Japan develops virtual currency
virtual currency is the currency used for electronic circulation. Now the scope of virtual currency is very large, including q-coin, bitcoin and so on. With the development of digital currency, virtual currency is becoming more and more abundant, which may become the mainstream in the future. For example, BTC, EOS, bcbot and so on are not only virtual currencies, but also algorithms, landing projects and technologies
virtual currency is mainly issued by online game service providers to purchase game props, such as equipment, clothing, etc. But at present, the use of virtual currency has gone far beyond this category. Virtual currency can be used to buy game cards, physical objects and download services of some movies and software
extended data:
real risk
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transaction of online virtual currency has realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints. In addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players
Taking Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
reference: network virtual currency
1. In 2013, when bitcoin was hot, bitcoin prices were one price a day, basically rising but not falling, and there were many people who made hundreds of thousands a day, but now it is basically difficult
2. The virtual currency operator, holding a large number of chips in his hand, makes money from his business
3. Invest a lot of money in high-frequency trading to make a small price difference
4. It may be a MLM coin, which is a typical Ponzi scheme. Early entrants may make money.
1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions
In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information
However,however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency
(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear
as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control
(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP
The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention (2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market
(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger
(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency
(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system
in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities (5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation (6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term
virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />
Japan is also the first country in the world to legislate on virtual currency. Just in April last year, Japan's "change of capital payment law" was formally established. Virtual currency is defined as having the function of currency and can be used for monetary payment. Moreover, some time ago, the tycoons of the domestic currency circle also went to Japan one after another to learn from Japan
Finally, the popularity of virtual currency in Japan is also the intentional guidance of the Japanese government. The emergence of virtual currency gives the Japanese government a new "future". The Japanese government hopes to establish a monetary system independent of the U.S. regulation through virtual currency, so as to revive its so-called great power statushowever, we should also see that Japan's too loose virtual monetary environment has also led to many negative problems. For example, the frequent theft of virtual currency makes the Japanese government have to intervene in the asset security of the virtual currency market. As a result, Japan has strengthened the supervision of virtual currency, and the virtual currency market has become a bit quiet - exchanges such as hotcoin and BIGone have even given up Japanese language services
the FSA said that it would put Japan's digital currency exchange under a comprehensive regulatory framework, including monitoring the internal system of the exchange, checking the customer asset protection mechanism, and possible on-site inspection. At the same time, the FSA requires digital currency exchanges including bitcoin to implement a more stringent KYC policy than at present. Exchanges must begin to verify the identity of account users, keep transaction records, and report suspicious transactions to regulators
the conditions for the registration and establishment of Japanese digital currency dealers:
the establishment of a Japanese corporate company
leasing Japanese office
three Japanese employees are employed, one of whom is a director of a Japanese company
Japanese companies open bank to company accounts
there is a normal trading system (Japanese version is not required)
provide KYC information (specifically prepare the government information list)
the services include company registration before obtaining the license, assistance in leasing office space, assistance in recruitment of company employees, preparation of audit reports in cooperation with accounting firms, AML and KYC reports, business plans, all compliance documents to be submitted to FSA prepared with Japanese law firms, and answering all questions raised by FSA
in the process of obtaining a digital currency dealer license and in the process of future operation, traders must employ at least three employees, at least one of whom has a digital currency or bitcoin background or financial background
follow up maintenance: first, ensure the normal operation of the Japanese office and the daily work system of employees. Annual financial and audit reports should be submitted to the financial department of Japan every year. The contents of the reports are large, including the transaction details of virtual currency, the number of customers, the number of traders, the handling fees, the amount of customers' funds, etc. After obtaining the license, all the operation related expenses need to be paid by the dealer.
a more obvious flaw is that the tic coin has a superior subordinate relationship, which is divided by hierarchy, just like the pyramid model. And there are money back and dividends, the higher the level, the more dividends, as high as you can't imagine.
in this bill, the Legislative Council defines bitcoin as an asset rather than a currency. People can use it as a way of payment for transactions
relevant units have also put forward requirements that service providers or exchanges operating in bitcoin must register with the Prime Minister of Japan, and the capital scale must not be less than 10 million yen. They must have information technology systems that can prevent theft and loss, and must establish a variety of systems and processes, involving training, internal regulations, governance, outsourcing guidance, etc
the amendment bill also amends the prevention of the transfer of proceeds of crime act. Regulators have asked bitcoin to implement a more stringent "know your customer" process than it currently does. The exchange must verify the identity of the account opening user, keep the transaction records, and report the suspicious transaction records to the regulatory authorities.
