The test point of political virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-17 23:03:26
1.
1. The essence of interpretation is different:
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency
currency: currency (CCY) is the medium of purchasing goods and preserving wealth. It is the contract between the owner of property and the market about the right of exchange. In essence, it is the agreement between the owners
2. Different types:
virtual currency: game currency, special currency, etc.
currency: coin, paper currency, deposit currency, etc.
extended data:
formation of virtual currency market:
Internet leads to the emergence of a new market, which is a virtual market based on cyberspace. The Internet provides a lot of communication places for consumers, and also provides business market for enterprises. Enterprises must change from proct centered to service centered to customer centered
with the development of computer artificial intelligence technology and database technology, enterprises can conveniently collect customers' information, understand customers' needs in time, change business strategies and grasp economic arteries in real time
2. No, although it feels like payment, deposit and transfer are carried out on the virtual network, the real account funds in the bank account will also carry out the corresponding real operation with the network operation, which has a one-to-one effect on the objective world, so it is not a virtual currency.
3. Yes
for example, the current electronic transfer is actually virtual currency
of course, paper money itself is a currency symbol, not a currency
the goods ratio is the general equivalent
nowadays, paper money or virtual currency are all transactions based on national credit or enterprise credit
in these economic activities, virtual currency acts as a measure of value and a means of circulation.
for example, the current electronic transfer is actually virtual currency
of course, paper money itself is a currency symbol, not a currency
the goods ratio is the general equivalent
nowadays, paper money or virtual currency are all transactions based on national credit or enterprise credit
in these economic activities, virtual currency acts as a measure of value and a means of circulation.
4. Of course, paper money is money, and virtual money is money
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
5. When the title says what function paper money has, we can only talk about the means of circulation. When we talk about the functions of paper money instead of metal money, we can say all the functions of money: circulation means, value measure, storage means, world money means of payment. Thank you very much
6. Cao Wei is located in the Central Plains, where people and goods are abundant. The commodity economy is relatively developed, so the currency system is relatively stable. In the early stage, the grain and silk coins were used as coins. After only seven months, the five baht coins were abolished, and then the circulation of the five baht coins was resumed. The shape of the five baht coins was similar to that of the Han Dynasty. The style of the coins was slightly smaller than that of the five baht coins of the Han Dynasty. Sun Wu, located in the south of the Yangtze River, is rich in procts and people. However, Sun Quan practiced several varieties, including Daquan Dangqian, Daquan 2000 and Daquan 5000. In the end, the government and the people were in trouble, the financial deficit was extreme, the national foundation was unstable, and finally it was doomed. Shuhan is located in Bachuan, with excellent physical and geographical conditions, known as the land of abundance. However, Liu Shu's coins were contrary to public opinion. He also successively made some large coins of nominal value similar to those of Wu. Most of the common people were not happy to use them. Later, they had to change to real money to calm people's anger. Even if we tried every means to rectify the currency system, we could not escape the fate of failure and subjugation.
7. Answer C: because the function of commemorative coin is the same as that of currency, both can participate in circulation. The same can be used to buy goods, so the essence of commemorative coin and money are the same, they are general equivalents, they are goods
8. No, the issue quantity of virtual currency is generally fixed, and it is issued according to certain rules, but not according to the limit needed in circulation. Let's take bitcoin as an example:
New bitcoin is generated through "mining", which is a competitive and decentralized process. This process involves indivials serving the bitcoin network and getting paid for it. Bitcoin miners use dedicated hardware to process transactions and protect bitcoin networks, and collect new bitcoins ring transactions
bitcoin protocol is designed to issue new bitcoin at a fixed rate. This makes bitcoin mining an extremely competitive instry. As more and more miners join the bitcoin network, it becomes more and more difficult to make profits. Miners must seek efficiency to cut proction costs. No central authority or developer has the right to control or manipulate the system to increase their profits. Any behavior that does not comply with the rules required by the system will be rejected by any bitcoin node in the world
bitcoin is issued at a predictable and graal decline rate. The number of new bitcoins will be halved year by year until the total number reaches 21 million. By then, bitcoin miners may be able to support only a large number of small transaction costs
since 2013, the popular virtual currencies are bitcoin, Laite coin, Fuyuan coin, Ruibo coin, Yuanbao coin and so on.
