The influence of military conflict on virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-18 04:56:24
1. There will certainly be conflicts, and different virtual currency developers and operators will tear and force each other. However, whether virtual currency can continue to exist depends on the following points:
1. The strength and technology of the operation and development technical team can not keep up with each other. In addition to the problem that cannot be solved, it will eventually die
2. The level of public relations promotion operation team, because many Shanzhai coins are homogeneous, the difference is only the so-called propaganda culture
3. If the original intention of the development and operation team is just to make money, it will not take long
4. Is there a strong community member to promote its development voluntarily? There is a classic saying on the Internet: "losers win the world."
5. The overall strength of the development and operation team is strong, and the currency has survived for a longer time. Recently, Fuyuan coin, which is similar to business points, emerged in the jewelry instry, is an example. It is legally registered in California, the United States, a domestic corporatized Trading platform, and its information is open and transparent.
1. The strength and technology of the operation and development technical team can not keep up with each other. In addition to the problem that cannot be solved, it will eventually die
2. The level of public relations promotion operation team, because many Shanzhai coins are homogeneous, the difference is only the so-called propaganda culture
3. If the original intention of the development and operation team is just to make money, it will not take long
4. Is there a strong community member to promote its development voluntarily? There is a classic saying on the Internet: "losers win the world."
5. The overall strength of the development and operation team is strong, and the currency has survived for a longer time. Recently, Fuyuan coin, which is similar to business points, emerged in the jewelry instry, is an example. It is legally registered in California, the United States, a domestic corporatized Trading platform, and its information is open and transparent.
2. Now mining time input cost is very high, and mining machine input cost is also very high. If you are a novice, it is recommended that you first use legal currency to exchange from the exchange. It is relatively simple, and the okex platform is recommended for security. Your adoption is the driving force of my answer.
3. No one will admit that a currency supported by a country does not necessarily make it recognized by the global market. As a common currency, the US dollar's competitors in the world still have euro, pound, RMB, yen and other complex economic systems, while bitcoin has no guarantee behind it. It is widely recognized that gold reserves, technical content, economic aggregate, military strength, national reputation and so on are the direct factors to measure whether a currency will be accepted by the world. If there is a war, who will use your virtual currency to trade arms, grain and technology. Therefore, bitcoin, as a global unified virtual currency, is only used at the virtual level, legalized or licensed, just like the current q-coin. However, to really apply it to real life, more people and more money must be invested in order to initially establish small-scale goods trading. Large scale, such as oil, instry, machinery, shipbuilding, aerospace, weapons, Large Hadron Collider, particle accelerator, Tokamak device, and even the basic necessities of people all over the world, you will find how ridiculous it is to use virtual currency. Even if it is possible, it will take time to accumulate. Only when people invest hundreds of years of money into bitcoin, which is more than the wealth in the hands of today's global people, can it be stabilized. The gains outweigh the losses, which is more difficult than global unification. Even if the as like as two peas in the world, the same currency will exist, and the existence of the same currency will be the same as that of online banking.
4. In fact, there is little conflict between virtual currency and economy. On the contrary, it can promote economic development in Cheng
however, the rampant fraud of virtual currency and money laundering of virtual currency also hinder the development of economy, which is its disadvantage
but virtual currency is more positive than negative. For example, bitcoin, Ruitai coin and vitality coin now pay more attention to the development of application scenarios.
however, the rampant fraud of virtual currency and money laundering of virtual currency also hinder the development of economy, which is its disadvantage
but virtual currency is more positive than negative. For example, bitcoin, Ruitai coin and vitality coin now pay more attention to the development of application scenarios.
5.
After Iran fired missiles at the United States, injuring a passenger plane. The relationship between the United States and Iran seems to have eased a lot in recent days. At present, both sides are still holding their hands. Iran has changed its attitude towards the United States, which has been clamoring for sudden wealth. Trump, the president of the United States, did not continue to be a demon, but expressed that the United States would impose economic sanctions on Iran< before the fierce conflict, the prices of crude oil and gold soared; After the conflict subsided, the prices of crude oil and gold fell. Therefore, if the conflict between the United States and Iran continues to escalate, it will have a huge impact on the stock market and the global capital market{ RRRRR}
and once Iran and the United States fight, the Middle East will certainly be affected. The Middle East is originally a large crude oil reserve country, so the crude oil market will be affected, the price of crude oil will rise rapidly, and the crude oil market will be chaotic
therefore, the war between Iran and the United States has a great impact on the stock market and global capital
6. War is an armed struggle between the two hostile parties in order to achieve certain political and economic goals. War is divided into just war and unjust war, just war includes: slave peasant uprising, class liberation war, national liberation war, anti aggression war, self-defense war and so on. Just war plays a huge role in promoting the development of society and is the locomotive of historical development. On the contrary, unjust wars include: War for hegemony, counter revolutionary war, colonial war, imperialist war, aggressive war, etc., which go against the fundamental interests of the people and the direction of social development and push the people to disaster. Upholding just war and opposing unjust war are our fundamental attitude towards war
since ancient times, general wars have had certain economic purposes. The original state of war is caused by the struggle for natural resources and other living conditions. At the end of the primitive society, when the clan commune disintegrated and turned into a slave society, the war between tribes had degenerated into a robbery of wealth and slaves. Since entering the slave society, wars, conquering cities, plundering resources, wealth and slaves have become more and more serious. The fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt, from 2600 BC, put the purpose of foreign invasion war on the economic goal, plundering gold, copper and wealth. Since the 16th century, Britain carried out the colonial war policy. In the 19th century, it occupied 150 times of its own colonies and carried out economic plunder everywhere. Since the Opium War, the imperialist countries invaded and plundered China for more than a hundred years. Only two Opium Wars forced the Qing Dynasty to cede land and make reparations, and lost 1.44 million square kilometers of territory, equivalent to the area of 14 Jiangsu provinces
as far as the relationship between war and economy is concerned, war depends on economy, and economy provides combat tools and means for war, which is the material basis for war. Economic factors are the material basis for war, mainly including the country's economic system, economic facilities, economic strength and potential. The size of a country, the number of people, the amount of mineral resources, geographical location and other factors determine the extent to which a country develops its war power and potential in war. The degree to which economic factors play a role in the war is influenced by the nature of the country's politics and economic system and the political purpose of the war. At the same time, the degree to which economic departments serve the war is also affected by the defense instry system and the combat readiness transportation system. At the same time, with the development of the army and weapons, the intensity of the war is increasing and the war consumption is increasing, which makes the war more and more dependent on the economy and national defense economy. Today and in the future, in order to win the modern anti aggression war, we must have strong economic strength and national defense instry to ensure the victory of the war. Therefore, it is pointed out in the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that "we should adhere to the principle of coordinated development of national defense construction and economic construction, and promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces on the basis of economic development."<
war's damage to the world economy
in addition to the two world wars, the negative impact of war on the economy has been countless since the late 1940s. Take the Middle East as an example, the conflicts and wars between the Arab countries and Israel are endless. There are five large-scale wars alone. According to incomplete statistics, the Five Middle East wars resulted in more than 100000 Arab casualties and direct economic losses of hundreds of billions of dollars. Since then, the Arab countries have been burdened with heavy military expenditure, heavy debts, poor people and serious damage to infrastructure. For example, after the third Middle East War, Egypt's instrial and agricultural proction came to a standstill, the supply of electricity and raw materials was out of line, and many factories were shut down or semi shut down. The Suez Canal was forced to close, the tourism instry was sluggish, and Egypt's two important foreign exchange earnings disappeared. At the same time as proction and income have declined, military expenditure has risen sharply. Israel, as the victor, also has a hard time. About 30000 Israelites were killed in the war. However, the long-term political isolation and military confrontation have made Israel hard to cope with, which has seriously restricted its economic development. In order to guard against Arab countries, Israel has maintained a huge military expenditure for many years. Its defense expenditure accounts for the largest proportion in the world's government budget, averaging 36% from 1970 to 1980, and more than 40% in some years
the Iran Iraq war, which lasted for eight years, is a war without winners. The death toll of both sides reached more than 600000 and the injured 950000, many times higher than the total number of casualties in the five Arab Israeli wars. The direct economic loss of this war is as high as US $900 billion. The high military expenditure makes the two Iraqis, who are rich enough to make ends meet, in urgent need of the national treasury. Iraq's war cost accounts for 164% of its GDP, with an average monthly expenditure of US $500 million to US $1 billion. Iran's military expenditure accounts for 60% of its GDP, with an average monthly expenditure of nearly 600 million US dollars. At one time, the two sides took the destruction of each other's economic facilities as the first choice of military operations. Oil fields, ports, refineries, oil pipelines, oil tankers and so on were among the targets of military air strikes. The two countries suffered hundreds of billions of dollars in financial losses e to air strikes. Iraq had us $37 billion in foreign exchange reserves before the war, but after the war it had us $80 billion in debt. The reason for the cease-fire between Iran and Iran is that both sides are unable to fight any more. In August 1988, when Khomeini announced his unconditional acceptance of UN resolution 598 calling for a cease-fire between Iran and Iran, he said: "this is Allah's will. Even if this will is a cup of poisonous wine, we have to drink it."
