1. In 2005, the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren for their discovery of Helicobacter pylori, the leading cause of human gastritis, gastric ulcer and odenal ulcer. The announcement ceremony was held in the "Nobel Forum building" of Karolinska Medical College, 1 Nobel Road, Stockholm. According to the jury, Marshall and Warren used traditional research methods and confirmed as early as 1982 that the newly discovered Helicobacter pylori is the cause of gastritis, gastric ulcer and odenal ulcer. They believed that Helicobacter pylori is a kind of Helicobacter pylori, which exists in more than half of people's stomach
when they were convinced that gastritis was closely related to the newly discovered Helicobacter pylori, Warren knew that clinicians must be involved to further confirm this assumption. But almost no one is really interested in his view, and no one is willing to cooperate with him for in-depth research. Marshall's intervention in 1981 enabled Warren to continuously obtain the clinical specimens needed for the research, and the research work was rapidly promoted. By 1982, with Marshall's help, Warren had accumulated 135 biopsy specimens of gastritis, and proved that Campylobacter was detected in all specimens. Warren believes that his "gastritis bacteriological hypothesis" has more powerful evidence
experiments that Barry Marshall and Robin Warren need to do on animals. But there are also difficulties, "Helicobacter pylori" has no effect on animals, of course, now they know that humans are the only and ultimate host of this kind of bacteria. In 1984, they felt unable to carry on the research. In Barry Marshall's own hospital, many people died of gastric ulcer, so he said to himself, now can't give up. They have to show that that bacteria can infect normal people and cause stomach ulcers. They need a volunteer for the experiment
However, the theories of Marshall and Warren are not accepted by everyone, so it is difficult for them to find volunteers to participate in the experiment. So, young, helpless and persistent Marshall decided to take a risk and swallow a full cup of "Helicobacter pylori" culture liquid without telling his family, so that he suffered from gastric ulcer. After that, he enred the pain and made detailed observation and notes on his stomach under the microscope
Marshall's amazing move is to use himself as a human experiment. In order to prove that Helicobacter pylori is the "chief culprit" of stomach diseases, Marshall swallowed the bacteria himself and examined the body reaction. After days of vomiting, his wife couldn't bear it, so he stopped the experiment, which he called "a little annoying". There are counterfeiters like Hwang Woo Suk, the "pioneer of cloning" in South Korea, but there are also true heroes like Barry Marshall who are willing to sacrifice their lives for science. He once said, "you may have been dreaming of a Nobel prize all your life, but you can't imagine how much fun it would be when you really won it."
The "Helicobacter pylori" in his body was resistant to antibiotics. This experiment is really risky. The process of scientific exploration is especially like detective stories. They use bacteria as clues, and they sort of figure it out. In the process, risk-taking is necessary. Perhaps, in the field of scientific research, everyone has to take risks Marshall's risky action of doing his own experiment finally made the world accept a verified fact: "Helicobacter pylori" is the cause of gastric ulcer. After the recognition of Warren and Marshall's research, the related research is heating up rapidly all over the world. Worldwide seminars are held regularly, and there are countless related papers. Major pharmaceutical companies have invested a lot of money in the development of many drugs Marshall and Warren's work only met the first rule of Koch's law, so Marshall decided to "test the law by example" and directly use his own body for infection test. After gastros confirmed that there was no disease in his stomach, Marshall continued to swallow pure culture bacteria for three days, and then began to develop nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and other symptoms. A week later, gastros proved that he had gastritis, and bacteria were detected from biopsy specimens. After 14 days, Marshall took antibiotics orally, and the symptoms disappeared within 24 hours. This kind of "knowing that there is a tiger in the mountain, preferring to the tiger mountain." The spirit of devoting oneself to science and truth is very valuable
from this example, it is not difficult for us to see that those who want to engage in scientific research, in order to make a difference, bring up and make a breakthrough in their field, undoubtedly need to have the spirit of dedication, cooperation and innovation to devote themselves to the cause they love! But at the same time, every scientific researcher should not be superstitious in authority, dare to doubt everything, be practical and realistic, have the courage to explore, respect the objective facts, be full of great interest in the unknown and curiosity about abnormal phenomena, and treat your work with a rigorous academic attitude, without blindness and vanity
2. Brief introction to Barry Marshall: Name: Barry Marshall
year of birth: 1951
Title: scientist
country: Australia
Personal information: 1968-1974, master's degree, University of Western Australia. From 1977 to 1984, he became a registered physician in Perth Royal Hospital. From 1985 to 1986, he became a researcher of Gastroenterology in Perth Royal Hospital. Since 1986, he went to the University of Virginia to continue his medical research, and returned to Australia 10 years later. Now Marshall works at the Helicobacter pylori research laboratory in Netherlands, Australia. In 1996, he became professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia. In 1997, he returned to Australia and became a professor of clinical medicine at the University of Western Australia. In 1999, Professor of clinical microbiology, University of Western Australia. In 2003, he was the chief researcher of Helicobacter pylori Laboratory of NHMRC, University of Western Australia. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its related research are the main scientific research work of Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, who have brought them many common honors. In 1994, 1995 and 1997, he shared with Robin Warren some famous awards in the field of medicine. The shared Nobel Prize is the icing on the cake for their common achievements
3. 
