operation of the platform
central digital trading center is good
central digital trading center is good
4. There has never been a wrong version of RMB! If it was the "wrong currency", it would have been taken back and destroyed by the people's Bank of China! Even if it is a real "wrong coin", it has no collection value! There are so many people all over the country who study the so-called "wrong version, wrong currency" is actually a kind of "pathological" behavior! It's not worth advocating and imitating. It's better to do something else when you have time“ "Wrong edition, wrong currency" is actually a trick fabricated by some people with ulterior motives who want to make huge profits! Let go of the fantasy! Will the circulating currency issued by the people's Bank of China, a country with a population of 1.4 billion, appear "wrong version"??? Don't you make people all over the world laugh? The design, printing, inspection, leaving factory and entering the circulation field of RMB are issued by the people's Bank of China after passing the strict inspection and level by level inspection! And RMB is one of the best anti-counterfeiting currencies in the world! If it is "wrong version", it will be taken back and destroyed long ago! So don't easily believe in the existence of "wrong version, wrong currency"
if you don't believe it, you can directly take it to the local people's Bank for scientific appraisal, and then you can get the accurate conclusion.
if you don't believe it, you can directly take it to the local people's Bank for scientific appraisal, and then you can get the accurate conclusion.
5. Just came back from the market, today's latest price (Shanxi market):
one yuan, tractor hand, ancient coin and hollow five-star watermark, acquisition 135, sales 290, serial number 100, 30000
one yuan, tractor hand, five-star watermark, three Rome, acquisition 15, sales 22, serial number 100, 2500
one yuan, tractor hand, five-star watermark, two Rome, acquisition 13, sales 19, Serial number 100, 2200
if the serial numbers are sold together, there will be an appropriate addition to the overall price, generally one tenth
the price of Shanxi market is relatively low, generally about 10% lower than that of other markets in China
hope to help you.
one yuan, tractor hand, ancient coin and hollow five-star watermark, acquisition 135, sales 290, serial number 100, 30000
one yuan, tractor hand, five-star watermark, three Rome, acquisition 15, sales 22, serial number 100, 2500
one yuan, tractor hand, five-star watermark, two Rome, acquisition 13, sales 19, Serial number 100, 2200
if the serial numbers are sold together, there will be an appropriate addition to the overall price, generally one tenth
the price of Shanxi market is relatively low, generally about 10% lower than that of other markets in China
hope to help you.
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the following is the most complete information package station of master rhythm
Game Forum: http://bbs.18183.com/forum-tenxunyouxi-1.html
game download: http://ku.18183.com/jiezoudashi.html
game experience: http://jzds.18183.com/xinde/
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7. The third set of RMB can be identified by the Turner's Bank
8. I think that there are three kinds of mentality to collect and appreciate ancient coins. 1. Don't be too eager to be far away from others. Don't think that you are an expert in collecting ancient coins. Don't seek perfection and treasures when you learn to collect ancient coins. To be a great expert in collecting and appreciating ancient coins is not something that can be formed overnight. It is a result of perseverance. It is not good to be eager for quick success and instant benefit. Don't want to be rich and famous. 3. Modesty, appreciation of ancient coins collection is a profound knowledge, we should keep learning, keep communicating, contact more material objects, do not build cars behind closed doors, be self righteous, and be open-minded to accept other people's suggestions and opinions. Since ancient times, this thing has been more powerful than others, and the experts always cheat. With this mentality, you can learn the identification method again, and any high imitation of ancient coins can be broken<
there are also some simple methods to identify ancient coins.