New bitcoin is generated through "mining", which is a competitive and decentralized process. This process involves indivials serving the bitcoin network and getting paid for it. Bitcoin miners use dedicated hardware to process transactions and protect bitcoin networks, and collect new bitcoins ring transactions
bitcoin protocol is designed to issue new bitcoin at a fixed rate. This makes bitcoin mining an extremely competitive instry. As more and more miners join the bitcoin network, it becomes more and more difficult to make profits. Miners must seek efficiency to cut proction costs. No central authority or developer has the right to control or manipulate the system to increase their profits. Any behavior that does not comply with the rules required by the system will be rejected by any bitcoin node in the world
bitcoin is issued at a predictable and graal decline rate. The number of new bitcoins will be halved year by year until the total number reaches 21 million. By then, bitcoin miners may be able to support only a large number of small transaction costs
since 2013, the popular virtual currencies are bitcoin, Laite coin, Fuyuan coin, Ruibo coin, Yuanbao coin and so on.
9. Political economy; Short answer questions; 1. About the essence and function of money; Essence: general equivalent, reflecting certain social relations; Function: it refers to the inherent function of money as the general equivalent of goods; Basic functions: value scale, circulation means; Value scale: the scale to measure the value of all other commodities (external scale; There are two major factors in the change of commodity price: commodity value and currency value; Money circulation, in turn, realizes and promotes commodity circulation; Other functions: means of storage, means of payment, means of world currency storage:; Metal money
political economy
short answer
1. About the essence and function of money
essence: general equivalent, reflecting certain social relations
function: refers to the inherent function of money when it functions as the general equivalent of goods
basic functions: value scale, circulation means
value scale: the scale (external scale) to measure the value of all other commodities Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. There are two factors that influence the change of commodity price: commodity value, currency value and circulation means, which means that currency acts as the medium of commodity exchange. It has to be real money. Commodity circulation is the basis of currency circulation, which determines commodity circulation
money circulation in turn realizes and promotes commodity circulation. The law of money circulation is the law that determines the demand of money in the market. With other conditions unchanged, the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods and inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation
other functions: means of storage, means of payment, means of world currency storage: as the general representative of value and social wealth, money performs the functions when it is withdrawn from circulation and stored. When performing functions, it must be metal currency of sufficient value. When implementing
metal money, money storage has the function of spontaneously adjusting the amount of money circulation. Means of payment: as an independent form of value, money has the function of unilateral transfer of value. A commodity transaction arising from credit. World currency: the function of money when it plays a role in the international market. It must be a valuable precious metal currency< The main contents and basic requirements of the law of value are as follows:
the value of commodities is determined by the social necessary labor time for procing commodities; Commodities must be exchanged on the basis of the quantity of value and in accordance with the principle of equal quantity of value, that is, exchange of equal value. The law of value is the form of realizing economic relations among procers in commodity economy< (1) influenced by supply and demand, price fluctuates around value, which is the manifestation of value law< (2) commodity prices fluctuate around the value, which does not violate the law of value. Because:
① in the long run, the rising part and the falling part of the price can offset each other, and the total price is equal to the total value
2. No matter how the price of goods fluctuates, it changes on the basis of their respective values< (3) the law of value is realized by the mechanism of supply and demand, competition and so on< 3. The role of value law:
1. Spontaneously adjust the distribution of means of proction and labor force among various sectors of social proction in proportion< (2) stimulate commodity procers to improve proction technology, management and labor proctivity, so as to promote the development of social proctivity< (3) to cause and promote the polarization of commodity procers
3. Money circulation
Law of money circulation: the law that determines the amount of money needed for circulation in a certain period is called the law of money circulation
the amount of money needed in circulation depends on three factors: the total amount of goods for sale, the price level of goods, and the circulation speed of money
interrelation: the proct of commodity quantity and unit commodity price is the total price of a commodity
the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods and inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation
the proct of the total amount of goods for sale and the price level of goods is the total price of goods
formula:
① the law of currency circulation when precious metal currency performs the function of means of circulation
② the law of currency circulation when precious metal currency performs the function of means of payment
4. Labor force becomes commodity and the use value of labor force
labor force becomes commodity:
labor force is human labor ability, which exists in human body, It is the sum of human physical strength and intelligence. Under certain historical conditions, labor has become a commodity. Prerequisite: 1. The labor force must have personal freedom and can freely control its own labor force< In addition to their own labor force, the labor force has nothing, no means of proction and means of living, so they have to sell their own labor force to make a living