the Gulf War in 1991 was also piled up with money. Excluding military equipment and other expenses, the direct consumption of war is US $61.1 billion. The war in Iraq is a high-intensity war. Every day, it may need as much as 500 million US dollars. In fact, with the rapid development of modern military science and technology, the characteristics of high investment and high consumption of war are more and more obvious. As for the consumption of war, the data show that the average cost of destroying an enemy is US $20000 in the first World War, US $200000 in the Second World War, US $550000 in the Korean War, US $1 million in the fourth Middle East War, and US $1.8 million in local wars in the 1980s. There are no specific figures for the Iraq war, but the estimate is much higher. Therefore, from this point of view, maintaining peace and opposing war are the common aspiration of people all over the world
the impact of the Iraq war on the world economy
before the outbreak of the Iraq war, the world economy focused on the speculation of the uncertain start time, ration and cruelty of the war. However, when people look around the world economic trend in the face of post-war Iraq, they find that the economy of Iraq and its surrounding countries and regions has been seriously injured by the war, the global consumption depression and the shrinking investment have directly affected international trade, international investment and international financial transactions, and the economic and financial risks are more difficult to predict
the negative impact of the US Iraq war on the world economy is far greater than the positive stimulus. Last year, the world economy recovered, but its growth was slow. This year, although the international institutions predicted that the world economy would grow more than last year, generally speaking, the world economy is in a difficult climbing stage of recovery. As there are some weaknesses in the world economy, the threat of Iraq war to global economic recovery will become more serious. Since the second half of last year, the overall recovery of the world economy has been weak, especially in the three major economies of the United States, Europe and Japan. Although war can stimulate the arms instry, the progress and development of human society can never rely on war, which is contrary to the theme of the times of peace and development. The war first destroyed the environment of world economic growth and had a negative impact on the environment of economic activities, including consumption and investment, international trade, tourism and transportation. Originally, after the "9.11" incident, the global aviation, tourism, insurance and other instries were in a state of depression, and the war in Iraq will undoubtedly make these instries worse. Among them, the aviation instry suffered the most. On the day of the outbreak of the war, Hawaii airlines, a small American airline, declared bankruptcy. Of course, despite the general downturn in the aviation instry, some business "bright spots" still exist. For example, the war brought special business to airlines, especially American companies. From October last year to March this year, major U.S. commercial shipping companies, including American Airlines and United Airlines, won a $1 billion military contract to deliver soldiers, quartermaster supplies and humanitarian relief supplies to war areas, officials from the U.S. Air Force Air Transportation Command said
the war hit the world oil market. The Middle East is known as the world's oil depot, with crude oil reserves accounting for about 2 / 3 of the world's total. Because of the important strategic position and huge economic interests of the region, the major countries compete for the Middle East. However, the ever-changing situation in the Middle East has been the fuse that has stirred up the world crude oil market for decades. Shortly after the outbreak of the fourth Middle East War, Arab countries decided to use their oil weapons in order to support Egypt and oppose U.S. funding for Israel. They announced that they would rece oil proction by 5% every month. At the same time, they raised oil prices by a large margin, imposed an embargo on the United States, nationalized shares of Western oil companies, and vigorously promoted the nationalization of oil. This series of measures led to the price of oil soared several times, many western instrial powers relying on Middle East oil as raw materials suffered incalculable economic losses, triggering the most serious global economic crisis after World War II< In fact, since the second half of last year, the Iraq issue has been one of the important factors restricting the recovery of the world economy. After the Bush administration said last year that it would disarm Iraq by force, e to the fear that the war would lead to the interruption of oil supply and new terrorist attacks in the Middle East, the confidence of investors and consumers in western countries dropped sharply, resulting in the decline of stock market and US dollar exchange rate, and the sharp rise of oil price. The surge in oil prices will first increase oil import spending in many countries, resulting in a rection in trade surpluses in some countries, thereby weakening their ability to repay their debts. Secondly, the rise of oil price will increase the proction cost of enterprises, rece the efficiency of enterprises, and also raise the prices of consumer goods and energy procts, which will bring pressure on some countries to maintain low interest rates to stimulate domestic demand. Although the U.S. imports of oil from the Middle East have been decreasing in recent years and the strategy of "oil import diversification" has been implemented, the rise in oil prices is bound to have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. Some people think that for every $10 increase in oil prices, the U.S. economy will drop by 0.1 percentage points, or even 0.5 percentage points. For the EU, the impact is more obvious. Europe is different from the United States in that energy imports account for 80% - 90%, and there are many types of surcharges in the refined oil market. These two reasons will lead to a greater increase in the price of refined oil in Europe. Different from the European and American economies after the new economic transformation, the East Asian economies are more dependent on traditional energy, so there are more uncertainties. The U.S. economic downturn will lead to a decline in consumer demand, thereby recing imports from Asian countries, including the demand for non oil procts from Asian net oil exporters such as Malaysia and Indonesia< War stimulates the arms instry
wars can stimulate the arms instry. For example, the two world wars have contributed to the future prosperity of the United States. The Gulf War ended completely
since ancient times, general wars have had certain economic purposes. The original state of war is caused by the struggle for natural resources and other living conditions. At the end of the primitive society, when the clan commune disintegrated and turned into a slave society, the war between tribes had degenerated into a robbery of wealth and slaves. Since entering the slave society, wars, conquering cities, plundering resources, wealth and slaves have become more and more serious. The fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt, from 2600 BC, put the purpose of foreign invasion war on the economic goal, plundering gold, copper and wealth. Since the 16th century, Britain carried out the colonial war policy. In the 19th century, it occupied 150 times of its own colonies and carried out economic plunder everywhere. Since the Opium War, the imperialist countries invaded and plundered China for more than a hundred years. Only two Opium Wars forced the Qing Dynasty to cede land and make reparations, and lost 1.44 million square kilometers of territory, equivalent to the area of 14 Jiangsu provinces
as far as the relationship between war and economy is concerned, war depends on economy, and economy provides combat tools and means for war, which is the material basis for war. Economic factors are the material basis for war, mainly including the country's economic system, economic facilities, economic strength and potential. The size of a country, the number of people, the amount of mineral resources, geographical location and other factors determine the extent to which a country develops its war power and potential in war. The degree to which economic factors play a role in the war is influenced by the nature of the country's politics and economic system and the political purpose of the war. At the same time, the degree to which economic departments serve the war is also affected by the defense instry system and the combat readiness transportation system. At the same time, with the development of the army and weapons, the intensity of the war is increasing and the war consumption is increasing, which makes the war more and more dependent on the economy and national defense economy. Today and in the future, in order to win the modern anti aggression war, we must have strong economic strength and national defense instry to ensure the victory of the war. Therefore, it is pointed out in the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that "we should adhere to the principle of coordinated development of national defense construction and economic construction, and promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces on the basis of economic development."<
war's damage to the world economy
in addition to the two world wars, the negative impact of war on the economy has been countless since the late 1940s. Take the Middle East as an example, the conflicts and wars between the Arab countries and Israel are endless. There are five large-scale wars alone. According to incomplete statistics, the Five Middle East wars resulted in more than 100000 Arab casualties and direct economic losses of hundreds of billions of dollars. Since then, the Arab countries have been burdened with heavy military expenditure, heavy debts, poor people and serious damage to infrastructure. For example, after the third Middle East War, Egypt's instrial and agricultural proction came to a standstill, the supply of electricity and raw materials was out of line, and many factories were shut down or semi shut down. The Suez Canal was forced to close, the tourism instry was sluggish, and Egypt's two important foreign exchange earnings disappeared. At the same time as proction and income have declined, military expenditure has risen sharply. Israel, as the victor, also has a hard time. About 30000 Israelites were killed in the war. However, the long-term political isolation and military confrontation have made Israel hard to cope with, which has seriously restricted its economic development. In order to guard against Arab countries, Israel has maintained a huge military expenditure for many years. Its defense expenditure accounts for the largest proportion in the world's government budget, averaging 36% from 1970 to 1980, and more than 40% in some years
the Iran Iraq war, which lasted for eight years, is a war without winners. The death toll of both sides reached more than 600000 and the injured 950000, many times higher than the total number of casualties in the five Arab Israeli wars. The direct economic loss of this war is as high as US $900 billion. The high military expenditure makes the two Iraqis, who are rich enough to make ends meet, in urgent need of the national treasury. Iraq's war cost accounts for 164% of its GDP, with an average monthly expenditure of US $500 million to US $1 billion. Iran's military expenditure accounts for 60% of its GDP, with an average monthly expenditure of nearly 600 million US dollars. At one time, the two sides took the destruction of each other's economic facilities as the first choice of military operations. Oil fields, ports, refineries, oil pipelines, oil tankers and so on were among the targets of military air strikes. The two countries suffered hundreds of billions of dollars in financial losses e to air strikes. Iraq had us $37 billion in foreign exchange reserves before the war, but after the war it had us $80 billion in debt. The reason for the cease-fire between Iran and Iran is that both sides are unable to fight any more. In August 1988, when Khomeini announced his unconditional acceptance of UN resolution 598 calling for a cease-fire between Iran and Iran, he said: "this is Allah's will. Even if this will is a cup of poisonous wine, we have to drink it."
