Learning the principle of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-19 16:45:32
1.
1、 Different definitions:
1. virtual currency:
virtual currency refers to non real currency
digital currency:digital currency is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy
3. Cryptocurrency:
cryptocurrency is a kind of transaction medium that uses cryptography principles to ensure transaction security and control the creation of transaction units
4. Token (token):
a kind of article whose shape and size are similar to currency, but the scope of use is limited and has no currency effect, and its token is the homonym of token in English
Second, the characteristics are different:1; It can also be said that virtual currency is personalized currency. In another way, it can also be called information currency
2. Digital currency:
is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of specific virtual communities
Cryptocurrency:cryptocurrency is based on the decentralized consensus mechanism, which is opposite to the banking and financial system relying on the centralized regulatory system
4. Token (token):
usually needs to be exchanged for money, used in shops, playgrounds, mass transportation and other places, as a voucher to use services and exchange goods
extended data
at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investment company
digital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields except digital currency, which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market and financial stability
2. Learning experience of attending the counselor training class of Ministry of ecation
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
3. Hello, I hope my answer will be helpful to you:
LZ is actually a problem that all countries in the world will face in the future. It is obvious that China, the world's largest virtual network market, lags behind developed countries by a large margin. Ha ha, ha ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, The total social demand is greater than the total social supply, and the supply is greater than the demand
2. The regional statistical bureaus under the National Bureau of statistics must count the money circulation of the region every week to report to the Ministry of Finance for filing, and the central bank will set the money supply for the next year. If we find that there is too much money in circulation in the society, we should adopt tightening policy and raise interest rate to recover some money. If there is less, the opposite is true. We will find that no matter where the Bureau of statistics can only count the currency in circulation. For those virtual currencies, they are those Q currencies. China and even many countries still can't make accurate statistics, once the whole China in extreme cases, throw out Q currency for other people's real currency. For example, a sells 10 Q coins to B, and B has to go to the bank to withdraw 10 yuan. If all Q coins are sold off and someone buys them, the market currency will increase, the currency will depreciate and cause inflation
PS: I want to remind LZ that this may be too small. Virtual currency is different from e-money. E-money is our common people's lucky money, which is deposited in the bank and converted into bank network currency. The state can get statistics, and the banks have records. Virtual currency is different, many times it is free, so there are many disadvantages when it is immature. Lack of liquidity, not everywhere can use Q currency, it can only be used for Tencent games, electronic currency can be used for any network transactions. If you really take all the Q coins to exchange, the worst may be the collapse of Tencent, which will not cause inflation
sorry, I think that virtual currency does not necessarily cause inflation. For example: A sells Q coins to B, B must withdraw money to buy. There are three possibilities for a to get money: 1. Deposit 2. Holding 3. Consumption. If a chooses to deposit or consume, in fact, the money flows into the bank, which means that B withdraws from the bank and a deposits the money. But if a holds it at home and everyone sells it, it will cause inflation One of Keynes's theorems is liquidity preference. Keynes thinks that money demand refers to the amount of money that the public can and is willing to hold in a specific period. According to him, people need to hold money because of the general psychological tendency of liquidity preference. The so-called liquidity preference refers to people's psychological preference for liquidity and their desire to hold money rather than other illiquid assets. This desire constitutes the demand for money. Therefore, Keynes' money demand theory is also known as the liquidity preference theory, because there are more and more money in the society, the currency devalues.
