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1. The Strait of gibraltarian
the throat of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean

the Strait of gibraltarian is an important gateway connecting the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Located between the southernmost Iberian Peninsula in Spain and the northwest corner of Africa, the north coast is Spain's gibraltarian (now occupied by Britain), and the south coast is Morocco. The total length is about 90 km. The mountains on both sides are magnificent and the scenery is beautiful. Along the coast there are ports such as gibraltarian, alhersilas and Ceuta

the total length of the Strait of gibraltarian is only 58 km. The Strait is wide in the West and narrow in the East. The narrowest part of the Strait is only 13 km between marokillo in Spain and Cape cirez in Morocco. The eastern end of the Strait is between the city of gibraltarian and mount ARJO; The middle section is between machillo and syres, 22 km wide; It is the widest at the western entrance of the gorge, between Trafalgar and spatel, with a width of 43 km. It is deep in the East and shallow in the west, with the shallowest depth of 301 meters and the deepest depth of 1181 meters, with an average depth of 375 meters<

the "source of life" of the Mediterranean

e to the special geographical location of the Mediterranean Sea, the seawater here has high salinity and high density. The average annual temperature of the Mediterranean is high, and it is under the control of subtropical high in summer and autumn, so the sunshine is strong, dry and hot with little rain; In winter and spring, the sea is blowing warm westerlies from the Atlantic, and the temperature is above zero degrees centigrade. In addition, there are no big rivers with large water flow around the Mediterranean except the Nile in Egypt, where fresh water flows into the middle sea. As a result, the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea is relatively high. The annual average salinity of its surface water is 38 parts per thousand, and that of the eastern sea area is 39.58 parts per thousand, which is 3-4 parts per thousand higher than the global average. Moreover, 122 meters deep in the Mediterranean Sea, there is a heavier, colder and saltier current flowing westward out of the Mediterranean Sea. If it goes on like this, doesn't the Mediterranean dry up? Don't worry, let's take a look at our Mediterranean neighbor, the Atlantic Ocean

because the annual average temperature of the Atlantic Ocean is lower than that of the Mediterranean Sea, and the evaporation of sea water is less, the annual average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is also lower than that of the Mediterranean Sea, only 35 per thousand. Even if the salinity of the adjacent Atlantic Ocean at the same latitude as the Mediterranean Sea is slightly higher, it is only 36 per thousand. Thus, the annual average salinity of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, which are connected by the Strait of gibraltarian, is unbalanced. The density of sea water depends on the temperature and salinity of sea water, and more importantly on the salinity. The higher the salinity is, the higher the density is. Therefore, the density of Mediterranean Sea is higher than that of Atlantic sea

the sea surface pressure of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean is the same, which is one atmospheric pressure. Because the pressure of sea water is directly proportional to the density of sea water, the pressure in the Mediterranean is greater than that in the Atlantic at the same depth, and the deeper the depth, the greater the pressure difference between the two. With the difference in pressure, the sea moves. The greater the pressure difference, the more intense the exercise. The current in the Strait is divided into upper and lower layers. The upper water (more than 200 meters) flows from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and the lower water (less than 200 meters) flows from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. In this way, the sea water at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea enters the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of gibraltarian, so that the Atlantic water is lifted up. On the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, when the sea level is raised, the sea water flows to the Mediterranean through the Strait of gibraltarian e to pressure. Because the water at the western end of the Strait is shallow and there is a sill on the bottom, the amount of Mediterranean water flowing into the Atlantic Ocean is reced, so that the amount of water flowing into the Mediterranean from the Atlantic through the Strait is greater than that from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic

besides pressure, climate is also an aspect. The wind direction of the Strait of gibraltarian is mostly easterly or westerly. The cold air mass entering the western Mediterranean from the North passes through here with the easterly wind of low-level high-speed. The local people call this easterly wind Levant. Levant winds drive the Atlantic surface current (containing less salty water) eastward through the Strait of gibraltarian into the Mediterranean Sea, and the flow of this current is larger than that of the westward current (containing salty and heavier water) at the depth of 122 meters in the Mediterranean Sea. This ensures the stability of the Mediterranean water. Therefore, the existence of the Strait of gibraltarian has made the Mediterranean sea avoid becoming a shrinking salt country

moreover, this phenomenon makes the surface water of the Strait of gibraltarian flow from west to East forever, so ships sailing from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean always sail along the water when passing through the Strait of gibraltarian. Similarly, submarines from the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean is also downstream. This phenomenon was exploited by Atlantic navigators in the early years. The expedition fleets of Mediterranean coastal countries have frequently passed here to reach the Atlantic Ocean, so as to complete their expedition< Because of the density difference between the East and the west, the current speed from the west to the Mediterranean is 4 km / h. It's no surprise that the speed of the boat will drop by 4-5 knots if it meets the top current. In the season of April to may, e to the temperature difference between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and the convergence of warm and humid air above, a large fog area will be generated, covering the whole Strait of gibraltarian. It can be said that the two people standing on the side of the bridge close to each other can reach the level of "reaching out without five fingers" as in the dark. Such a fog day is undoubtedly terrible for sailing ships<

important strategic position

the Strait of gibraltarian chokes the throat of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic waterway, and together with the Mediterranean sea forms the natural boundary between Europe and Africa. On the north coast of the Strait are British gibraltarian and Spain, and on the south coast is Morocco. For the Atlantic and Mediterranean, the Strait of gibraltarian is as important as their throat

the Strait of gibraltarian connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and is an important route from the Mediterranean region to southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia via the Atlantic Ocean. After the navigation of the Suez Canal in 1869, especially after the development of the oil fields in the Persian Gulf, its strategic position became more important, becoming the "lifeline" of energy transportation in Western Europe, and an important maritime transportation route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, as well as between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. At present, thousands of ships pass through the Strait every day, reaching 100000 every year. It is one of the busiest channels in international shipping and has an important economic and strategic position<

the origin of the name

the name of gibraltarian comes from Arabic, and the name of the Strait of gibraltarian comes from the port of gibraltarian built by tarig in the northeast. At the beginning of the 8th century, when Moore joined the Mayer Dynasty, Musa