the Gulf War in 1991 was also piled up with money. Excluding military equipment and other expenses, the direct consumption of war is US $61.1 billion. The war in Iraq is a high-intensity war. Every day, it may need as much as 500 million US dollars. In fact, with the rapid development of modern military science and technology, the characteristics of high investment and high consumption of war are more and more obvious. As for the consumption of war, the data show that the average cost of destroying an enemy is US $20000 in the first World War, US $200000 in the Second World War, US $550000 in the Korean War, US $1 million in the fourth Middle East War, and US $1.8 million in local wars in the 1980s. There are no specific figures for the Iraq war, but the estimate is much higher. Therefore, from this point of view, maintaining peace and opposing war are the common aspiration of people all over the world
the impact of the Iraq war on the world economy
before the outbreak of the Iraq war, the world economy focused on the speculation of the uncertain start time, ration and cruelty of the war. However, when people look around the world economic trend in the face of post-war Iraq, they find that the economy of Iraq and its surrounding countries and regions has been seriously injured by the war, the global consumption depression and the shrinking investment have directly affected international trade, international investment and international financial transactions, and the economic and financial risks are more difficult to predict
the negative impact of the US Iraq war on the world economy is far greater than the positive stimulus. Last year, the world economy recovered, but its growth was slow. This year, although the international institutions predicted that the world economy would grow more than last year, generally speaking, the world economy is in a difficult climbing stage of recovery. As there are some weaknesses in the world economy, the threat of Iraq war to global economic recovery will become more serious. Since the second half of last year, the overall recovery of the world economy has been weak, especially in the three major economies of the United States, Europe and Japan. Although war can stimulate the arms instry, the progress and development of human society can never rely on war, which is contrary to the theme of the times of peace and development. The war first destroyed the environment of world economic growth and had a negative impact on the environment of economic activities, including consumption and investment, international trade, tourism and transportation. Originally, after the "9.11" incident, the global aviation, tourism, insurance and other instries were in a state of depression, and the war in Iraq will undoubtedly make these instries worse. Among them, the aviation instry suffered the most. On the day of the outbreak of the war, Hawaii airlines, a small American airline, declared bankruptcy. Of course, despite the general downturn in the aviation instry, some business "bright spots" still exist. For example, the war brought special business to airlines, especially American companies. From October last year to March this year, major U.S. commercial shipping companies, including American Airlines and United Airlines, won a $1 billion military contract to deliver soldiers, quartermaster supplies and humanitarian relief supplies to war areas, officials from the U.S. Air Force Air Transportation Command said
the war hit the world oil market. The Middle East is known as the world's oil depot, with crude oil reserves accounting for about 2 / 3 of the world's total. Because of the important strategic position and huge economic interests of the region, the major countries compete for the Middle East. However, the ever-changing situation in the Middle East has been the fuse that has stirred up the world crude oil market for decades. Shortly after the outbreak of the fourth Middle East War, Arab countries decided to use their oil weapons in order to support Egypt and oppose U.S. funding for Israel. They announced that they would rece oil proction by 5% every month. At the same time, they raised oil prices by a large margin, imposed an embargo on the United States, nationalized shares of Western oil companies, and vigorously promoted the nationalization of oil. This series of measures led to the price of oil soared several times, many western instrial powers relying on Middle East oil as raw materials suffered incalculable economic losses, triggering the most serious global economic crisis after World War II< In fact, since the second half of last year, the Iraq issue has been one of the important factors restricting the recovery of the world economy. After the Bush administration said last year that it would disarm Iraq by force, e to the fear that the war would lead to the interruption of oil supply and new terrorist attacks in the Middle East, the confidence of investors and consumers in western countries dropped sharply, resulting in the decline of stock market and US dollar exchange rate, and the sharp rise of oil price. The surge in oil prices will first increase oil import spending in many countries, resulting in a rection in trade surpluses in some countries, thereby weakening their ability to repay their debts. Secondly, the rise of oil price will increase the proction cost of enterprises, rece the efficiency of enterprises, and also raise the prices of consumer goods and energy procts, which will bring pressure on some countries to maintain low interest rates to stimulate domestic demand. Although the U.S. imports of oil from the Middle East have been decreasing in recent years and the strategy of "oil import diversification" has been implemented, the rise in oil prices is bound to have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. Some people think that for every $10 increase in oil prices, the U.S. economy will drop by 0.1 percentage points, or even 0.5 percentage points. For the EU, the impact is more obvious. Europe is different from the United States in that energy imports account for 80% - 90%, and there are many types of surcharges in the refined oil market. These two reasons will lead to a greater increase in the price of refined oil in Europe. Different from the European and American economies after the new economic transformation, the East Asian economies are more dependent on traditional energy, so there are more uncertainties. The U.S. economic downturn will lead to a decline in consumer demand, thereby recing imports from Asian countries, including the demand for non oil procts from Asian net oil exporters such as Malaysia and Indonesia< War stimulates the arms instry
wars can stimulate the arms instry. For example, the two world wars have contributed to the future prosperity of the United States. The Gulf War ended completely
7. The most basic factors affecting exchange rate fluctuations are as follows:
first, balance of payments and foreign exchange reserves. The so-called balance of payments is the comparison between the total monetary income of a country and the total monetary expenditure paid to other countries. If the total amount of money income is greater than the total amount of expenditure, there will be a balance of payments surplus. The balance of payments surplus will make the external exchange rate of the country's currency rise, otherwise, the exchange rate of the country's currency will fall; This is the most direct factor affecting the exchange rate. In the balance of payments, if the export is greater than the import, capital inflow means that the international market demand for the country's currency increases, then the local currency will rise. On the contrary, if the import is greater than the export and the capital flows out, the demand of the international market for the country's currency will decline and the domestic currency will depreciate. Second, interest rates. As a basic reflection of a country's lending situation, interest rate plays a decisive role in the fluctuation of exchange rate. The level of interest rate has a direct impact on international capital flows. High interest rate countries have capital inflows, while low interest rate countries have capital outflows. Capital flows will cause changes in the relationship between supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. Generally speaking, a country's interest rate rise will lead to its currency appreciation, on the contrary, its currency depreciation; The impact of interest rate on exchange rate is mainly realized through the impact on arbitrage capital flow. Under mild inflation, higher interest rates will attract foreign capital inflows, restrain domestic demand, rece imports, and increase domestic currency. However, in the case of severe inflation, interest rates are negatively correlated with the exchange rate< Third, inflation. Generally speaking, inflation will lead to the decline of domestic currency exchange rate, and the alleviation of inflation will make the exchange rate rise. Inflation affects the value and purchasing power of the local currency. It will lead to the weakening of the competitiveness of exports and the increase of imports. It will also lead to psychological impact on the foreign exchange market and weaken the credit status of the local currency in the international market. These three aspects will lead to the devaluation of the local currency< Fourthly, the political situation. Changes in the political situation of a country and internationally will have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Changes in the political situation generally include political conflicts, military conflicts, elections and regime changes. Sometimes these political factors have a great impact on the exchange rate, but the impact time is generally short
fifth, the economic growth rate of a country. This is the most basic factor that affects the fluctuation of exchange rate. In the long run, economic growth will lead to currency appreciation
sixth, market view. The so-called market view refers to the expectation and cognition of foreign exchange traders on the short-term fluctuation direction of exchange rate in the future, and the short-term fluctuation of exchange rate often reflects the market view. There are two kinds of market views: positive and negative. They will consider the market information and the major measures that the government may announce in advance, and take the action of buying or selling before the information is officially announced. Market views will affect the exchange rate trend after the news is officially released
seventh, people's psychological expectations. This factor is particularly prominent in the current international financial market
eighth, technical analysis. Many market participants believe that the direction of market price movement in the past can be used to predict the future trend, so they trade based on the information of market price changes in the past, rather than considering the economic fundamentals or news. This method is called technical analysis
the exchange rates of the two countries are simply determined by the purchasing power of the two countries. For example, a hamburger in the United States buys RMB 65 yuan per dollar in China, which means that RMB 65 yuan and US dollars buy the same amount of things, and their proportion is the proportion of exchange rate
but it is not so simple in practice. There are other factors influencing the exchange rate. Such as inflation.