LZ is actually a problem that all countries in the world will face in the future. It is obvious that China, the world's largest virtual network market, lags behind developed countries by a large margin. Ha ha, ha ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, The total social demand is greater than the total social supply, and the supply is greater than the demand
2. The regional statistical bureaus under the National Bureau of statistics must count the money circulation of the region every week to report to the Ministry of Finance for filing, and the central bank will set the money supply for the next year. If we find that there is too much money in circulation in the society, we should adopt tightening policy and raise interest rate to recover some money. If there is less, the opposite is true. We will find that no matter where the Bureau of statistics can only count the currency in circulation. For those virtual currencies, they are those Q currencies. China and even many countries still can't make accurate statistics, once the whole China in extreme cases, throw out Q currency for other people's real currency. For example, a sells 10 Q coins to B, and B has to go to the bank to withdraw 10 yuan. If all Q coins are sold off and someone buys them, the market currency will increase, the currency will depreciate and cause inflation
PS: I want to remind LZ that this may be too small. Virtual currency is different from e-money. E-money is our common people's lucky money, which is deposited in the bank and converted into bank network currency. The state can get statistics, and the banks have records. Virtual currency is different, many times it is free, so there are many disadvantages when it is immature. Lack of liquidity, not everywhere can use Q currency, it can only be used for Tencent games, electronic currency can be used for any network transactions. If you really take all the Q coins to exchange, the worst may be the collapse of Tencent, which will not cause inflation
sorry, I think that virtual currency does not necessarily cause inflation. For example: A sells Q coins to B, B must withdraw money to buy. There are three possibilities for a to get money: 1. Deposit 2. Holding 3. Consumption. If a chooses to deposit or consume, in fact, the money flows into the bank, which means that B withdraws from the bank and a deposits the money. But if a holds it at home and everyone sells it, it will cause inflation One of Keynes's theorems is liquidity preference. Keynes thinks that money demand refers to the amount of money that the public can and is willing to hold in a specific period. According to him, people need to hold money because of the general psychological tendency of liquidity preference. The so-called liquidity preference refers to people's psychological preference for liquidity and their desire to hold money rather than other illiquid assets. This desire constitutes the demand for money. Therefore, Keynes' money demand theory is also known as the liquidity preference theory, because there are more and more money in the society, the currency devalues.
4. Litecoin
litecoin (LTC), released on October 7, 2011, is the most valuable counterfeit coin at present, accounting for about 2% of BTC's market value. The current unit price is US $2.31, with a total currency value of US $38 million
this is also a distributed (decentralized) digital currency. Unlike the sha256 mining algorithm used by bitcoin, LTC adopts scrypt algorithm. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory. Each hash is used as the seed of the input, and then it needs a lot of memory to store another pseudo-random sequence to generate the pseudo-random points of the sequence and output the hash value. In the mining of BTC (bitcoin), it is not enough to rely on simple graphics card mining (it takes about ten to dozens of days to dig a BTC with general configuration graphics card). The emergence of various expensive mining machines has raised the threshold for ordinary people to get BTC through mining, while LTC has certain advantages in using PC graphics card mining This passage comes from Zhihu.)
compared with BTC, litecain has made a little improvement in technology. If BTC is gold now, LTC is silver for the time being
the biggest advantage of litecoin is that it can confirm the authenticity faster. The virtual currency is designed and maintained by Charles Lee. Bitcoin transactions need to be verified, and the average verification time is more than 10 minutes. Most transaction websites need 1 hour to verify. The average transaction confirmation time of liteoin is 2.5 minutes. Developers claim that shortening the verification time increases the practicability of virtual currency. The bitcoin mining efficiency of customized machine and AMD GPU is the highest, making it almost unprofitable for miners using CPU mining. Litecain's mining excludes GPUs and custom processors, so it doesn't rely too much on a small number of professional miners
ppcoin
ppcoin (PPC) was released on August 19, 2012, which has improved the original technology of BTC. Use proof of make and add the concept of coin age
ppcoin is a bifurcated project of bitcoin, which aims to achieve energy efficiency and maintain the best performance of the original bitcoin as far as possible. The unit price of ppcoin is US $0.22 and the total currency value is US $4 million
ppcoin does not have a fixed upper limit of money supply, but it does not mean that ppcoin has obvious inflation compared with bitcoin. Bitcoin can be compared to gold. The annual inflation rate of gold is about 1-3%. Although gold has no known upper limit of money supply, we still know that it is a reliable scarce commodity
ppcoin has two types of casting: work certificate and equity certificate. The coinage rate of working proof is affected by Moore's law, which depends on the doubling of our working proof ability. What we all know is that Moore's law will eventually come to an end. By then, the ppcoin of inflation may be close to the gold level. The annual maximum inflation rate of certificate of equity is 1%. At the same time, ppcoin's transaction costs were destroyed to fight inflation. So on the whole, the coin design of ppcoin is still a very low inflation design in the future, which can be comparable with bitcoin<
ppcoin's reward is similar to lottery, which will determine the winning probability according to the number of ppcoin held by miners. Sunny king, one of the founders, said that their design is based on a new concept of long-term energy efficiency
terracoin
terracoin (TRC) was released on October 26, 2012, with a total currency of 42 million. The speed of each block is 2 minutes, slightly faster than LTC. There is not much special in technology, similar to the proction of BTC halved every four years
however, the operation team seems to have a strong business background and may be better than other bitcoins in circulation. The development of virtual currency is getting more and more attention. Now some teams with business background will accelerate the development of virtual currency
namecoin
namecoin is a distributed domain name system based on bitcoin technology. Its principle is the same as bitcoin. The first release date of this open source software is April 18, 2011
namecoin is generated from an original block which is different from bitcoin's main trading block. It uses a new blockchain, which is independent of bitcoin's blockchain. Because it is based on bitcoin, the security, distribution, robustness, encryption and migration of domain names are guaranteed mathematically. You can dig bitcoin and namecoin at the same time
this project was discussed and proposed by bitdns, which is mainly dissatisfied with the defects of DNS. The only top-level domain name of namecoin is. Bit. It costs namecoin to register a. Bit domain name.