1. Look at copper.
most of the ancient coins in China were cast in the form of copper alloy, so the composition of the alloy is different, and the coins also show different colors. The copper quality of coins in different times is different, and because of the different smelting technology in ancient times, the ancient coins cast in different areas are also different, and each dynasty has its own characteristics. Generally speaking, coins made of copper zinc alloy are yellow, while coins made of copper tin alloy are cyan. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the coins were made in Xinjiang and Tibet, with copper and a little zinc and lead. After casting, the coins were red
in the pre Qin period, the coins were mainly made of copper tin alloy, and the copper was bluish red and hard; Most of the coins from Han Dynasty to Tang and Song Dynasty are made of bronze, which is characterized by blue and white and light red. The five baht coin of Sui Dynasty is called white coin because of its large tin content and white copper. After Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, it began to transit to brass. In Tianqi period, brass coins became custom-made. The color of coins changed greatly compared with that before. It can be seen that there are rules for the casting of ancient coins in China< There are no more than two kinds of coins: one is excavated and the other is handed down. The excavated objects have been buried underground for many years, and their surfaces are covered with copper rust. Handed down procts also e to oxidation in the air, the surface has a layer of slurry. Black or copper
copper is a relatively stable metal, which is not easy to rust at room temperature. It will take decades or even hundreds of years to proce copper oxide, basic copper carbonate, etc. Due to the different sizes of the particles formed, copper oxide presents different colors such as yellow, orange red, bright red and dark brown, commonly known as "jujube skin red", "chestnut shell" and so on
the rust color on the surface of the excavated coins is deeply embedded in the coins. Because of its stable and compact molecular structure, the real rust is not easy to wipe off. But the false rust color is not the case. The false rust is mostly on the surface of coins, which is called "floating rust" or "powdery rust". It is light and easy to fall off. Once boiled in alkaline water, the false rust is vulnerable. There are two ways to excavate counterfeit coins: (1) put counterfeit coins into acetic acid and bury them in the ground to proce rust color quickly 2) Put the fake into the mixture of salt brine sand (ammonia chloride), tin green (copper sulfate) and vinegar, corrode the new copper into the old color, and then use glue to stick rust on the coins. The method of handed down fake rust is to blacken, oil and wax the fake with fire. The genuine black is calm and smooth, while the fake is floating and shining
the formation of green rust is different between the north and the south, and the degree of oxidation is more serious in the acidic area of the geological belt. The north is dry, less rain, rust color is hard. In the south, it is wet and rainy, and the oxide layer is loose and blue-green. For example, the coins of the Southern Song Dynasty were issued in the south, and most of them were released in the south. Influenced by the geographical environment, the coins were generally blue-green. If light green rust is found, there is a problem with the money. If the soil area is dry and hot, the copper rust will be red and purple, but this rust color will not exist alone on the coin body, it must be accompanied by green rust mixed together, which is called "red spot green rust". If the money body is found to be red rust, it should be fake money. It is the forger who puts the fake into the furnace and burns it red. This kind of imitation rust is superficial, and people with clear eyes will know it's fake at a glance
3. Look at the inscriptions of coins
one of the major characteristics of China's metal coins is that there are inscriptions. It can be said that each type of coin has its own characteristics, and the inscriptions of different times have different writing styles. According to these characteristics, we can check whether they are contemporary coins. In addition, while paying attention to the characteristics of various inscriptions, we can also find out the evolution process and change rules of inscriptions. These rules and characteristics can be used as the basis for identifying the authenticity of ancient coins
in the pre Qin period, the characters on metal coins such as Dao, bu and Yuan Qian were written in seal script. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the style of inscriptions belongs to the category of small seal script, such as banliang and wuzhu, but it has the style of Han Li, among which mangqian is XuanZhen seal script. The calligraphy style of Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties is complex. The coin of Tang Dynasty is divided into eight official script. After Tang Dynasty, official script prevailed. There are three kinds of coins in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Zhen, Zhuan and Li. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there are Zhuan, Li, Zhen, Xing and Cao. From the reign of emperor Guangzong of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty to the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the inscriptions were mainly in regular script (authentic script), sometimes in seal script or official script. Because China is a multi-ethnic country, there are Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Dangxiang (Xixia) and other minority characters in the inscriptions