first, balance of payments and foreign exchange reserves. The so-called balance of payments is the comparison between the total monetary income of a country and the total monetary expenditure paid to other countries. If the total amount of money income is greater than the total amount of expenditure, there will be a balance of payments surplus. The balance of payments surplus will make the external exchange rate of the country's currency rise, otherwise, the exchange rate of the country's currency will fall; This is the most direct factor affecting the exchange rate. In the balance of payments, if the export is greater than the import, capital inflow means that the international market demand for the country's currency increases, then the local currency will rise. On the contrary, if the import is greater than the export and the capital flows out, the demand of the international market for the country's currency will decline and the domestic currency will depreciate. Second, interest rates. As a basic reflection of a country's lending situation, interest rate plays a decisive role in the fluctuation of exchange rate. The level of interest rate has a direct impact on international capital flows. High interest rate countries have capital inflows, while low interest rate countries have capital outflows. Capital flows will cause changes in the relationship between supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. Generally speaking, a country's interest rate rise will lead to its currency appreciation, on the contrary, its currency depreciation; The impact of interest rate on exchange rate is mainly realized through the impact on arbitrage capital flow. Under mild inflation, higher interest rates will attract foreign capital inflows, restrain domestic demand, rece imports, and increase domestic currency. However, in the case of severe inflation, interest rates are negatively correlated with the exchange rate< Third, inflation. Generally speaking, inflation will lead to the decline of domestic currency exchange rate, and the alleviation of inflation will make the exchange rate rise. Inflation affects the value and purchasing power of the local currency. It will lead to the weakening of the competitiveness of exports and the increase of imports. It will also lead to psychological impact on the foreign exchange market and weaken the credit status of the local currency in the international market. These three aspects will lead to the devaluation of the local currency< Fourthly, the political situation. Changes in the political situation of a country and internationally will have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Changes in the political situation generally include political conflicts, military conflicts, elections and regime changes. Sometimes these political factors have a great impact on the exchange rate, but the impact time is generally short
fifth, the economic growth rate of a country. This is the most basic factor that affects the fluctuation of exchange rate. In the long run, economic growth will lead to currency appreciation
sixth, market view. The so-called market view refers to the expectation and cognition of foreign exchange traders on the short-term fluctuation direction of exchange rate in the future, and the short-term fluctuation of exchange rate often reflects the market view. There are two kinds of market views: positive and negative. They will consider the market information and the major measures that the government may announce in advance, and take the action of buying or selling before the information is officially announced. Market views will affect the exchange rate trend after the news is officially released
seventh, people's psychological expectations. This factor is particularly prominent in the current international financial market
eighth, technical analysis. Many market participants believe that the direction of market price movement in the past can be used to predict the future trend, so they trade based on the information of market price changes in the past, rather than considering the economic fundamentals or news. This method is called technical analysis
the exchange rates of the two countries are simply determined by the purchasing power of the two countries. For example, a hamburger in the United States buys RMB 65 yuan per dollar in China, which means that RMB 65 yuan and US dollars buy the same amount of things, and their proportion is the proportion of exchange rate
but it is not so simple in practice. There are other factors influencing the exchange rate. Such as inflation.
8. (1) balance of payments. If a country's balance of payments is in surplus, its currency exchange rate will rise; If it is a deficit, the exchange rate of the country's currency will fall 2) Inflation. If the inflation rate is high, the exchange rate of the country's currency is low 3) Interest rates. If a country's interest rate rises, the exchange rate is high 4) Economic growth rate. If a country has a high economic growth rate, its currency exchange rate is high 5) Fiscal deficits. If a country has a huge budget deficit, its currency exchange rate will fall 6) Foreign exchange reserves. If a country's foreign exchange reserves are high, its currency exchange rate will rise
there are many factors that affect the exchange rate change, and the following are some specific details: Generally speaking, the change of a country's economic strength and the choice of macroeconomic policies are the fundamental reasons that determine the long-term development trend of the exchange rate. We can often see that in the foreign exchange market, market participants are very concerned about various economic data of various countries, such as GDP, CPI, interest rate changes, etc. In the foreign exchange market, we should clearly understand the relationship and influence between various data, indicators and exchange rate changes, so as to further find the law of exchange rate changes, actively look for investment opportunities in the foreign exchange market and prevent foreign exchange risks< There are many factors that affect the exchange rate changes in economic activities, which are listed as follows:
I. balance of payments. The balance of payments is the dominant factor in determining the trend of exchange rate. Balance of payments is the sum of all kinds of payments in a country's foreign economic activities. Generally speaking, the balance of payments deficit indicates that foreign exchange is in short supply. Under the floating exchange rate system, market supply and demand determine the change of exchange rate, so the balance of payments deficit will cause the devaluation of domestic currency and the appreciation of foreign currency, that is, the rise of foreign exchange rate. On the contrary, the balance of payments surplus will cause the decline of foreign exchange rate. It should be noted that in general, changes in the balance of payments determine the medium and long-term trend of the exchange rate. 2、 National income. Generally speaking, the increase of national income promotes the increase of consumption level and the demand for local currency. If the money supply remains unchanged, the additional demand for the local currency will increase the value of the local currency, resulting in the devaluation of foreign exchange. Of course, the change of national income causes the exchange rate to decline or rise, which depends on the reason of the change of national income. If the national income is increased by increasing the supply of goods, the purchasing power of the country's currency will be strengthened in a long period of time, and the foreign exchange rate will fall. If the national income increases e to the expansion of government expenditure or the expansion of total demand, under the condition of constant supply, the excess demand must be met by expanding imports, which will increase the demand for foreign exchange and the exchange rate of foreign exchange will rise. 3、 The level of inflation. The level of inflation is the basis of exchange rate changes. If a country issues too much money and the amount of money in circulation exceeds the actual demand in the process of commodity circulation, it will cause inflation. Inflation reces the purchasing power of a country's currency at home and devalues its currency internally. If other conditions remain unchanged, devaluation of its currency internally will inevitably lead to devaluation of its currency externally. Because the exchange rate is the comparison of the currencies of the two countries, the value represented by the unit currency of a country issuing too much currency will decrease. Therefore, when the currency of that country is converted into foreign currency, it will have to pay more than the original currency of that country. Changes in the inflation rate will change people's demand for money transactions and their expectations of bond yields and foreign currency values. Inflation leads to the rise of domestic prices. Under the condition of constant exchange rate, exports suffer losses and imports benefit. In the foreign exchange market, the demand for