litecoin (LTC), released on October 7, 2011, is the most valuable counterfeit coin at present, accounting for about 2% of BTC's market value. The current unit price is US $2.31, with a total currency value of US $38 million
this is also a distributed (decentralized) digital currency. Unlike the sha256 mining algorithm used by bitcoin, LTC adopts scrypt algorithm. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory. Each hash is used as the seed of the input, and then it needs a lot of memory to store another pseudo-random sequence to generate the pseudo-random points of the sequence and output the hash value. In the mining of BTC (bitcoin), it is not enough to rely on simple graphics card mining (it takes about ten to dozens of days to dig a BTC with general configuration graphics card). The emergence of various expensive mining machines has raised the threshold for ordinary people to get BTC through mining, while LTC has certain advantages in using PC graphics card mining This passage comes from Zhihu.)
compared with BTC, litecain has made a little improvement in technology. If BTC is gold now, LTC is silver for the time being
the biggest advantage of litecoin is that it can confirm the authenticity faster. The virtual currency is designed and maintained by Charles Lee. Bitcoin transactions need to be verified, and the average verification time is more than 10 minutes. Most transaction websites need 1 hour to verify. The average transaction confirmation time of liteoin is 2.5 minutes. Developers claim that shortening the verification time increases the practicability of virtual currency. The bitcoin mining efficiency of customized machine and AMD GPU is the highest, making it almost unprofitable for miners using CPU mining. Litecain's mining excludes GPUs and custom processors, so it doesn't rely too much on a small number of professional miners
ppcoin
ppcoin (PPC) was released on August 19, 2012, which has improved the original technology of BTC. Use proof of make and add the concept of coin age
ppcoin is a bifurcated project of bitcoin, which aims to achieve energy efficiency and maintain the best performance of the original bitcoin as far as possible. The unit price of ppcoin is US $0.22 and the total currency value is US $4 million
ppcoin does not have a fixed upper limit of money supply, but it does not mean that ppcoin has obvious inflation compared with bitcoin. Bitcoin can be compared to gold. The annual inflation rate of gold is about 1-3%. Although gold has no known upper limit of money supply, we still know that it is a reliable scarce commodity
ppcoin has two types of casting: work certificate and equity certificate. The coinage rate of working proof is affected by Moore's law, which depends on the doubling of our working proof ability. What we all know is that Moore's law will eventually come to an end. By then, the ppcoin of inflation may be close to the gold level. The annual maximum inflation rate of certificate of equity is 1%. At the same time, ppcoin's transaction costs were destroyed to fight inflation. So on the whole, the coin design of ppcoin is still a very low inflation design in the future, which can be comparable with bitcoin<
ppcoin's reward is similar to lottery, which will determine the winning probability according to the number of ppcoin held by miners. Sunny king, one of the founders, said that their design is based on a new concept of long-term energy efficiency
terracoin
terracoin (TRC) was released on October 26, 2012, with a total currency of 42 million. The speed of each block is 2 minutes, slightly faster than LTC. There is not much special in technology, similar to the proction of BTC halved every four years
however, the operation team seems to have a strong business background and may be better than other bitcoins in circulation. The development of virtual currency is getting more and more attention. Now some teams with business background will accelerate the development of virtual currency
namecoin
namecoin is a distributed domain name system based on bitcoin technology. Its principle is the same as bitcoin. The first release date of this open source software is April 18, 2011
namecoin is generated from an original block which is different from bitcoin's main trading block. It uses a new blockchain, which is independent of bitcoin's blockchain. Because it is based on bitcoin, the security, distribution, robustness, encryption and migration of domain names are guaranteed mathematically. You can dig bitcoin and namecoin at the same time
this project was discussed and proposed by bitdns, which is mainly dissatisfied with the defects of DNS. The only top-level domain name of namecoin is. Bit. It costs namecoin to register a. Bit domain name.
5. I was cheated by the cloud Business Alliance for 1200 yuan. Why didn't I manage it
6.