to judge whether a coin is right or not, we should first see whether it conforms to the characteristics of that time; The second step is to see if it conforms to the characteristics of this variety. For example, "Yihua" Yuan Qian is a pre Qin seal script, but it also has the characteristics of Qi characters, which is different from the yuan Qian characters of other countries at the same time; It is found that there are yuan coins of the eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty. If the characters are written in Xiaozhuan, they are obviously fake; Qin banliang is very famous in ancient coins. Its body is heavy and its bronze is excellent. The characters of Qin banliang are magnificent and high. If you find the characters of Qin banliang are flat, you can see that they are counterfeit; If there are mistakes in Manchu writing in the coins of Baoyuan or baoquanju in Qing Dynasty, we should consider that Baoquan and baoyuanerju are the most formal state-level coin making bureaus in Qing Dynasty, and there will be no mistakes in Manchu writing, so the coins we see must be counterfeit
4. Listen to the sound
e to the texture of ancient coins, the older the age, the more serious the oxidation, the more hoarse the sound. Generally speaking, Dao, bu and Yuan Qian in the pre Qin period were mute. After the Ming Dynasty, however, coins have not been deeply oxidized, and their sound is clear and loud. If we throw the coins of the pre Qin period on the ground and hear the clear sound, then the money is not very reliable; On the contrary, if the Ming and Qing coin toss is mute, it will be doubted
5. Understand the casting method
the casting of ancient coins in China probably went through several stages of development, such as sub model (clay, stone, copper), mother model (brick, copper) and turning sand. Whether it's real money or counterfeit, all kinds of casting methods will leave corresponding traces on the coins. These traces are a powerful basis for us to identify the authenticity of coins today
6. Smell
this method is the simplest one in the identification of ancient coins. Because counterfeit coins are mostly decorated with chemical substances, they often emit an unpleasant and pungent chemical smell, while genuine coins do not
7. The main way to distinguish ancient coins from editions is to get familiar with the real coins of different dynasties in addition to the money spectrum. We should not only pay attention to rare procts, but also pay attention to a large number of common varieties. Because there are few counterfeits in these common coins, they can truly reflect the characteristics of coins in various historical periods. For example, in the Warring States period, because of the special shape of the Dao cloth, the forgers had to turn the genuine coin into a fake one. The flaw lies in the fact that the coin is small, thick, shallow, rough copper, wrong rust color and easy to fall off. In addition, the gate of the Dao coin was on the Dao ring, and the gate of the cloth coin was on the head end. After it came out, it was not repaired and kept in a natural state. However, the counterfeiters often polished the edges of Dao coin and cloth coin for the sake of beautiful appearance. In fact, it was a superfluous painting, revealing flaws. Another example is Kaiyuan in Huichang. Since Yangzhou has been dated with the word "Chang", if the word "Yang" is found on the back, it should be regarded as a forgery whether it is handed down or unearthed. As the editions of the coins of the Northern Song Dynasty and Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty are the most complex, and they are also the objects of imitation by counterfeiters, we should analyze their shapes and characteristics to prevent them from being cheated< Methods of making ancient coins: 1. The method of casting coins with Yin characters, which takes clay pottery as the main stream, is called Zi fan coin. The clay model is to carve the coin shaped coins on the fine clay pieces, dry them in the shade, bake them into pottery, and then pour the liquid copper directly to cast the coins. This kind of model is not strong enough. It can only be used once or twice, and then it will be broken. If it is recast, it still needs to be recast
2. The coin casting method of Yang Wen Mu fan, which is called fan mu on the coinage, is used to transform the sub fan and cannot be directly cast. With this kind of fan mother, many sub models can be printed, dozens of sub models can be stacked together, and hundreds of coins can be cast at a time. The coins made by Yang Wen's mother fan have rounded and sharp strokes, and the coin body is not so smooth, but there is no trace of small grains of sand. If there are "sand holes", they must be forged by turning sand