foreign currency increases and the demand for domestic currency decreases, which leads to the rise of foreign exchange rate and the devaluation of domestic currency. On the contrary, if a country's inflation rate decreases, the foreign exchange rate will generally fall. 4、 Money supply money supply is the primary factor that determines the value and purchasing power of money. If the domestic money supply decreases, the local currency will be more valuable because it is scarce. Generally, the decrease of money supply is accompanied by the tightening of money and credit, which leads to the decrease of aggregate demand, output and employment, the decrease of commodity prices, the increase of local currency value, and the corresponding decrease of foreign exchange rate. If the money supply increases, the excess money will be shown in the form of inflation, the price of domestic goods will rise, and the purchasing power will decline, which will promote the import of relatively cheap foreign goods, and the foreign exchange rate will rise. 5、 Fiscal balance the state of a country's fiscal balance has a great influence on the international balance of payments. The expansion of the fiscal deficit will increase the aggregate demand, which often leads to the balance of payments deficit and the aggravation of inflation. As a result, the purchasing power of the local currency will decline and the demand for foreign exchange will increase, which will push the exchange rate up. Of course, if the fiscal deficit expands, monetary policy should be supplemented by measures of strictly controlling the amount of money and raising interest rates, which will attract foreign capital inflow, make the local currency appreciate and the foreign exchange rate fall. 6、 Interest rate, under certain conditions, has a great influence on the short-term exchange rate. The influence of interest rate on exchange rate is caused by the flow of funds, especially short-term funds, caused by the difference of interest rate in different countries. Under normal circumstances, if the difference of interest rates between the two countries is greater than the difference of forward and spot exchange rates, funds will flow from the countries with lower interest rates to the countries with higher interest rates, which is concive to the balance of payments of the countries with higher interest rates. It should be noted that although the level of interest rate has a certain impact on the exchange rate, its role is limited from the perspective of the basic factors that determine the fluctuation trend of the exchange rate. It only has a temporary impact on the change of the exchange rate under certain conditions. 7、 The exchange rate policy and the intervention in the market of each country affect the change of the exchange rate to a certain extent. Under the floating exchange rate system, central banks try their best to coordinate monetary policy and exchange rate policy among countries, trying to achieve the purpose of supporting domestic currency stability by influencing the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. The main means for central banks to influence the foreign exchange market are: adjusting domestic currency policy, influencing exchange rate through the change of interest rate; Direct intervention in the foreign exchange market; Foreign exchange control over capital flows. 8、 Speculative activities and market psychological expectations. Since the floating exchange rate system was implemented in 1973, the speculative activities in the foreign exchange market have become more and more intense. Speculators often have strong strength, which can boost the flames in the foreign exchange market and make the change of exchange rate far away from its equilibrium level. Speculators often take advantage of the market to launch attacks on a certain currency. The strong offensive makes it difficult for central banks and even the seven western central banks to intervene in the foreign exchange market. Excessive speculation aggravates the turbulence of the foreign exchange market, hinders normal foreign exchange trading and distorts the relationship between supply and demand of foreign exchange. In addition, the participants and researchers of the foreign exchange market, including economists, financial experts, technical analysts and fund traders, devote themselves to the study of the trend of the foreign exchange market every day. Their judgment of the market, their influence on the psychology of the market traders and the traders' own prediction of the market trend are important factors that affect the short-term fluctuation of the exchange rate. When the market expects a certain currency to fall, traders will sell the currency in a large amount, causing the exchange rate of the currency to fall; On the contrary, when people expect a certain currency to strengthen, they will buy a large amount of that currency and make its exchange rate rise. Due to the speculative and decentralized characteristics of public expectation, the short-term fluctuation of exchange rate is intensified. 9、 Political and unexpected factors, as capital has the characteristics of pursuing security, have direct and rapid impact on the foreign exchange market, including political stability, policy continuity, foreign policy of the government, war, economic sanctions and natural disasters. In addition, the election in western countries will also have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Politics and emergencies, because of their sudden and temporary nature, make it difficult for the market to predict, so it is easy to form a shock wave to the market. Once the market reacts to the news and digests it, the influence of the original news will be greatly weakened. In a word, there are various factors affecting the exchange rate. The relationship between these factors is complex. Sometimes these factors work at the same time, sometimes indivial factors work, sometimes even counteract each other. Sometimes this factor plays a major role, and another factor plays a secondary role. However, over a long period of time, the law of exchange rate change is restricted by the balance of payments and inflation, so it is the basic factor that determines the change of exchange rate. Interest rate and exchange rate policy can only play a subordinate role, that is, to encourage or weaken the role of basic factors. A country's fiscal and monetary policy plays a decisive role in the change of exchange rate. Generally speaking, in the monetary policy of every country, it has become one of the policy objectives to set the exchange rate at an appropriate level. Generally, the central bank uses three policy tools to implement monetary policy, namely deposit reserve policy, discount policy and open market policy. Speculative activities only contribute to the basic trend of exchange rate determined by other factors
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =. The so-called balance of payments is the comparison between the total monetary income of a country and the total monetary expenditure paid to other countries. If the total amount of money income is greater than the total amount of expenditure, there will be a balance of payments surplus, otherwise, there will be a balance of payments deficit. The balance of payments has a direct impact on a country's exchange rate. If the balance of payments surplus occurs, the foreign exchange rate of the country's currency will rise, otherwise, the exchange rate of the country's currency will fall; Second, interest rates. As a basic reflection of a country's lending situation, interest rate plays a decisive role in the fluctuation of exchange rate. The level of interest rate has a direct impact on international capital flows. High interest rate countries have capital inflows, while low interest rate countries have capital outflows. Capital flows will cause changes in the supply and demand of foreign exchange market, thus affecting the fluctuations of foreign exchange rate. Generally speaking, a country's interest rate rise will lead to its currency appreciation, on the contrary, the country's currency devaluation, and third, inflation. Generally speaking, inflation will lead to the decline of domestic currency exchange rate, and the alleviation of inflation will make the exchange rate rise. Inflation affects the value and purchasing power of the local currency. It will lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of exports and an increase in imports. It will also lead to a psychological impact on the foreign exchange market and weaken the credit status of the local currency in the international market. These three aspects will lead to the devaluation of the local currency; Fourth, the political situation. Changes in the political situation of a country and internationally will have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Changes in the political situation generally include political conflicts, military conflicts, elections and regime changes. Sometimes these political factors have a great impact on the exchange rate, but the impact time is generally short.