these two conditions were graally formed in the process of the disintegration of serfdom and the differentiation of handicraftsmen at the end of feudal society. Capitalism came into being graally on this basis. The use value of labor force:
value: determined by the social necessary labor time of procing and reprocing labor force
the composition of labor force commodity value quantity: including three parts
the determination of labor force value is a historical and moral factor
use value: the ability of labor force to create goods and value
the use value of labor force is the source of value, and it can create more value than its own value< Capital accumulation (meaning, essence, determinants)
meaning: capitalization of surplus value. On the one hand, it is recognized as a result of labor, on the other hand, it has become a means of expanding exploitation. It is the essence of Capitalism: capitalists possess more unpaid labor through the possession of workers
conditions: A. considering the needs of a single capital, if we want to accumulate capital, we can not use all the surplus value for personal consumption, but must convert part of the surplus value into capital
B. from the perspective of total social assets, A. there is surplus besides the material components of capital consumed in the year of annual total proct compensation; B. if we do not strengthen the protection of workers from both connotation and extension, we need to add labor force to realize capital accumulation
factors: a. the degree of capital exploitation of labor (proportional): under the premise of a certain variable capital, the higher the degree of exploitation, the more accumulation
B. the level of social labor proctivity (in direct proportion): Shenghui's labor proctivity changes in direct proportion to the relative surplus value, increasing asset accumulation
C. The amount of capital used is proportional to the expansion of the balance of capital consumed
D. total prepaid capital (proportional)< Instrial capital, asset cycle (form, function, stage, role)
Instrial Capital:
meaning: capital invested in instry, agriculture, construction, transportation, mining and other proctive sectors (instrial sectors)
capital cycle:
meaning: in the real movement, instrial capital always enters the proction process from the circulation process, and then enters the circulation process from the proction process. Starting from the monetary form of capital, it successively goes through the purchase stage, proction stage and sales stage, and correspondingly takes three functional forms of monetary capital, proction capital and commodity capital, Finally, it goes back to the movement of money form. Form: currency capital circulation, proction capital circulation and commodity capital circulation< (1) the circulation of monetary capital:
formula: G-W? P? W '- G'
characteristics: it clearly shows the motive and purpose of capitalist proction and is the general form of instrial capital circulation<
one sidedness: value proliferation seems to be the charm of money itself
② proction capital circulation:
formula: P? W ′ - G ′· G-W? P
characteristics: reveals the real source of surplus value
one sidedness: it seems that the purpose of capitalist proction is to proce for the sake of proction< (3) circulation of commodity capital:
formula: W ′ - G ′· G-W? P? W ′
features: it reveals the internal relationship between proction and consumption
one sidedness: it seems that the purpose of capitalist proction is to meet the needs of society< Functions: monetary capital, proction capital and commodity capital<
stage:
purchasing stage: purchasing means of proction and labor. Instrial capital is in the form of currency.
proction stage: procing goods containing value and surplus value. Decisive stage: Taking the form of means of proction and labor.
selling stage: selling goods, Take the form of commodity.
7. △ simple reproction and expanded reproction
simple reproction:
(1) social reproction can be divided into simple reproction and expanded reproction according to whether the scale changes. Simple reproction refers to reproction with constant proction scale, while expanded reproction refers to reproction with expanded proction scale< (2) capitalist simple reproction means that capitalists use all surplus value for personal consumption, the amount of capital invested in the proction process remains unchanged, and reproction only repeats on the original scale
the conditions of simple reproction of social capital:
(1) I (V + m) = II C (basic condition) shows the interdependence between the two categories
(2) I (c + V + m) = I C + II C illustrates the realization of means of proction under the condition of simple reproction, that is, all means of proction proced by society must equal the total amount and structure of means of proction needed by society< (3) II (c + V + m) = I (V + m) + II (V + m) indicates the realization of consumption goods under the condition of simple reproction, that is, all consumption goods proced by society must equal the total amount and structure of consumption goods needed by society<
expanded reproction:
(1) capitalist reproction is characterized by expanded reproction. To expand the reproction of social capital, capital accumulation must be put into proction as additional capital, which includes additional constant capital and additional variable capital< (2) expanded reproction can be divided into extension expanded reproction and connotation expanded reproction. Extension expansion reproction is to expand the scale of proction by increasing the number of proction factors and expanding the proction place under the condition that the proction technology, labor efficiency and the quality of proction factors (means of proction and labor force) remain unchanged. The connotation expansion reproction depends on the progress of proction technology, the improvement of labor efficiency and the quality of proction factors to expand the scale of proction.