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium. The structure of the bacterium is cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material. There is no formed nucleus. In addition, there are swinging flagella and protective capsule, as shown in the figure:
selected: B
4. The structure of the bacteria is as shown in the figure: including cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material, no chloroplast, no photosynthesis, no inorganic matter to organic matter, no formed nucleus, In addition, there are flagella that can swing and capsule that has protective effect, so option B is wrong. < br >
so option B < / td > < / TR > < / tbody > < / Table >
5. 1、 The benefits of RMB appreciation: RMB appreciation may mean the improvement of the status of RMB and the status of China's economy in the world economy. 1) The wealth in the hands of the Chinese people is more valuable. As soon as the RMB appreciates, the money in the hands of the Chinese people will be more valuable. China's global ranking of per capita GDP can also move forward. 2) The pressure of China's foreign debt has been reced and its purchasing power has been enhanced. 2： Disadvantages of RMB appreciation: affected by RMB appreciation, China's economic growth will slow down. There are four aspects: 1) RMB appreciation will affect China's foreign trade and export. 2) It affects the comprehensive competitiveness of Chinese enterprises and many instries. 3) it destroys the long-term development of China's economy and causes China's financial crisis. 4) after appreciation, speculation inevitably prevails. China is a big country in import and export trade, accounting for 21% of GDP. The biggest impact of exchange rate change on China's import and export trade is the impact on China's import and export trade. China's main export instries include textile, clothing, chemical instry, electronic machinery manufacturing, etc. Because of the different export price elasticity, the adverse effects of RMB appreciation on different instries are different. As China is a large cotton procing country with low labor cost, textiles have strong international competitiveness and low export price elasticity. Because clothing procts are also affected by brand, design, quality and other factors, and our procts are not dominant in these aspects, so the export price elasticity is higher than textile procts. In the chemical instry, China has similar advantages as the textile instry, so it also has a lower export price elasticity. Due to the continuous progress of technology in China's electronic communication equipment manufacturing instry and the high degree of competition in the instry, a number of enterprises with strong international competitiveness have been cultivated. At the same time, these procts are relatively mature in technology. Therefore, Chinese enterprises can obtain stable market share with low cost and low export price elasticity. It can be seen that when RMB appreciation, on the one hand, the price of export procts in foreign markets will increase, and the sales volume will decrease. For commodities with low export price elasticity, the export income will increase, but for commodities with high export price elasticity, the export income will decrease. On the other hand, the foreign exchange income from export needs to be converted into RMB, and the appreciation of RMB will bring about the exchange loss of export income. The income of commodities with high export price elasticity decreases more, while that of commodities with low export price elasticity decreases less. The export volume of different instries will be affected to varying degrees, and their profits will inevitably decline, especially for the clothing instry and electronic communication manufacturing instry. Generally speaking, most of China's exports are processing trade, and the proportion of imported raw materials in export procts is relatively high. Although the appreciation of RMB weakens the price competitiveness of final procts, there are still many raw materials and intermediate procts that can be purchased, so the impact of RMB appreciation on export competitiveness is limited. As with exports, the impact of RMB appreciation on imports has both direct and indirect aspects. The direct impact is that after the exchange rate appreciation, the price of imported goods will decline by the same extent after the conversion from foreign currency pricing to RMB pricing. The indirect effect is that the change of RMB exchange rate will also cause the adjustment of import volume through the change of import commodity price. When the import price changes, according to the law of demand price, the demand of imported goods in China's market will inevitably adjust. When the elasticity of demand is different, the increase of import volume is also different. According to the theory of elasticity of demand, the higher the elasticity of demand, the greater the adjustment of import volume caused by the change of import price. In general, e to the continuous improvement of the proction technology level of Chinese enterprises, more and more imported goods have appeared substitutable procts in China, and the gap in technology, quality and other aspects is narrowing. At the same time, many foreign manufacturers begin to transfer their proction bases to China, which also increases the competition between domestic procts and imported goods. All these are concive to recing the price elasticity of imported goods in China's market. Therefore, after the appreciation of the exchange rate at the bottom of the window, the decline of China's import prices will not cause a significant increase in imports, and has little impact on China's imports. However, e to instry differences in price elasticity, the impact of RMB appreciation on different instries is also different. For the import instry of proction factors, the appreciation will rece the import cost of these instries and improve their profitability. The instries with high import dependence in China mainly include oil and gas,