On February 24, Xue Manzi mentioned in the "three o'clock Mars financial learning and growth community" that he would issue Manzi coins, saying that he would make his Manzi homestay into a valuable distributed airbnb
the Manzi B & B is located in Kyoto, Japan. It is said that 100 B & B units have been purchased in four months, and the new target is 200 units, which will enter Osaka and Tokyo. This posture seems to be permanent in Japan
I don't believe that Sanya was brought to a climax by the big guys of border control; But I believe in the climax of Japan's currency circle. After all, they are experts. But after the climax, what happens
perhaps the ultimate answer can only be found in the three o'clock blockchain group proficient in history and philosophy
Ginza: the gold coin foundry of Edo period. There are two kinds of hereditary golden seats: the grand golden seat of goto's family and the small golden seat of goto's family. Kojiro goto was trusted by Tokugawa and founded Edo Ginza. At the same time, golden seats were also set up in Kyoto and Sa. Shortly after the war of Guan yuan, Edo's minor judgment Ginza became the main gold coin foundry, which was under the direct jurisdiction of the inquisition. There are three departments, namely "Royal gold changing service", "jinzuo" (Mint) and "blowing office", which are responsible for the casting and supervision of all gold coins except the grand contract. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is the headquarters of the Bank of Japan in Tokyo
Ginza: silver coin foundry of Edo period. Originally, Tokugawa Jiakang was set up in Fujian (now the suburb of Kyoto) in 1601 (the sixth year of Qingchang), and moved to Kyoto in 1608. Another Ginza was set up in Junfu in 1606 and moved to Edo in 1612. Under the protection of the shogunate, he enjoyed the privilege of procing silver coins and paid the "yunshang" gold to the shogunate. You daheichang is the hereditary officer of the family. In order to carry out overseas trade, he set up Ginza in Pinghu and moved to Nagasaki in 1614. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), when the shogunate banned the establishment of a new money seat, copper coins were cast at the same time as the golden seat. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is still used as a place name
money seat: also called money seat. During the Edo period, it was the organization in charge of the manufacture and issuance of copper coins. But different from Ginza and Ginza, they belong to non established institutions. In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the shogunate appointed Ginza year Jiqiu Tian zonggu to open money seats in edochi and near jiangbanben, casting "kuanyong Tongbao". In 1736 (the first year of Yuanwen), money seats were set up in Osaka and Nagasaki. Since then, e to mixed and illegal activities, the shogunate successively abolished all the banks except those under the jurisdiction of Junichiro goto in Ginza in the years of Ernst & Young (1772-1780). In 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), Tianbao Tongbao was made. Each money seat is governed by the master of Ginza and Ginza, and no special official is appointed<
three goods system: the monetary system of gold, silver and copper (money) in Edo era. Gold is a kind of quantitative currency, which uses quaternion system (one or two = four cents = 16 baht). There are mainly minor judgments (one or two) and one point judgments; There are also Grand judgments (twelve), but they are mainly used as gifts, not for general currency circulation. After Yuanlu, there were two baht judgments, two sub judgments and five Liang judgments. Silver is a kind of weighing currency, which is divided into two units, the decimal system (one unit = ten). There are mainly Ding silver and Douban silver in circulation, and their weight is not certain, so they need to be weighed when they are used. Money and goods are calculated by Guanwen and Wenwen. Qianwen is called Guanyi Wen. There are some points below Wenwen. Chinese money and goods are also used. The approximate conversion rate of the three goods is: gold one liang = silver fifty yuan (the last 60 yuan) = money four Guan Wen. In fact, the market changes from time to time< Major penalty: also known as "board gold" and "penalty". A gold coin circulating from Taoshan to Edo in Antu. In the early stage, there were rectangular and round shapes. When Toyotomi Xiuji made the "Tianzheng judgment" and shaped it into an oval shape. During the Edo period, there were five kinds of grand judges set up by the shogunate's shibato and his descendants in the years of Qingchang, Yuanlu, Xiangbao, Tianbao and Wanyan. The weight of Xiangbao and Tianbao is 44 cents (1 pound = 3.759g), which is equivalent to ten taels of placer gold. Therefore, the two sides are painted with ink "Shi Liang". But the gold content is not necessarily ten times that of a minor sentence. It is not used as currency, but as a reward from generals, a tribute from Daming or a gift from samurai<