political economy
short answer
1. About the essence and function of money
essence: general equivalent, reflecting certain social relations
function: refers to the inherent function of money when it functions as the general equivalent of goods
basic functions: value scale, circulation means
value scale: the scale (external scale) to measure the value of all other commodities Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. There are two factors that influence the change of commodity price: commodity value, currency value and circulation means, which means that currency acts as the medium of commodity exchange. It has to be real money. Commodity circulation is the basis of currency circulation, which determines commodity circulation
money circulation in turn realizes and promotes commodity circulation. The law of money circulation is the law that determines the demand of money in the market. With other conditions unchanged, the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods and inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation
other functions: means of storage, means of payment, means of world currency storage: as the general representative of value and social wealth, money performs the functions when it is withdrawn from circulation and stored. When performing functions, it must be metal currency of sufficient value. When implementing
metal money, money storage has the function of spontaneously adjusting the amount of money circulation. Means of payment: as an independent form of value, money has the function of unilateral transfer of value. A commodity transaction arising from credit. World currency: the function of money when it plays a role in the international market. It must be a valuable precious metal currency< The main contents and basic requirements of the law of value are as follows:
the value of commodities is determined by the social necessary labor time for procing commodities; Commodities must be exchanged on the basis of the quantity of value and in accordance with the principle of equal quantity of value, that is, exchange of equal value. The law of value is the form of realizing economic relations among procers in commodity economy< (1) influenced by supply and demand, price fluctuates around value, which is the manifestation of value law< (2) commodity prices fluctuate around the value, which does not violate the law of value. Because:
① in the long run, the rising part and the falling part of the price can offset each other, and the total price is equal to the total value
2. No matter how the price of goods fluctuates, it changes on the basis of their respective values< (3) the law of value is realized by the mechanism of supply and demand, competition and so on< 3. The role of value law:
1. Spontaneously adjust the distribution of means of proction and labor force among various sectors of social proction in proportion< (2) stimulate commodity procers to improve proction technology, management and labor proctivity, so as to promote the development of social proctivity< (3) to cause and promote the polarization of commodity procers
3. Money circulation
Law of money circulation: the law that determines the amount of money needed for circulation in a certain period is called the law of money circulation
the amount of money needed in circulation depends on three factors: the total amount of goods for sale, the price level of goods, and the circulation speed of money
interrelation: the proct of commodity quantity and unit commodity price is the total price of a commodity
the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods and inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation
the proct of the total amount of goods for sale and the price level of goods is the total price of goods
formula:
① the law of currency circulation when precious metal currency performs the function of means of circulation
② the law of currency circulation when precious metal currency performs the function of means of payment
4. Labor force becomes commodity and the use value of labor force
labor force becomes commodity:
labor force is human labor ability, which exists in human body, It is the sum of human physical strength and intelligence. Under certain historical conditions, labor has become a commodity. Prerequisite: 1. The labor force must have personal freedom and can freely control its own labor force< In addition to their own labor force, the labor force has nothing, no means of proction and means of living, so they have to sell their own labor force to make a living
these two conditions were graally formed in the process of the disintegration of serfdom and the differentiation of handicraftsmen at the end of feudal society. Capitalism came into being graally on this basis. The use value of labor force:
value: determined by the social necessary labor time of procing and reprocing labor force
the composition of labor force commodity value quantity: including three parts
the determination of labor force value is a historical and moral factor
use value: the ability of labor force to create goods and value
the use value of labor force is the source of value, and it can create more value than its own value< Capital accumulation (meaning, essence, determinants)