there are many factors that affect the exchange rate change, and the following are some specific details: Generally speaking, the change of a country's economic strength and the choice of macroeconomic policies are the fundamental reasons that determine the long-term development trend of the exchange rate. We can often see that in the foreign exchange market, market participants are very concerned about various economic data of various countries, such as GDP, CPI, interest rate changes, etc. In the foreign exchange market, we should clearly understand the relationship and influence between various data, indicators and exchange rate changes, so as to further find the law of exchange rate changes, actively look for investment opportunities in the foreign exchange market and prevent foreign exchange risks< There are many factors that affect the exchange rate changes in economic activities, which are listed as follows:
I. balance of payments. The balance of payments is the dominant factor in determining the trend of exchange rate. Balance of payments is the sum of all kinds of payments in a country's foreign economic activities. Generally speaking, the balance of payments deficit indicates that foreign exchange is in short supply. Under the floating exchange rate system, market supply and demand determine the change of exchange rate, so the balance of payments deficit will cause the devaluation of domestic currency and the appreciation of foreign currency, that is, the rise of foreign exchange rate. On the contrary, the balance of payments surplus will cause the decline of foreign exchange rate. It should be noted that in general, changes in the balance of payments determine the medium and long-term trend of the exchange rate. 2、 National income. Generally speaking, the increase of national income promotes the increase of consumption level and the demand for local currency. If the money supply remains unchanged, the additional demand for the local currency will increase the value of the local currency, resulting in the devaluation of foreign exchange. Of course, the change of national income causes the exchange rate to decline or rise, which depends on the reason of the change of national income. If the national income is increased by increasing the supply of goods, the purchasing power of the country's currency will be strengthened in a long period of time, and the foreign exchange rate will fall. If the national income increases e to the expansion of government expenditure or the expansion of total demand, under the condition of constant supply, the excess demand must be met by expanding imports, which will increase the demand for foreign exchange and the exchange rate of foreign exchange will rise. 3、 The level of inflation. The level of inflation is the basis of exchange rate changes. If a country issues too much money and the amount of money in circulation exceeds the actual demand in the process of commodity circulation, it will cause inflation. Inflation reces the purchasing power of a country's currency at home and devalues its currency internally. If other conditions remain unchanged, devaluation of its currency internally will inevitably lead to devaluation of its currency externally. Because the exchange rate is the comparison of the currencies of the two countries, the value represented by the unit currency of a country issuing too much currency will decrease. Therefore, when the currency of that country is converted into foreign currency, it will have to pay more than the original currency of that country. Changes in the inflation rate will change people's demand for money transactions and their expectations of bond yields and foreign currency values. Inflation leads to the rise of domestic prices. Under the condition of constant exchange rate, exports suffer losses and imports benefit. In the foreign exchange market, the demand for foreign currency increases and the demand for domestic currency decreases, which leads to the rise of foreign exchange rate and the devaluation of domestic currency. On the contrary, if a country's inflation rate decreases, the foreign exchange rate will generally fall. 4、 Money supply money supply is the primary factor that determines the value and purchasing power of money. If the domestic money supply decreases, the local currency will be more valuable because it is scarce. Generally, the decrease of money supply is accompanied by the tightening of money and credit, which leads to the decrease of aggregate demand, output and employment, the decrease of commodity prices, the increase of local currency value, and the corresponding decrease of foreign exchange rate. If the money supply increases, the excess money will be shown in the form of inflation, the price of domestic goods will rise, and the purchasing power will decline, which will promote the import of relatively cheap foreign goods, and the foreign exchange rate will rise. 5、 Fiscal balance the state of a country's fiscal balance has a great influence on the international balance of payments. The expansion of the fiscal deficit will increase the aggregate demand, which often leads to the balance of payments deficit and the aggravation of inflation. As a result, the purchasing power of the local currency will decline and the demand for foreign exchange will increase, which will push the exchange rate up. Of course, if the fiscal deficit expands, monetary policy should be supplemented by measures of strictly controlling the amount of money and raising interest rates, which will attract foreign capital inflow, make the local currency appreciate and the foreign exchange rate fall. 6、 Interest rate, under certain conditions, has a great influence on the short-term exchange rate. The influence of interest rate on exchange rate is caused by the flow of funds, especially short-term funds, caused by the difference of interest rate in different countries. Under normal circumstances, if the difference of interest rates between the two countries is greater than the difference of forward and spot exchange rates, funds will flow from the countries with lower interest rates to the countries with higher interest rates, which is concive to the balance of payments of the countries with higher interest rates. It should be noted that although the level of interest rate has a certain impact on the exchange rate, its role is limited from the perspective of the basic factors that determine the fluctuation trend of the exchange rate. It only has a temporary impact on the change of the exchange rate under certain conditions. 7、 The exchange rate policy and the intervention in the market of each country affect the change of the exchange rate to a certain extent. Under the floating exchange rate system, central banks try their best to coordinate monetary policy and exchange rate policy among countries, trying to achieve the purpose of supporting domestic currency stability by influencing the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. The main means for central banks to influence the foreign exchange market are: adjusting domestic currency policy, influencing exchange rate through the change of interest rate; Direct intervention in the foreign exchange market; Foreign exchange control over capital flows. 8、 Speculative activities and market psychological expectations. Since the floating exchange rate system was implemented in 1973, the speculative activities in the foreign exchange market have become more and more intense. Speculators often have strong strength, which can boost the flames in the foreign exchange market and make the change of exchange rate far away from its equilibrium level. Speculators often take advantage of the market to launch attacks on a certain currency. The strong offensive makes it difficult for central banks and even the seven western central banks to intervene in the foreign exchange market. Excessive speculation aggravates the turbulence of the foreign exchange market, hinders normal foreign exchange trading and distorts the relationship between supply and demand of foreign exchange. In addition, the participants and researchers of the foreign exchange market, including economists, financial experts, technical analysts and fund traders, devote themselves to the study of the trend of the foreign exchange market every day. Their judgment of the market, their influence on the psychology of the market traders and the traders' own prediction of the market trend are important factors that affect the short-term fluctuation of the exchange rate. When the market expects a certain currency to fall, traders will sell the currency in a large amount, causing the exchange rate of the currency to fall; On the contrary, when people expect a certain currency to strengthen, they will buy a large amount of that currency and make its exchange rate rise. Due to the speculative and decentralized characteristics of public expectation, the short-term fluctuation of exchange rate is intensified. 9、 Political and unexpected factors, as capital has the characteristics of pursuing security, have direct and rapid impact on the foreign exchange market, including political stability, policy continuity, foreign policy of the government, war, economic sanctions and natural disasters. In addition, the election in western countries will also have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Politics and emergencies, because of their sudden and temporary nature, make it difficult for the market to predict, so it is easy to form a shock wave to the market. Once the market reacts to the news and digests it, the influence of the original news will be greatly weakened. In a word, there are various factors affecting the exchange rate. The relationship between these factors is complex. Sometimes these factors work at the same time, sometimes indivial factors work, sometimes even counteract each other. Sometimes this factor plays a major role, and another factor plays a secondary role. However, over a long period of time, the law of exchange rate change is restricted by the balance of payments and inflation, so it is the basic factor that determines the change of exchange rate. Interest rate and exchange rate policy can only play a subordinate role, that is, to encourage or weaken the role of basic factors. A country's fiscal and monetary policy plays a decisive role in the change of exchange rate. Generally speaking, in the monetary policy of every country, it has become one of the policy objectives to set the exchange rate at an appropriate level. Generally, the central bank uses three policy tools to implement monetary policy, namely deposit reserve policy, discount policy and open market policy. Speculative activities only contribute to the basic trend of exchange rate determined by other factors
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =. The so-called balance of payments is the comparison between the total monetary income of a country and the total monetary expenditure paid to other countries. If the total amount of money income is greater than the total amount of expenditure, there will be a balance of payments surplus, otherwise, there will be a balance of payments deficit. The balance of payments has a direct impact on a country's exchange rate. If the balance of payments surplus occurs, the foreign exchange rate of the country's currency will rise, otherwise, the exchange rate of the country's currency will fall; Second, interest rates. As a basic reflection of a country's lending situation, interest rate plays a decisive role in the fluctuation of exchange rate. The level of interest rate has a direct impact on international capital flows. High interest rate countries have capital inflows, while low interest rate countries have capital outflows. Capital flows will cause changes in the supply and demand of foreign exchange market, thus affecting the fluctuations of foreign exchange rate. Generally speaking, a country's interest rate rise will lead to its currency appreciation, on the contrary, the country's currency devaluation, and third, inflation. Generally speaking, inflation will lead to the decline of domestic currency exchange rate, and the alleviation of inflation will make the exchange rate rise. Inflation affects the value and purchasing power of the local currency. It will lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of exports and an increase in imports. It will also lead to a psychological impact on the foreign exchange market and weaken the credit status of the local currency in the international market. These three aspects will lead to the devaluation of the local currency; Fourth, the political situation. Changes in the political situation of a country and internationally will have an impact on the foreign exchange market. Changes in the political situation generally include political conflicts, military conflicts, elections and regime changes. Sometimes these political factors have a great impact on the exchange rate, but the impact time is generally short.