Last week, a paragraph about bitcoin became popular:
bitcoin broke through 5800 US dollars (about 38280 yuan) . When it was issued in 2009, 1 US dollar was equivalent to 1300 bitcoins. What is investment? It has increased by 7.54 million times in 8 years. At that time, you spent 38000 yuan to buy some bitcoin. Now you are the richest man in China, surpassing Xu Jiayin, who has 290 billion yuan
but just one week later, on October 20, bitcoin broke through the $6000 mark. Although it fell later, it reached more than $6000 again on October 21, reaching a maximum of $6147. In terms of $6000, bitcoin prices have risen 7.8 million times in eight years
according to cryptocompare, a bitcoin data provider, e to China's strict supervision of cryptocurrency trading, the global share of bitcoin market has been greatly changed. Now, in the total trading volume of the world's bitcoin exchanges, the trading volume of RMB versus bitcoin accounts for about 1.6%
} the proportion of RMB and yen in global bitcoin trading volume (photo source: cryptocompare)
the reporter noted that in the first half of this year, after Japan's legislation recognized bitcoin as a legal payment method, bitcoin's trading volume in Japan surged, and Japanese regulatory authorities have issued certificates to 11 cryptocurrency exchanges. About 58% of bitcoin trading currently takes place in the Japanese market, and nearly a third of yen to bitcoin trading takes place on the bitflyer exchange in Tokyo. In addition, the U.S. and South Korea markets also account for a large part of global bitcoin transactions - the U.S. dollar and the Korean won account for 27% and 7% of the total bitcoin transactions, respectively< br />
7.
According to the definition of the European Central Bank in 2012, "a kind of digital currency that is not legally binding, issued and controlled by developers, and accepted and used in specific virtual community members."
at the 2013 congressional hearing, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said that "in the past two decades, virtual currency has been regarded as an electronic currency, or a payment system technology field that has been developing."< In 2013, the financial crime enforcement network (FinCEN) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury defined it as: "virtual currency is a medium of exchange that operates like real currency in some environments, but it does not have all the attributes of real currency." It also has no legal tender status. In 2014, the European Banking authority defined it as "a digital form of value that is not issued by central banks or government departments and is not necessarily associated with legal tender, but it is accepted by natural and legal persons as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored and traded electronically
in Chinese mainland refers to the currency that runs on the Internet, and the famous virtual currency, such as Tencent Inc's Q coins and the grand company's roll, also has virtual currency in online games. Virtual currency is usually used for users to purchase virtual services on the network, such as QQ membership function of Tencent's QQ coin, online game equipment, etc. Virtual currency is usually a means of payment. For example, the Ministry of culture of the people's Republic of China defined it in 2009 as a virtual exchange tool that is issued by online game operators, directly or indirectly purchased by game users using legal tender in a certain proportion, existing outside game programs, stored in servers provided by online game operators in the form of electromagnetic records, and expressed in specific digital units
data source: virtual current from Wikipedia
8. If you're interested in this place, you have to understand chemistry first
9. 1. The functions of money: 1) value scale 2) means of circulation 3) means of storage 4) means of payment 5) world currency
2. The division of monetary levels, basis and level: the division of monetary levels is based on their main functions and liquidity differences, thus giving different levels of empirical statistical definition of money. It is usually divided into M0 = cash in circulation M1 = M0 + current deposit of commercial bank M2 = M1 + fixed deposit of Commercial Bank + savings deposit of commercial bank m3 = M2 + deposit of other financial institutions M4 = m3 + L. L is liquid asset
3. Evolution of monetary system, content of each monetary system: in the history of monetary system development, there were four different monetary systems, namely, bank based unit system, gold based unit system, Gold and silver plicate unit system, gold single standard system, paper currency system. (1) the silver based unit system is the earliest and longest monetary system, which met the social needs of the underdeveloped commodity economy at that time. With the economic development, the increase of bulk commodity transactions exposed the shortcomings of its unstable value. (2) e to the increasing demand for gold and silver in commodity transactions, silver is used for small transactions and gold is used for large transactions, thus forming the gold and silver compound position system, which has experienced three forms: parallel standard system, double standard system and lame standard system. (3) the gold based unit system is a relatively stable unit system, in which the amount of money in the country is appropriate. In practice, the external exchange rate of domestic currency is relatively stable. Later, e to the expansion of the world economy, the gold stock was limited and difficult to maintain< The characteristics of the gold based unit system are as follows: (1) gold coins can be cast freely, while other metal currencies are restricted; (2) gold coins can be freely circulated, and value symbols can be freely exchanged for gold coins; (3) gold can be freely imported among countries.