3. In the method of mother coin recasting, the requirements for casting money have been very strict. Every time a new coin is changed, the sample money is first made and submitted to the emperor for approval. The most typical process of casting money: ivory carving money? Bronze carving ancestor money? The first mother money? Yinfan mother money? Money for sample introction. The procere of the provincial money bureau is: first casting mother money (Ministry issued sample money)? Yinfan mother money? Money for sample introction. A large number of coins with mother coins are regular and exquisite. There are a lot of coins in the same edition, but the money is decent, the back is intuitive, there is no trachoma, and the writing is beautiful. There is no superficial image between the text and the seal
4,. This method is to print the Qian shape and Qian Wenzhu on the clay mold, and then after high temperature treatment, which can not only play the role of barrenness, but also rece the plasticity of the batch and rece its shrinkage, which is called "mud settling". Then, by using the method of early smelting of wrought iron and the effect of a small reverberatory furnace, copper is directly melted and refined on the clay coin mould, and zinc, lead, tin, etc. are added, and then the impurities in the coarse copper and coarse alloy are precipitated through cooling. After cooling or heating for many times, the coin with fine edges, smooth surface and fine copper quality is incomparable to the coin cast by sand mould<
ancient coins smelting
in addition to pyrometallurgical smelting, there is also "bile water copper smelting". This copper smelting method is to use metal iron to replace copper from the solution containing copper compound, then scrape it off, and then after cooking, copper ingot can be obtained. The so-called "Danshui" refers to the natural spring water containing copper sulfate (commonly known as Shidan and danfan in China). It is formed because a part of the natural copper sulfide ore will form soluble copper sulfate after weathering and oxidation. After soaking and leaching in groundwater and rain water, it will dissolve and flow into spring water. As long as the concentration of copper is large enough, this kind of bile water can be used as raw material for copper smelting by water method
as early as the Han Dynasty, our ancestors had noticed that iron could replace copper. For example, the Western Han Dynasty ancient book "Huainan Wan"
there are also some simple methods to identify ancient coins.
1. Look at copper.
most of the ancient coins in China were cast in the form of copper alloy, so the composition of the alloy is different, and the coins also show different colors. The copper quality of coins in different times is different, and because of the different smelting technology in ancient times, the ancient coins cast in different areas are also different, and each dynasty has its own characteristics. Generally speaking, coins made of copper zinc alloy are yellow, while coins made of copper tin alloy are cyan. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the coins were made in Xinjiang and Tibet, with copper and a little zinc and lead. After casting, the coins were red
in the pre Qin period, the coins were mainly made of copper tin alloy, and the copper was bluish red and hard; Most of the coins from Han Dynasty to Tang and Song Dynasty are made of bronze, which is characterized by blue and white and light red. The five baht coin of Sui Dynasty is called white coin because of its large tin content and white copper. After Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, it began to transit to brass. In Tianqi period, brass coins became custom-made. The color of coins changed greatly compared with that before. It can be seen that there are rules for the casting of ancient coins in China< There are no more than two kinds of coins: one is excavated and the other is handed down. The excavated objects have been buried underground for many years, and their surfaces are covered with copper rust. Handed down procts also e to oxidation in the air, the surface has a layer of slurry. Black or copper
copper is a relatively stable metal, which is not easy to rust at room temperature. It will take decades or even hundreds of years to proce copper oxide, basic copper carbonate, etc. Due to the different sizes of the particles formed, copper oxide presents different colors such as yellow, orange red, bright red and dark brown, commonly known as "jujube skin red", "chestnut shell" and so on
the rust color on the surface of the excavated coins is deeply embedded in the coins. Because of its stable and compact molecular structure, the real rust is not easy to wipe off. But the false rust color is not the case. The false rust is mostly on the surface of coins, which is called "floating rust" or "powdery rust". It is light and easy to fall off. Once boiled in alkaline water, the false rust is vulnerable. There are two ways to excavate counterfeit coins: (1) put counterfeit coins into acetic acid and bury them in the ground to proce rust color quickly 2) Put the fake into the mixture of salt brine sand (ammonia chloride), tin green (copper sulfate) and vinegar, corrode the new copper into the old color, and then use glue to stick rust on the coins. The method of handed down fake rust is to blacken, oil and wax the fake with fire. The genuine black is calm and smooth, while the fake is floating and shining