mining instry, textile instry, etc. For import substitution instries, the appreciation of RMB will rece the price of imported procts, which will have an impact on domestic similar procts, especially those procts that are far away from the world's advanced level in terms of technology content, brand and quality, which will affect their price and market share, and lead to the deterioration of their profitability, such as transportation equipment manufacturing instry Electronic and communication equipment manufacturing instry, etc. Second, the impact of RMB appreciation on China's trade has also effectively adjusted the development of China's instrial structure. After RMB appreciation, the price of imported international raw materials has decreased, and the strategy of sustainable economic development based on expanding domestic demand has been effectively developed. At the same time, the appreciation of RMB has reced the competitiveness of China's export procts based on processing, Undoubtedly, it is also a challenge to the labor-intensive economy, which mainly relies on cheap power. Therefore, how to develop the capital intensive economy also puts forward further requirements, such as speeding up the pace of structural adjustment, enhancing the ability of independent innovation, improving competitiveness, tapping potential through strengthening internal management and technological transformation, and mastering various foreign exchange hedging tools and means as soon as possible, We should enhance our ability to adapt to the fluctuation of exchange rate and the fluctuation of exchange rate. The appreciation of RMB exchange rate leads to the change of import and export price, which leads to the decrease of export, the increase of import and the change of trade situation, and also deepens the adjustment of instrial structure. In other cases, the price elasticity of oil import and export is determined by the price elasticity of oil import and export. The quantitative analysis of China's trade development since the reform and opening up shows that the price elasticity of China's export is about 1, For every 1% increase of China's export price relative to the world's export price, the growth rate of general trade export decreases by 1%, and the import price elasticity is about 0.4, that is, every 1% decrease of China's import price relative to the world's import price, the import growth rate increases by 0.4%, RMB appreciation can effectively rece China's trade surplus and improve China's international balance of payments imbalance. Third, the appreciation of RMB also brings a series of negative effects on China's economy, which can not be ignored. We should have a correct understanding of this and effectively eliminate the negative effects caused by the appreciation. First of all, the appreciation of RMB has hindered the good development momentum of China's foreign economy and reversed China's position as a global manufacturing center. The continuous appreciation of RMB will cause great damage to China's long-term international competitiveness, China's comparative advantage in labor-intensive instries will continue to weaken, and China's initially accumulated competitive advantage in electromechanical and high-tech instries will be greatly damaged. At present, China's export mainly depends on the price competitiveness, but it will take time for the major adjustment of instrial structure and the improvement of non price competitiveness. The result of the continuous appreciation of RMB is that the export is seriously hindered, the pace of foreign instrial transfer is greatly slowed down, and the inflow of international direct investment is slowed down. China's position as an important base of global manufacturing instry will be weakened. This will greatly delay the pace of China's new instrialization and instrial upgrading, increase employment pressure, and further highlight the contradiction of insufficient effective demand. The appreciation of the Japanese yen made Japan's exports drop from an average annual growth rate of more than 10% after the World War II to an average annual growth rate of 0.4% from 1990 to 1995, indicating that the continuous appreciation of the local currency will bring a major blow to exports. At present, China's accession to the WTO and the accelerated development of economic globalization provide China with a strategic opportunity to build itself into a global advanced manufacturing center. We must prevent this process from being reversed because of the continuous appreciation of RMB. Secondly, the appreciation of RMB aggravates deflation and makes macro-control face various traps. Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, economic globalization and trade liberalization, the prices of manufactured goods in the world have been continuously declining, especially since the second half of the 1990s, there has been a trend of global deflation. Originally, the decline in world prices would exert a significant downward pressure on domestic prices through import and export channels, and the continued appreciation of RMB would make domestic prices even worse. First, the appreciation of RMB will lead to the lower cost of export procts, which will proce a price comparison effect on domestic prices and make the prices of related procts fall; Second, the appreciation of RMB will rece the cost of import, which will lead to import deflation and promote the price drop of import input departments and competitive departments; Thirdly, the continuous appreciation expectation of RMB exchange rate will exert downward pressure on the market price, which will lead to the distortion and disorder of the market operation and double the deflationary pressure; Fourth, sustained and strong pressure and expectation of local currency appreciation will have indirect and sometimes very strong tightening impact on domestic prices through financial and investment channels. Once the sustained appreciation of the local currency and the expectation of appreciation are solidified, it will also bring a series of interference to