the main contents of the paper money system are as follows: (1) the right to issue paper money is monopolized by the state, and after the establishment of the central bank system, it is generally issued by the central bank authorized by the state, In order to ensure that the income from issuing banknotes belongs to the state. (2) the banknotes issued by the central bank are legal tender and have unlimited legal compensation capacity within a country. (3) banknotes can not be cashed. (4) under the banknote system, non cash settlement methods are widely used to improve the accuracy of settlement and payment and save cash circulation costs
the difference and connection between paper money circulation and money circulation: the connection is mainly manifested in that they are restricted by commodity circulation. The differences are: (1) the two laws adapt to different ways of commodity circulation; (2) the relationship between the two laws and the total price of commodities is different; (3) the conditions under which the two laws work are different.
the basic characteristics of credit: it has two characteristics: return at maturity and interest payment
types and characteristics of modern credit forms: the main forms are usury credit, commercial credit, bank credit, national credit, consumption credit and international credit< The characteristics of usury credit are as follows: 1. Usury capital comes from merchants, officials and religious institutions, which is mainly used for daily consumption, so it has no direct and close relationship with social proction. 2. Usury has the mode of exploitation of capital, but not the mode of proction of capital< The characteristics of commercial credit: 1. The subject of commercial credit is manufacturer; 2. The object of commercial credit is commodity capital; 3. The dynamic consistency between commercial credit and instrial capital
the characteristics of bank credit: 1. The subject of bank credit is different from that of commercial credit; 2. The object of bank credit is single form of monetary capital; 3. The dynamic inconsistency between bank credit and instrial capital; 4. Bank credit The characteristics of national credit are as follows: 1. National credit includes domestic credit and foreign credit; 2. The emergence of national credit is directly related to national finance; 3. The funds raised by national credit are mainly used for various government expenditures; and
the characteristics of consumer credit are: 1. Expanding demand, increasing consumption and stimulating economic development, To ease the contradiction between the limited purchasing power of consumers and the increasing demand for living. 2. It is a favorable means of sales promotion, which can open up the sales market and promote the proction and circulation of goods. 3. It adds unstable factors to the economy, It is easy to cause demand expansion
characteristics of international credit: international credit is the lending behavior in the international and domestic markets
limitations of commercial credit: 1. The scale of commercial credit is limited by the amount of capital of manufacturers; 2. Commercial credit is limited by the direction of commodity circulation
overcoming of bank credit: bank credit overcomes the limitations of commercial credit, The scope, quantity and term of credit have been greatly expanded, which can meet the needs of economic development to a greater extent. The main performance is that more and more loan capital is concentrated in the hands of a few big banks, the scale of banks is becoming larger and larger, the amount of loans is increasing, the term of loans is extending, and the combination of bank capital and instrial capital is becoming closer and closer, The scope of bank credit is also expanding
Bill: a written document with a certain format that can be used to prove the relationship between creditor's rights and debt
acceptance: before the maturity of a bill, Promissory note: a debt certificate issued by the drawer to the payee to pay a certain amount of money within a certain period of time. Bill of exchange: a debt certificate that the drawer requires the payee to pay a certain amount of money to the payee within a certain period of time, Bill of exchange accepted by the buyer: Bill of exchange accepted by the bank on the entrustment of the buyer. Financial institution system: the modern financial institution system is usually composed of the central bank as the core, banks mainly engaged in credit business, non bank financial institutions providing various financing services, and relevant financial regulatory agencies< The functions of commercial banks are as follows: 1. Credit intermediary; 2. Payment intermediary; 3. Credit creation; 4. Financial services; 5. Economic regulation, Other business
function of commercial banks: financing function, regulation function
moral hazard of commercial banks: in the operation of commercial banks, there are not only internal moral hazard caused by the violation of rules and regulations by banking institutions themselves and employees, but also the dishonesty of banking institutions' customers The adverse selection of commercial banks refers to the expulsion of high-quality procts from inferior procts e to the asymmetric information of both sides of the transaction and the decline of market price, Then the average quality of market trading procts declines
the business principles and period relationship of commercial banks: 1. Security principle 2. Liquidity principle 3. Profitability principle should first adhere to the security principle, and strive for the maximum profitability on the premise of ensuring the security principle. In the case of conflict between security and profitability, we should try to improve the liquidity of bank assets
types of financial market: 1. Divided by financing term, it can be divided into money market and capital market; 2. Divided by financing instruments, it can be divided into securities market, commercial paper market and negotiable time deposit certificate market; 3. Divided by trading partner, it can be divided into capital market, Foreign exchange market, gold market 4. According to the geographical scope, it can be divided into domestic financial market, international financial market
financial market main body: institutional investors, long-term investors, Speculators