meaning: capitalization of surplus value. On the one hand, it is recognized as a result of labor, on the other hand, it has become a means of expanding exploitation. It is the essence of Capitalism: capitalists possess more unpaid labor through the possession of workers
conditions: A. considering the needs of a single capital, if we want to accumulate capital, we can not use all the surplus value for personal consumption, but must convert part of the surplus value into capital
B. from the perspective of total social assets, A. there is surplus besides the material components of capital consumed in the year of annual total proct compensation; B. if we do not strengthen the protection of workers from both connotation and extension, we need to add labor force to realize capital accumulation
factors: a. the degree of capital exploitation of labor (proportional): under the premise of a certain variable capital, the higher the degree of exploitation, the more accumulation
B. the level of social labor proctivity (in direct proportion): Shenghui's labor proctivity changes in direct proportion to the relative surplus value, increasing asset accumulation
C. The amount of capital used is proportional to the expansion of the balance of capital consumed
D. total prepaid capital (proportional)< Instrial capital, asset cycle (form, function, stage, role)
Instrial Capital:
meaning: capital invested in instry, agriculture, construction, transportation, mining and other proctive sectors (instrial sectors)
capital cycle:
meaning: in the real movement, instrial capital always enters the proction process from the circulation process, and then enters the circulation process from the proction process. Starting from the monetary form of capital, it successively goes through the purchase stage, proction stage and sales stage, and correspondingly takes three functional forms of monetary capital, proction capital and commodity capital, Finally, it goes back to the movement of money form. Form: currency capital circulation, proction capital circulation and commodity capital circulation< (1) the circulation of monetary capital:
formula: G-W? P? W '- G'
characteristics: it clearly shows the motive and purpose of capitalist proction and is the general form of instrial capital circulation<
one sidedness: value proliferation seems to be the charm of money itself
② proction capital circulation:
formula: P? W ′ - G ′· G-W? P
characteristics: reveals the real source of surplus value
one sidedness: it seems that the purpose of capitalist proction is to proce for the sake of proction< (3) circulation of commodity capital:
formula: W ′ - G ′· G-W? P? W ′
features: it reveals the internal relationship between proction and consumption
one sidedness: it seems that the purpose of capitalist proction is to meet the needs of society< Functions: monetary capital, proction capital and commodity capital<
stage:
purchasing stage: purchasing means of proction and labor. Instrial capital is in the form of currency.
proction stage: procing goods containing value and surplus value. Decisive stage: Taking the form of means of proction and labor.
selling stage: selling goods, Take the form of commodity.
7. △ simple reproction and expanded reproction
simple reproction:
(1) social reproction can be divided into simple reproction and expanded reproction according to whether the scale changes. Simple reproction refers to reproction with constant proction scale, while expanded reproction refers to reproction with expanded proction scale< (2) capitalist simple reproction means that capitalists use all surplus value for personal consumption, the amount of capital invested in the proction process remains unchanged, and reproction only repeats on the original scale
the conditions of simple reproction of social capital:
(1) I (V + m) = II C (basic condition) shows the interdependence between the two categories
(2) I (c + V + m) = I C + II C illustrates the realization of means of proction under the condition of simple reproction, that is, all means of proction proced by society must equal the total amount and structure of means of proction needed by society< (3) II (c + V + m) = I (V + m) + II (V + m) indicates the realization of consumption goods under the condition of simple reproction, that is, all consumption goods proced by society must equal the total amount and structure of consumption goods needed by society<
expanded reproction:
(1) capitalist reproction is characterized by expanded reproction. To expand the reproction of social capital, capital accumulation must be put into proction as additional capital, which includes additional constant capital and additional variable capital< (2) expanded reproction can be divided into extension expanded reproction and connotation expanded reproction. Extension expansion reproction is to expand the scale of proction by increasing the number of proction factors and expanding the proction place under the condition that the proction technology, labor efficiency and the quality of proction factors (means of proction and labor force) remain unchanged. The connotation expansion reproction depends on the progress of proction technology, the improvement of labor efficiency and the quality of proction factors to expand the scale of proction.
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