the formation of green rust is different between the north and the south, and the degree of oxidation is more serious in the acidic area of the geological belt. The north is dry, less rain, rust color is hard. In the south, it is wet and rainy, and the oxide layer is loose and blue-green. For example, the coins of the Southern Song Dynasty were issued in the south, and most of them were released in the south. Influenced by the geographical environment, the coins were generally blue-green. If light green rust is found, there is a problem with the money. If the soil area is dry and hot, the copper rust will be red and purple, but this rust color will not exist alone on the coin body, it must be accompanied by green rust mixed together, which is called "red spot green rust". If the money body is found to be red rust, it should be fake money. It is the forger who puts the fake into the furnace and burns it red. This kind of imitation rust is superficial, and people with clear eyes will know it's fake at a glance
3. Look at the inscriptions of coins
one of the major characteristics of China's metal coins is that there are inscriptions. It can be said that each type of coin has its own characteristics, and the inscriptions of different times have different writing styles. According to these characteristics, we can check whether they are contemporary coins. In addition, while paying attention to the characteristics of various inscriptions, we can also find out the evolution process and change rules of inscriptions. These rules and characteristics can be used as the basis for identifying the authenticity of ancient coins
in the pre Qin period, the characters on metal coins such as Dao, bu and Yuan Qian were written in seal script. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the style of inscriptions belongs to the category of small seal script, such as banliang and wuzhu, but it has the style of Han Li, among which mangqian is XuanZhen seal script. The calligraphy style of Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties is complex. The coin of Tang Dynasty is divided into eight official script. After Tang Dynasty, official script prevailed. There are three kinds of coins in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Zhen, Zhuan and Li. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there are Zhuan, Li, Zhen, Xing and Cao. From the reign of emperor Guangzong of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty to the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the inscriptions were mainly in regular script (authentic script), sometimes in seal script or official script. Because China is a multi-ethnic country, there are Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Dangxiang (Xixia) and other minority characters in the inscriptions
to judge whether a coin is right or not, we should first see whether it conforms to the characteristics of that time; The second step is to see if it conforms to the characteristics of this variety. For example, "Yihua" Yuan Qian is a pre Qin seal script, but it also has the characteristics of Qi characters, which is different from the yuan Qian characters of other countries at the same time; It is found that there are yuan coins of the eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty. If the characters are written in Xiaozhuan, they are obviously fake; Qin banliang is very famous in ancient coins. Its body is heavy and its bronze is excellent. The characters of Qin banliang are magnificent and high. If you find the characters of Qin banliang are flat, you can see that they are counterfeit; If there are mistakes in Manchu writing in the coins of Baoyuan or baoquanju in Qing Dynasty, we should consider that Baoquan and baoyuanerju are the most formal state-level coin making bureaus in Qing Dynasty, and there will be no mistakes in Manchu writing, so the coins we see must be counterfeit
4. Listen to the sound
e to the texture of ancient coins, the older the age, the more serious the oxidation, the more hoarse the sound. Generally speaking, Dao, bu and Yuan Qian in the pre Qin period were mute. After the Ming Dynasty, however, coins have not been deeply oxidized, and their sound is clear and loud. If we throw the coins of the pre Qin period on the ground and hear the clear sound, then the money is not very reliable; On the contrary, if the Ming and Qing coin toss is mute, it will be doubted
5. Understand the casting method
the casting of ancient coins in China probably went through several stages of development, such as sub model (clay, stone, copper), mother model (brick, copper) and turning sand. Whether it's real money or counterfeit, all kinds of casting methods will leave corresponding traces on the coins. These traces are a powerful basis for us to identify the authenticity of coins today
6. Smell