the functions of the financial market are as follows: 1. To gather and distribute funds; 2. To change the term of funds; 3. To disperse and transfer risks; 4. To collect and distribute information; 4, Indirect financing refers to the process that the lender of last resort complete the financing to the borrower of last resort through financial intermediaries. Advantages of direct financing: 1, It is concive to the rapid and rational allocation of funds and the improvement of the use efficiency. 2. The cost of financing is low and the investment income is large
disadvantages: 1. Both sides of direct financing are subject to more restrictions in terms of the amount of funds, term and interest rate. 2. The liquidity of financial instruments used in direct financing is weaker than that of indirect financing, The advantages of indirect financing are: 1. Flexibility and convenience; 2. High security; 3. Improving the scale economy of finance; 3. Disadvantages: 1. The direct connection between the supply and demand of funds is cut off, To a certain extent, it will rece the investors' attention to the enterprise proction and the pressure and binding force of the fund raisers on the use of funds. 2. Intermediary agencies charge a certain fee to provide services, which increases the cost of financing
nominal interest rate: the interest rate without excluding the inflation factor
real interest rate: the interest rate under the condition that the price remains unchanged and the purchasing power of money remains unchanged, In the case of inflation, the interest rate after excluding the inflation factor
market interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds
official interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the financial management department of a government or the central bank
fixed interest rate: ring the whole lending period, the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds, Interest rate that does not change with the supply and demand of loan
floating interest rate: the interest rate that is adjusted periodically with the change of market interest rate
the factors that determine and affect interest rate: 1. Average profit rate 2. Supply and demand of loan capital 3. Monetary policy of central bank 4. International interest rate 5. Expected inflation rate and deflation 6. Exchange rate
the content and significance of classical interest rate theory: 1 The interest rate has the function of automatically adjusting the economy to achieve equilibrium: when saving is greater than investment, the interest rate will fall, and people will automatically rece saving and increase investment; When saving is less than investment, interest rate rises, and people automatically rece investment and increase savings. Interest rate has nothing to do with monetary factors, and interest rate is not affected by any monetary policy.
theory of loanable capital interest rate: interest comes from the loan process of capital, so the decision of interest rate should focus on the supply and demand of loanable capital, The demand for loanable funds does not necessarily come from investment, but also from the interest rate theory of hoard
IS-LM analysis: the liquidity preference interest rate theory and the classical interest rate theory both ignore the income factor and cannot determine the interest rate level. They think that the monetary factor and the physical factor should be combined for analysis, and the income should be considered as a variable related to interest rate, The interest rate is restricted by four factors: investment function, saving function, liquidity preference function and money supply
term structure theory of interest rate: it refers to the relationship between spot interest rate and maturity at a certain time point. It includes expectation hypothesis, market segmentation theory, term choice and liquidity premium theory, Also known as long-term financial market or securities market
the definition of stock: stock is a kind of valuable securities issued by a joint-stock company to its shareholders as a share certificate and used as current dividend income, Corporate shares and indivial shares
bond definition: a written debt certificate issued by the debtor in accordance with legal proceres, which promises to pay interest at the agreed interest rate and date, and repay the principal on a specific date
bond features: 1. Maturity 2. Security 3. Liquidity 4. Profitability
bond classification: 1. Government bonds and corporate bonds 2. Fixed interest bonds and discount bonds, Floating rate bonds and cumulative interest rate bonds 3. Public bonds and private bonds 4. Short term bonds, medium term bonds and long term bonds
2. The division of monetary levels, basis and level: the division of monetary levels is based on their main functions and liquidity differences, thus giving different levels of empirical statistical definition of money. It is usually divided into M0 = cash in circulation M1 = M0 + current deposit of commercial bank M2 = M1 + fixed deposit of Commercial Bank + savings deposit of commercial bank m3 = M2 + deposit of other financial institutions M4 = m3 + L. L is liquid asset
3. Evolution of monetary system, content of each monetary system: in the history of monetary system development, there were four different monetary systems, namely, bank based unit system, gold based unit system, Gold and silver plicate unit system, gold single standard system, paper currency system. (1) the silver based unit system is the earliest and longest monetary system, which met the social needs of the underdeveloped commodity economy at that time. With the economic development, the increase of bulk commodity transactions exposed the shortcomings of its unstable value. (2) e to the increasing demand for gold and silver in commodity transactions, silver is used for small transactions and gold is used for large transactions, thus forming the gold and silver compound position system, which has experienced three forms: parallel standard system, double standard system and lame standard system. (3) the gold based unit system is a relatively stable unit system, in which the amount of money in the country is appropriate. In practice, the external exchange rate of domestic currency is relatively stable. Later, e to the expansion of the world economy, the gold stock was limited and difficult to maintain< The characteristics of the gold based unit system are as follows: (1) gold coins can be cast freely, while other metal currencies are restricted; (2) gold coins can be freely circulated, and value symbols can be freely exchanged for gold coins; (3) gold can be freely imported among countries.