consumption, investment and other economic behaviors, and form a bad psychological expectation. If it is not done well, the macro-control will be in trouble. First, in the face of the prominent contradiction of insufficient effective social demand in China, private investment and consumption will be more weak; Second, the dependence of economic growth on positive fiscal policy is increasing, not only the policy effect will be graally reced, but also the fiscal risk will be increasing; Third, with the circulation of currency appreciation and deflation, monetary policy faces the risk of falling into the liquidity trap. All these will make the function space of macroeconomic policy increasingly narrow and the room for regulation and control more limited. In addition, the continued appreciation of the local currency will bring about a false increase in people's income and an inflated asset. It will easily ince the bubble economy, stimulate the irrational expansion of the virtual economy, and ultimately bring greater impact on the macro-economy. RMB appreciation will have a far-reaching impact on China's economy. Therefore, improving the reform of RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is of great significance to adjusting the balanced development of import and export trade, improving the balance of international payments, establishing and improving the socialist market economic system, deepening the reform of economic and financial system, and improving the macro-control system, It is in line with the requirements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on establishing a market-based managed floating exchange rate system, improving the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism, and keeping the RMB exchange rate basically stable at a reasonable and balanced level. It is in line with China's long-term and fundamental interests, concive to the implementation of the scientific outlook on development, and promoting the comprehensive development of economy and society Coordinated and sustainable development is of great significance.
6. Barry J. Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Australian physician, Professor of clinical microbiology, University of Western Australia. His main achievement is to prove that Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most gastric ulcers and gastritis, while previous theories believed that gastric ulcers are mainly caused by pressure, irritating food and excessive gastric acid. He and J. Robin Warren discovered Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in gastritis, gastric ulcer and other diseases, and was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. In December 2011, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering
7. < Table > < tbody > < tr > < td > < br >
< br > Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium. The structure of the bacterium is cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material. There is no formed nucleus. In addition, there are swinging flagella and protective capsule, as shown in the figure: < br > < br > therefore, d < / td > < / TR > < / tbody > < / Table >
8. Born on September 30, 1951, in Calgary, Western Australia
Master's degree, University of Western Australia, 1968-1974
from 1977 to 1984, he became a registered physician of the Royal Hospital of Perth
from 1985 to 1986, he became a researcher of Gastroenterology in Perth Royal Hospital< From 1986 to 1994, he became a researcher and professor of medicine at the University of Virginia< In 1996, he became a research professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia
in 1997, he returned to Australia and became a professor of clinical medicine at the University of Western Australia
professor of clinical microbiology, University of Western Australia, 1999
in 2003, he was the chief researcher of Helicobacter pylori Laboratory of NHMRC, University of Western Australia
9. Marx once used Dante's poem to explain this spirit: "at the entrance of science, just as at the entrance of hell, we must put forward such a requirement: there must be no hesitation; No cowardice here will help
Barry Marshall's "testing the law by example" can fully illustrate his spirit of devoting himself to science and truth, which is the determination made by a person who pursues truth. If a person wants to make a difference in a certain field, he must have the courage to innovate and practice
10. (1) Helicobacter pylori is a kind of bacteria. The basic structure of the bacteria includes cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA concentration area, and there is no formed nucleus; The basic structures of gastric parietal cells are cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Therefore, the difference between Helicobacter pylori and gastric parietal cells is the shapeless nucleus. < br > there is no chloroplast in the cells of Helicobacter pylori, which relies on ready-made organic matter, Therefore, the nutritional mode of Helicobacter pylori is heterotrophic. < br > (2) the composition and function of the three defense lines of the human body: lysozyme in saliva can kill bacteria entering the oral cavity, belonging to the second defense line, lysozyme, a bactericidal substance in body fluid, has the function of dissolving, swallowing and eliminating pathogens, It has immunity to many kinds of pathogens, so it belongs to non-specific immunity. The specific immunity is formed after birth, suffering from this disease or having been vaccinated. It only has immunity to specific pathogens, but has no effect on other pathogens. Its effect is targeted and specific, It belongs to specific immunity. < br > (3) the stomach can secrete gastric juice, contain pepsin, and preliminarily digest protein. < br > (4) it can be seen from the materials that the scientific experimental conclusion should be realistic, Therefore, the answers are: (1) there is no formed nucleus; Heterotrophic 2) Nonspecific immunity 3) Gastric juice 4) Adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts. < / td > < / TR > < / tbody > < / Table >