this method is the simplest one in the identification of ancient coins. Because counterfeit coins are mostly decorated with chemical substances, they often emit an unpleasant and pungent chemical smell, while genuine coins do not
7. The main way to distinguish ancient coins from editions is to get familiar with the real coins of different dynasties in addition to the money spectrum. We should not only pay attention to rare procts, but also pay attention to a large number of common varieties. Because there are few counterfeits in these common coins, they can truly reflect the characteristics of coins in various historical periods. For example, in the Warring States period, because of the special shape of the Dao cloth, the forgers had to turn the genuine coin into a fake one. The flaw lies in the fact that the coin is small, thick, shallow, rough copper, wrong rust color and easy to fall off. In addition, the gate of the Dao coin was on the Dao ring, and the gate of the cloth coin was on the head end. After it came out, it was not repaired and kept in a natural state. However, the counterfeiters often polished the edges of Dao coin and cloth coin for the sake of beautiful appearance. In fact, it was a superfluous painting, revealing flaws. Another example is Kaiyuan in Huichang. Since Yangzhou has been dated with the word "Chang", if the word "Yang" is found on the back, it should be regarded as a forgery whether it is handed down or unearthed. As the editions of the coins of the Northern Song Dynasty and Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty are the most complex, and they are also the objects of imitation by counterfeiters, we should analyze their shapes and characteristics to prevent them from being cheated< Methods of making ancient coins: 1. The method of casting coins with Yin characters, which takes clay pottery as the main stream, is called Zi fan coin. The clay model is to carve the coin shaped coins on the fine clay pieces, dry them in the shade, bake them into pottery, and then pour the liquid copper directly to cast the coins. This kind of model is not strong enough. It can only be used once or twice, and then it will be broken. If it is recast, it still needs to be recast
2. The coin casting method of Yang Wen Mu fan, which is called fan mu on the coinage, is used to transform the sub fan and cannot be directly cast. With this kind of fan mother, many sub models can be printed, dozens of sub models can be stacked together, and hundreds of coins can be cast at a time. The coins made by Yang Wen's mother fan have rounded and sharp strokes, and the coin body is not so smooth, but there is no trace of small grains of sand. If there are "sand holes", they must be forged by turning sand
3. In the method of mother coin recasting, the requirements for casting money have been very strict. Every time a new coin is changed, the sample money is first made and submitted to the emperor for approval. The most typical process of casting money: ivory carving money? Bronze carving ancestor money? The first mother money? Yinfan mother money? Money for sample introction. The procere of the provincial money bureau is: first casting mother money (Ministry issued sample money)? Yinfan mother money? Money for sample introction. A large number of coins with mother coins are regular and exquisite. There are a lot of coins in the same edition, but the money is decent, the back is intuitive, there is no trachoma, and the writing is beautiful. There is no superficial image between the text and the seal
4,. This method is to print the Qian shape and Qian Wenzhu on the clay mold, and then after high temperature treatment, which can not only play the role of barrenness, but also rece the plasticity of the batch and rece its shrinkage, which is called "mud settling". Then, by using the method of early smelting of wrought iron and the effect of a small reverberatory furnace, copper is directly melted and refined on the clay coin mould, and zinc, lead, tin, etc. are added, and then the impurities in the coarse copper and coarse alloy are precipitated through cooling. After cooling or heating for many times, the coin with fine edges, smooth surface and fine copper quality is incomparable to the coin cast by sand mould<
ancient coins smelting
in addition to pyrometallurgical smelting, there is also "bile water copper smelting". This copper smelting method is to use metal iron to replace copper from the solution containing copper compound, then scrape it off, and then after cooking, copper ingot can be obtained. The so-called "Danshui" refers to the natural spring water containing copper sulfate (commonly known as Shidan and danfan in China). It is formed because a part of the natural copper sulfide ore will form soluble copper sulfate after weathering and oxidation. After soaking and leaching in groundwater and rain water, it will dissolve and flow into spring water. As long as the concentration of copper is large enough, this kind of bile water can be used as raw material for copper smelting by water method
as early as the Han Dynasty, our ancestors had noticed that iron could replace copper. For example, the Western Han Dynasty ancient book "Huainan Wan"
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