9. Unified world currency catalogue [hidden]
first, the question of absolute value scale is raised
Second, the possibility of absolute value scale ' The future world currency -- "World Dollar"
there is a major defect in the economic theory: so far, except for the common use of legal tender (such as RMB, US dollar, Japanese yen, etc.) and gold, economics has not yet established a real "absolute value scale", This "absolute value scale" must have a high degree of objectivity, certainty, stability and accuracy. It will not change with the changes of social and historical periods, nor will it shift with the fluctuations of the country's economic, political and cultural environment, nor will it fluctuate with the rise and fall of various economic things. To solve this problem is the ultimate task of economics, which is not only the only way for economics, but also the only way for all social sciences to become Natural Science (i.e. objective, rigorous and precise)
[edit this paragraph] 1. The question of absolute value scale puts forward that if the basic measurement standard of any science is subjective, vague, unstable and imprecise, so are all the measures, indicators and models calculated through it. For all natural sciences, because the theoretical premise is the basic axiom, reasoning operations follow strict logic proceres and algorithms, and the actual results can withstand strict experimental tests, it has a high degree of objectivity, certainty, stability and accuracy. These requirements are embodied in the strict regulations of basic measurement standards in natural science, especially in physics, such as length, mass, time, force, temperature and so on. Economics is a science about economic things and their movement and change laws. The core content of any economic thing is economic value and its market reflection form price. To ensure the objective and accurate value calculation of various economic things, we must have an objective and accurate value measurement standard or value scale. In the low-level stage of proctivity development, the development scale of various economic things is small, the regional span is small, the complexity is low, and the volatility and variability are weak. This kind of calculation is relatively simple and intuitive, so its value scale is also simple and intuitive. According to the different levels of proctivity development, the value scale has gone through proct value scale stage (such as salt, cloth, rice, etc.), metal value scale stage (such as copper coin, silver dollar, gold coin, etc.), legal currency value scale stage (such as RMB, US dollar, Japanese dollar, etc.). Because the scale of metal value will change with the change of mineral reserves, mining speed, mining technology, market supply and demand, political and cultural influence, etc; The monetary value scale will also change with the changes of various economic, political and cultural environments, especially the exchange rate fluctuation between different legal currencies, especially the economic inflation rate, the national financial policy, the use and circulation of derivative currencies (such as cash cheques, acceptance bills, stocks, credit cards, futures, etc.), and international trade disputes, The real value content of legal tender in any form of unit quantity is also constantly changing. With the further development of social proctive forces, the development scale of various economic things is constantly expanding, the geographical span is becoming wider and wider, the degree of complexity is constantly improving, and its volatility and variability are constantly increasing. People need to understand the actual situation and development trend of various economic things more comprehensively and accurately. Based on this, the state will formulate a scientific, practical and practical plan Based on the realistic economic and social development planning, people will arrange their own life plans and career development direction, which objectively proces an increasingly urgent social need. In addition to the scale of metal currency and legal tender, we should also find a more stable, clear and accurate absolute value scale< Second, the existence possibility of absolute value scale
the meaning of value is broad, from the social field, it includes not only the value of economic significance, but also the value of political and cultural significance; From the perspective of human needs, it includes not only the value of food and clothing, but also the value of safety and health, the value of respect and self-esteem, the value of self-development and self realization; From the form of value existence, it contains not only the value of material wealth, but also the value of spiritual wealth; From the basic types of value, it contains not only the value of beauty, but also the value of truth and good; From the basic form of value, it includes not only use value, but also labor value. Obviously, what we need to look for here is not the absolute value scale of economy, but the absolute value scale of all forms of value. Then, is there an "absolute value scale" that can be used to measure all forms of value? The standard of evaluating the value of things is called value judgment standard. If the subject's consciousness, desire, emotion and other factors are taken as the criteria to evaluate the value of things, it is called the subjective value criterion, which is the subjective reflection of the objective value criterion. That is, there must be a unified, scientific and objective standard system behind the subjective value standard, namely "standard of standard"< In the article "physical definition of value", we can see that value is a kind of generalized ordered energy, which is composed of direct ordered energy and indirect ordered energy. Among them, indirect ordered energy plays the role of replacing, compensating, strengthening, catalyzing and expanding direct ordered energy, Its unit of measurement is exactly the same as that of energy, which is joule or kcal. Value can be divided into two basic forms: use value and labor value, and use value can be divided into two specific forms: the use value of means of living and the use value of means of proction. According to the following three steps, all values can be measured with "standard food energy" as the absolute value scale: the use value of means of living can be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy; Labor value can be measured by "consumption of social necessary compensatory means of living", and can also be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy; The means of proction can be converted into a certain amount of labor value, so it can also be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy. There are many specific forms of food energy: for fishermen and herdsmen, it mainly comes from fish, cattle and sheep; For farmers in wheat and rice procing areas, it mainly comes from wheat and rice. In order to improve the objectivity, stability and accuracy of value measurement, a kind of "standardized food energy" (such as flour or rice) can be used as the "original tool" of the benchmark scale (i.e. absolute value scale) of value measurement, and specific requirements can be made on its origin, variety, farming method, storage and transportation method, storage location, output time and other conditions“ Definition of "absolute value unit": the value of a standardized food (flour or rice) containing one million joules of heat is defined as an "absolute value unit". Conversion method: if the market equilibrium price of standardized flour is RMB 2.4 per kilogram, and the food energy contained in standardized rice is 14640 kJ per kilogram, Then: 1kg standard flour = 2.4 RMB yuan = 14.64kj = 14.64 absolute value unit; 1 RMB yuan = 6.1kkj = 6.1 absolute value unit = 0.417kg standard flour; 1 absolute value unit = 1kkj = 0.164 RMB yuan = 0.068kg standard flour, If we do not determine an objective, stable and accurate absolute value scale, its development will be greatly restricted, and this kind of restriction will be strengthened with the development of social proctive forces and the improvement of the complexity and scale of social economy. If the absolute value scale is determined, it will have the following theoretical significance: 1. Maintain the stability of the value scale between different social and historical periods. When calculating various economic indicators of the same country in different historical periods, the prices of agricultural procts and instrial procts are constantly changing in the process of the development of social proctive forces, the phenomenon of economic inflation is constantly developing, and the absolute value content of the same legal tender per unit quantity is constantly changing, If we use the same legal tender as the value measure to calculate various economic indicators in different historical periods, it will inevitably lead to great errors. 2. Keep the stability of value scale between different social environments. When the country's economic, political and cultural situation is in violent turmoil, the market prices of various commodities are relatively chaotic, and their values fluctuate greatly. When legal tender is used as the value measure to calculate and compare the actual indicators of various economic activities, there will also be large errors. 3. Maintain the stability of value scale between different countries. When measuring and comparing the economic indicators between two different countries, the exchange rate of the two legal currencies mainly depends on the comparative value of the commodity prices (or commodity values) of the two countries participating in foreign trade, while many commodity prices (or commodity values) not participating in foreign trade can only indirectly affect the exchange rate of the two legal currencies, Therefore, this kind of exchange rate does not objectively and accurately reflect the comparative value of the real value content of the two legal currencies, and this kind of exchange rate is often affected by the country's economic policies (especially the monetary and financial policies), political and cultural environment. 5. Maintain the stability of value scale between different economic indicators. The final determination of many economic parameters and models must have a relatively stable value reference system, value standard scale or calculation base period. 6. Keep the stability of value scale between economic index and non economic index. Many non economic parameters and models (such as quality of life, comprehensive national strength, degree of social civilization, comprehensive speed of social development, emotional mathematical model and value mathematical model) can not be calculated with money as the value scale. Only after the absolute value scale is determined, can the convergence of economics and other social sciences be realized, Only in this way can many research achievements in economics be applied to non economic fields, and many research achievements in non economic fields be used for reference in economic fields. This is the real reason why the problem of "absolute value scale" should be solved< The current world money market is based on the US dollar, and the United States has become the world bank, which is prone to two problems: first, it leads to economic injustice. Americans continue to create deficits, which are covered by foreign savings. Most of the payment and settlement methods of China's foreign trade are based on US dollars, and the foreign exchange reserves are also based on US dollars
first, the question of absolute value scale is raised
Second, the possibility of absolute value scale ' The future world currency -- "World Dollar"