the main contents of the paper money system are as follows: (1) the right to issue paper money is monopolized by the state, and after the establishment of the central bank system, it is generally issued by the central bank authorized by the state, In order to ensure that the income from issuing banknotes belongs to the state. (2) the banknotes issued by the central bank are legal tender and have unlimited legal compensation capacity within a country. (3) banknotes can not be cashed. (4) under the banknote system, non cash settlement methods are widely used to improve the accuracy of settlement and payment and save cash circulation costs
the difference and connection between paper money circulation and money circulation: the connection is mainly manifested in that they are restricted by commodity circulation. The differences are: (1) the two laws adapt to different ways of commodity circulation; (2) the relationship between the two laws and the total price of commodities is different; (3) the conditions under which the two laws work are different.
the basic characteristics of credit: it has two characteristics: return at maturity and interest payment
types and characteristics of modern credit forms: the main forms are usury credit, commercial credit, bank credit, national credit, consumption credit and international credit< The characteristics of usury credit are as follows: 1. Usury capital comes from merchants, officials and religious institutions, which is mainly used for daily consumption, so it has no direct and close relationship with social proction. 2. Usury has the mode of exploitation of capital, but not the mode of proction of capital< The characteristics of commercial credit: 1. The subject of commercial credit is manufacturer; 2. The object of commercial credit is commodity capital; 3. The dynamic consistency between commercial credit and instrial capital
the characteristics of bank credit: 1. The subject of bank credit is different from that of commercial credit; 2. The object of bank credit is single form of monetary capital; 3. The dynamic inconsistency between bank credit and instrial capital; 4. Bank credit The characteristics of national credit are as follows: 1. National credit includes domestic credit and foreign credit; 2. The emergence of national credit is directly related to national finance; 3. The funds raised by national credit are mainly used for various government expenditures; and
the characteristics of consumer credit are: 1. Expanding demand, increasing consumption and stimulating economic development, To ease the contradiction between the limited purchasing power of consumers and the increasing demand for living. 2. It is a favorable means of sales promotion, which can open up the sales market and promote the proction and circulation of goods. 3. It adds unstable factors to the economy, It is easy to cause demand expansion
characteristics of international credit: international credit is the lending behavior in the international and domestic markets
limitations of commercial credit: 1. The scale of commercial credit is limited by the amount of capital of manufacturers; 2. Commercial credit is limited by the direction of commodity circulation
overcoming of bank credit: bank credit overcomes the limitations of commercial credit, The scope, quantity and term of credit have been greatly expanded, which can meet the needs of economic development to a greater extent. The main performance is that more and more loan capital is concentrated in the hands of a few big banks, the scale of banks is becoming larger and larger, the amount of loans is increasing, the term of loans is extending, and the combination of bank capital and instrial capital is becoming closer and closer, The scope of bank credit is also expanding
Bill: a written document with a certain format that can be used to prove the relationship between creditor's rights and debt
acceptance: before the maturity of a bill, Promissory note: a debt certificate issued by the drawer to the payee to pay a certain amount of money within a certain period of time. Bill of exchange: a debt certificate that the drawer requires the payee to pay a certain amount of money to the payee within a certain period of time, Bill of exchange accepted by the buyer: Bill of exchange accepted by the bank on the entrustment of the buyer. Financial institution system: the modern financial institution system is usually composed of the central bank as the core, banks mainly engaged in credit business, non bank financial institutions providing various financing services, and relevant financial regulatory agencies< The functions of commercial banks are as follows: 1. Credit intermediary; 2. Payment intermediary; 3. Credit creation; 4. Financial services; 5. Economic regulation, Other business
function of commercial banks: financing function, regulation function
moral hazard of commercial banks: in the operation of commercial banks, there are not only internal moral hazard caused by the violation of rules and regulations by banking institutions themselves and employees, but also the dishonesty of banking institutions' customers The adverse selection of commercial banks refers to the expulsion of high-quality procts from inferior procts e to the asymmetric information of both sides of the transaction and the decline of market price, Then the average quality of market trading procts declines