verdict: one of the common gold coins in Edo era. Thin round. It's a standard gold coin, one or two. Although there was casting in the Warring States period, it did not circulate. In 1595 (the fourth year of Wenlu's reign), Tokugawa Yasunari obtained the permission of Toyotomi Hideki, and goto Guangji (Yamazaki zhuangshiro) of Kyoto in Yanqing Dynasty started casting in Edo and JUNHE, which were called "Musashi judgment" and "JUNHE judgment", weighing 4.7 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g). In 1601, the Tokugawa family established a new monetary system with Qingchang gold and silver, and cast a large number of Qingchang Xiaotan and yifenfen (one fourth of Xiaotan) as national currency in Edo, Kyoto, JUNHE and other places. During the reign of emperor Yuanlu (1688-1703), the quality of the casting was deteriorated, and ring the reign of emperor Zhengde (1711-1715), it returned to the level of Qingchang. After the Yuan Dynasty (1736-1740), the amount of casting decreased, the quality decreased, and the weight also decreased<
Qingchang gold and silver: the general name of the gold and silver coins originally issued in Edo era. The gold coin has grand, minor and one cent, and the silver coin has Ding silver and Dou ban silver. In order to abolish the former currency and unify the national currency system, the Tokugawa family issued Qingchang gold and silver in 1601. As counting currency, it has epoch-making significance in the history of currency development. The gold coin was cast in Kyoto, Edo and Osaka, of which the grand award weighs 44.055 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g), the grade of gold is 67.2 and silver is 29.4, the minor award weighs 4.73 匁, the grade is 85.69, and one cent is one fourth of the minor award. Most of the silver coins were made in Fujian Ginza, with the grade of silver 8 and copper 2. The fineness and quality are better than those of later generations. In 1609, the price of gold was equal to that of silver. After the currency was recast in 1695 (the eighth year of the reign of emperor Yuanlu), although it was not used, it still circulated secretly. In 1714 (the fourth year of Zhengde), General Motors was opened again. In 1736 (the first year of the Yuan Dynasty), it was banned
kuanyongtongbao: also known as kuanyongqian. The general name of copper, iron and brass coins from kuanyong to the end of shogunate in Edo period. It was first cast in the kuanyong period (1624-1643), so it is called. In 1608 (the 13th year of the Qing Dynasty), the shogunate ordered to prohibit the use of Ming money "Yongle Tongbao". In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the new copper coin was formally cast in Edo. The denomination is divided into one Wen and four Wen, which are made by coin holders all over the country. Every four Wen for Yongle Tongbao one Wen. It takes the first place in the amount of coins. On the back, Wen, Zuo, Xian, Zu, yuan and other characters are engraved, indicating the place of casting. In 1871, the new currency system was put into effect, with one yen exchanged every four times
Ming and wuzhe silver: one of the silver coins of Edo era, the first quantitative counting currency. From 1765 to 1772 (from the second year of Ming Dynasty to the year of anyongyuan), it was cast and circulated. Its weight is 5 g (1 g = 3.759 g) and its fineness is 46%. The casting quantity is 1806. The shogunate set up the "silver market" control, which stipulated that 12 pieces of gold should be exchanged for one or two. As a fixed currency, it was used together with Ding silver, Douban silver and other weighing currencies in circulation at that time. Because of the low quality, it is difficult to circulate in the society, and the merchants also oppose the fixed price of silver. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), it was changed to cast two baht silver coins, so it was stopped
two baht silver: silver coin of Edo era. There are two kinds: 1. Anyong two baht silver, also known as "ancient two baht silver" and "Da Nan tie". From 1772 to 1824 (from the year of an Yongyuan to the seventh year of Wen Zheng), it was made in general use. The weight of each piece is 2.68 g (one piece = 3.759 g), and the quality is 97.81 G. It is stipulated that eight exchange coins, one or two, bear the stamp of "Chang Shi". 2. Wen Zheng Er Zhu silver, also known as "Wen Zheng Nan tie" and "Xiao Nan tie". From 1824 to 1830 (from the seventh year of Wen Zheng to the first year of Tianbao), it was cast and used. The weight is reced to 2.01 per piece and the quality is 97.96. It also bears the "Chang Shi" stamp. The shogunate reced its weight and benefited from it by recasting money