there is a major defect in the economic theory: so far, except for the common use of legal tender (such as RMB, US dollar, Japanese yen, etc.) and gold, economics has not yet established a real "absolute value scale", This "absolute value scale" must have a high degree of objectivity, certainty, stability and accuracy. It will not change with the changes of social and historical periods, nor will it shift with the fluctuations of the country's economic, political and cultural environment, nor will it fluctuate with the rise and fall of various economic things. To solve this problem is the ultimate task of economics, which is not only the only way for economics, but also the only way for all social sciences to become Natural Science (i.e. objective, rigorous and precise)
[edit this paragraph] 1. The question of absolute value scale puts forward that if the basic measurement standard of any science is subjective, vague, unstable and imprecise, so are all the measures, indicators and models calculated through it. For all natural sciences, because the theoretical premise is the basic axiom, reasoning operations follow strict logic proceres and algorithms, and the actual results can withstand strict experimental tests, it has a high degree of objectivity, certainty, stability and accuracy. These requirements are embodied in the strict regulations of basic measurement standards in natural science, especially in physics, such as length, mass, time, force, temperature and so on. Economics is a science about economic things and their movement and change laws. The core content of any economic thing is economic value and its market reflection form price. To ensure the objective and accurate value calculation of various economic things, we must have an objective and accurate value measurement standard or value scale. In the low-level stage of proctivity development, the development scale of various economic things is small, the regional span is small, the complexity is low, and the volatility and variability are weak. This kind of calculation is relatively simple and intuitive, so its value scale is also simple and intuitive. According to the different levels of proctivity development, the value scale has gone through proct value scale stage (such as salt, cloth, rice, etc.), metal value scale stage (such as copper coin, silver dollar, gold coin, etc.), legal currency value scale stage (such as RMB, US dollar, Japanese dollar, etc.). Because the scale of metal value will change with the change of mineral reserves, mining speed, mining technology, market supply and demand, political and cultural influence, etc; The monetary value scale will also change with the changes of various economic, political and cultural environments, especially the exchange rate fluctuation between different legal currencies, especially the economic inflation rate, the national financial policy, the use and circulation of derivative currencies (such as cash cheques, acceptance bills, stocks, credit cards, futures, etc.), and international trade disputes, The real value content of legal tender in any form of unit quantity is also constantly changing. With the further development of social proctive forces, the development scale of various economic things is constantly expanding, the geographical span is becoming wider and wider, the degree of complexity is constantly improving, and its volatility and variability are constantly increasing. People need to understand the actual situation and development trend of various economic things more comprehensively and accurately. Based on this, the state will formulate a scientific, practical and practical plan Based on the realistic economic and social development planning, people will arrange their own life plans and career development direction, which objectively proces an increasingly urgent social need. In addition to the scale of metal currency and legal tender, we should also find a more stable, clear and accurate absolute value scale< Second, the existence possibility of absolute value scale
the meaning of value is broad, from the social field, it includes not only the value of economic significance, but also the value of political and cultural significance; From the perspective of human needs, it includes not only the value of food and clothing, but also the value of safety and health, the value of respect and self-esteem, the value of self-development and self realization; From the form of value existence, it contains not only the value of material wealth, but also the value of spiritual wealth; From the basic types of value, it contains not only the value of beauty, but also the value of truth and good; From the basic form of value, it includes not only use value, but also labor value. Obviously, what we need to look for here is not the absolute value scale of economy, but the absolute value scale of all forms of value. Then, is there an "absolute value scale" that can be used to measure all forms of value? The standard of evaluating the value of things is called value judgment standard. If the subject's consciousness, desire, emotion and other factors are taken as the criteria to evaluate the value of things, it is called the subjective value criterion, which is the subjective reflection of the objective value criterion. That is, there must be a unified, scientific and objective standard system behind the subjective value standard, namely "standard of standard"< In the article "physical definition of value", we can see that value is a kind of generalized ordered energy, which is composed of direct ordered energy and indirect ordered energy. Among them, indirect ordered energy plays the role of replacing, compensating, strengthening, catalyzing and expanding direct ordered energy, Its unit of measurement is exactly the same as that of energy, which is joule or kcal. Value can be divided into two basic forms: use value and labor value, and use value can be divided into two specific forms: the use value of means of living and the use value of means of proction. According to the following three steps, all values can be measured with "standard food energy" as the absolute value scale: the use value of means of living can be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy; Labor value can be measured by "consumption of social necessary compensatory means of living", and can also be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy; The means of proction can be converted into a certain amount of labor value, so it can also be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy. There are many specific forms of food energy: for fishermen and herdsmen, it mainly comes from fish, cattle and sheep; For farmers in wheat and rice procing areas, it mainly comes from wheat and rice. In order to improve the objectivity, stability and accuracy of value measurement, a kind of "standardized food energy" (such as flour or rice) can be used as the "original tool" of the benchmark scale (i.e. absolute value scale) of value measurement, and specific requirements can be made on its origin, variety, farming method, storage and transportation method, storage location, output time and other conditions“ Definition of "absolute value unit": the value of a standardized food (flour or rice) containing one million joules of heat is defined as an "absolute value unit". Conversion method: if the market equilibrium price of standardized flour is RMB 2.4 per kilogram, and the food energy contained in standardized rice is 14640 kJ per kilogram, Then: 1kg standard flour = 2.4 RMB yuan = 14.64kj = 14.64 absolute value unit; 1 RMB yuan = 6.1kkj = 6.1 absolute value unit = 0.417kg standard flour; 1 absolute value unit = 1kkj = 0.164 RMB yuan = 0.068kg standard flour, If we do not determine an objective, stable and accurate absolute value scale, its development will be greatly restricted, and this kind of restriction will be strengthened with the development of social proctive forces and the improvement of the complexity and scale of social economy. If the absolute value scale is determined, it will have the following theoretical significance: 1. Maintain the stability of the value scale between different social and historical periods. When calculating various economic indicators of the same country in different historical periods, the prices of agricultural procts and instrial procts are constantly changing in the process of the development of social proctive forces, the phenomenon of economic inflation is constantly developing, and the absolute value content of the same legal tender per unit quantity is constantly changing, If we use the same legal tender as the value measure to calculate various economic indicators in different historical periods, it will inevitably lead to great errors. 2. Keep the stability of value scale between different social environments. When the country's economic, political and cultural situation is in violent turmoil, the market prices of various commodities are relatively chaotic, and their values fluctuate greatly. When legal tender is used as the value measure to calculate and compare the actual indicators of various economic activities, there will also be large errors. 3. Maintain the stability of value scale between different countries. When measuring and comparing the economic indicators between two different countries, the exchange rate of the two legal currencies mainly depends on the comparative value of the commodity prices (or commodity values) of the two countries participating in foreign trade, while many commodity prices (or commodity values) not participating in foreign trade can only indirectly affect the exchange rate of the two legal currencies, Therefore, this kind of exchange rate does not objectively and accurately reflect the comparative value of the real value content of the two legal currencies, and this kind of exchange rate is often affected by the country's economic policies (especially the monetary and financial policies), political and cultural environment. 5. Maintain the stability of value scale between different economic indicators. The final determination of many economic parameters and models must have a relatively stable value reference system, value standard scale or calculation base period. 6. Keep the stability of value scale between economic index and non economic index. Many non economic parameters and models (such as quality of life, comprehensive national strength, degree of social civilization, comprehensive speed of social development, emotional mathematical model and value mathematical model) can not be calculated with money as the value scale. Only after the absolute value scale is determined, can the convergence of economics and other social sciences be realized, Only in this way can many research achievements in economics be applied to non economic fields, and many research achievements in non economic fields be used for reference in economic fields. This is the real reason why the problem of "absolute value scale" should be solved< The current world money market is based on the US dollar, and the United States has become the world bank, which is prone to two problems: first, it leads to economic injustice. Americans continue to create deficits, which are covered by foreign savings. Most of the payment and settlement methods of China's foreign trade are based on US dollars, and the foreign exchange reserves are also based on US dollars
10. After a long time, you will find some rules. For example, in the morning, the Asian market basically fluctuates very little, generally large. It starts at 3-4 p.m., starts at 8-9 p.m., goes to sleep after 12:1 p.m., and there is no market. This is the active decision of the European market and the American market, which has nothing to do with the data. In addition, go to some financial calendar websites to see the corresponding information I suggest that big data should not be listed as much as possible, especially if you want to know the details
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