the business principles and period relationship of commercial banks: 1. Security principle 2. Liquidity principle 3. Profitability principle should first adhere to the security principle, and strive for the maximum profitability on the premise of ensuring the security principle. In the case of conflict between security and profitability, we should try to improve the liquidity of bank assets
types of financial market: 1. Divided by financing term, it can be divided into money market and capital market; 2. Divided by financing instruments, it can be divided into securities market, commercial paper market and negotiable time deposit certificate market; 3. Divided by trading partner, it can be divided into capital market, Foreign exchange market, gold market 4. According to the geographical scope, it can be divided into domestic financial market, international financial market
financial market main body: institutional investors, long-term investors, Speculators
the functions of the financial market are as follows: 1. To gather and distribute funds; 2. To change the term of funds; 3. To disperse and transfer risks; 4. To collect and distribute information; 4, Indirect financing refers to the process that the lender of last resort complete the financing to the borrower of last resort through financial intermediaries. Advantages of direct financing: 1, It is concive to the rapid and rational allocation of funds and the improvement of the use efficiency. 2. The cost of financing is low and the investment income is large
disadvantages: 1. Both sides of direct financing are subject to more restrictions in terms of the amount of funds, term and interest rate. 2. The liquidity of financial instruments used in direct financing is weaker than that of indirect financing, The advantages of indirect financing are: 1. Flexibility and convenience; 2. High security; 3. Improving the scale economy of finance; 3. Disadvantages: 1. The direct connection between the supply and demand of funds is cut off, To a certain extent, it will rece the investors' attention to the enterprise proction and the pressure and binding force of the fund raisers on the use of funds. 2. Intermediary agencies charge a certain fee to provide services, which increases the cost of financing
nominal interest rate: the interest rate without excluding the inflation factor
real interest rate: the interest rate under the condition that the price remains unchanged and the purchasing power of money remains unchanged, In the case of inflation, the interest rate after excluding the inflation factor
market interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds
official interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the financial management department of a government or the central bank
fixed interest rate: ring the whole lending period, the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds, Interest rate that does not change with the supply and demand of loan
floating interest rate: the interest rate that is adjusted periodically with the change of market interest rate
the factors that determine and affect interest rate: 1. Average profit rate 2. Supply and demand of loan capital 3. Monetary policy of central bank 4. International interest rate 5. Expected inflation rate and deflation 6. Exchange rate
the content and significance of classical interest rate theory: 1 The interest rate has the function of automatically adjusting the economy to achieve equilibrium: when saving is greater than investment, the interest rate will fall, and people will automatically rece saving and increase investment; When saving is less than investment, interest rate rises, and people automatically rece investment and increase savings. Interest rate has nothing to do with monetary factors, and interest rate is not affected by any monetary policy.
theory of loanable capital interest rate: interest comes from the loan process of capital, so the decision of interest rate should focus on the supply and demand of loanable capital, The demand for loanable funds does not necessarily come from investment, but also from the interest rate theory of hoard
IS-LM analysis: the liquidity preference interest rate theory and the classical interest rate theory both ignore the income factor and cannot determine the interest rate level. They think that the monetary factor and the physical factor should be combined for analysis, and the income should be considered as a variable related to interest rate, The interest rate is restricted by four factors: investment function, saving function, liquidity preference function and money supply
term structure theory of interest rate: it refers to the relationship between spot interest rate and maturity at a certain time point. It includes expectation hypothesis, market segmentation theory, term choice and liquidity premium theory, Also known as long-term financial market or securities market
the definition of stock: stock is a kind of valuable securities issued by a joint-stock company to its shareholders as a share certificate and used as current dividend income, Corporate shares and indivial shares
bond definition: a written debt certificate issued by the debtor in accordance with legal proceres, which promises to pay interest at the agreed interest rate and date, and repay the principal on a specific date
bond features: 1. Maturity 2. Security 3. Liquidity 4. Profitability
bond classification: 1. Government bonds and corporate bonds 2. Fixed interest bonds and discount bonds, Floating rate bonds and cumulative interest rate bonds 3. Public bonds and private bonds 4. Short term bonds, medium term bonds and long term bonds
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