Tianbao Tongbao: also known as "Tianbao money" and "dang". After 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), the Edo shogunate made copper coins. After the lenient government reform, the shogunate government did not change the situation of financial difficulties and financial chaos, so it issued "Tianbao gold and silver" and "Tianbao Tongbao" to save the crisis. Tongbao weighs 5.5 Liang (one or two = 3.759 g), and each one is worth 100 yuan; The composition is copper 78, tin 10 and lead 12. In 1859 (the sixth year of an Zheng), 338000 Guan Wen were transported to Osaka and popularized all over the country. During the Wanyan period (1860-1861), a large number of castings were made. At the beginning, 40 pieces were exchanged for gold, and after Meiji, 125 pieces were exchanged for yen. By 1870, more than 484 million pieces had been cast. It was discontinued in 1891
currency recasting: change the fineness, shape and quantity of currency to make new currency. During the Edo period from Qingchang to Wanyan (1596-1860), there were as many as 11 times. In the early days of Edo, the national currency was Qingchang gold and silver. Later, e to the decline of gold and silver proction, the currency was insufficient, so the plan was made to increase the amount of money and adjust prices; And try to rece the quality of money to save the shogunate's financial difficulties. In the eighth year of Yuanlu reign (1695), it was first recast, and the quality of minor judgment decreased from 85.7% to 56.4%; The fineness of Ding silver is reced from 80% to 64%. This led to the fall of gold price and the confusion of currency system. In the reign of Baoyong (1704-1710), the quality of QIANZI gold was restored, but its weight was reced by half; The fineness of Sibao silver has been reced to 20%. During the period of Zhengde and Xiangbao (1711-1735), the recast attempted to restore the Qingchang ancient system, but it was not complete. During the reign of Yuanwen (1736-1740), inferior coins were coined again, supplemented by excessive copper coins. From 1764 to 1780, two baht silver coins were cast to improve the quality and stabilize the currency. Later, there were eight kinds of gold coins such as Wen Zheng Bi Fen Jin and an Zheng Er Zhu Yin, which were not as good as before. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, e to the outflow of gold coins, the Wanyan verdict was recast in the first year of Wanyan (1860). The quality was reced by half, and the weight was less than one-third of the previous one. The shogunate's financial crisis intensified and its rule was shaken
hand shape: general term for promissory notes and bills of exchange. A kind of credit currency. Since ancient books have the habit of restraining fingerprints to strengthen the role of evidence. At the end of Kamakura, it was transferred to the settlement of commercial trade, which was called "substitution" and "cutting". It was called hand shape in Edo period. In modern times, wubingwei of Tianwang Temple initiated the hand trade with bills as the means of payment. It is widely used in the trade of remote areas headed by Osaka City, suburb and Edo. Osaka's hands are "deposit securities" issued by the two houses and "issued notes" similar to cheques issued by depositors to the two houses. In terms of its role in trade, "issuing bills" can be divided into "big hand" used for trade balance between ordinary merchants, "constrained hand" used for transaction between two houses, and "delayed hand" used for similar constrained hand and delayed payment. In 1868, in order to unify the currency system, Meiji government set up "Weiting commune" and "National Bank" to prohibit the circulation of silver hand, but the old way of issuing bills was still popular. In 1906 (the 39th year of Meiji), the law of banning banknotes similar to securities was enacted, and the issuance of hand shaped banknotes was prohibited
for: also known as "cutting Fu", "for money", "for rice". The method of using bills of exchange instead of cash for transactions or loans in other places. It began with the acquisition of Gongmi in the Kamakura era. The consignor gives the "substitute money" to the "substitute" (the broker), and the "substitute" transfers the money to the receiver regularly, and records the process in the "sever". The operators of this kind of business are called "house for money", "house for cutting Fu" and "house for two". This method was also used in the Muromachi era. By the Edo era, it was more complete. The exchange trade is centered on "two substitutes" (money changers). Edo and Osaka were very popular, and later popularized all over the country. Such as Osaka's "ten people for two" and "trade association". After Meiji, Weiting commune centered on Mitsui and other privileged merchants was established
Ding Yin: one of the silver coins of Edo era. It is used as weighing currency together with bean board silver. The shape is slender, oval and irregular. The weight varies from 30 μ g (1 μ g = 3.759 g) to 40 μ G. Except for ER Bao Yin and so on in the reign of Bao Yong (1704-1710)