General equivalent of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-21 02:20:33
1. Money appears with the constant change of the form of commodity exchange value. At the end of the primitive society, when people had surplus procts, they had to exchange between different tribes. For example, if a tribe had surplus sheep, it was necessary to exchange them with others. By chance, a man with a rabbit also exchanged them. When two people met, one sheep exchanged for five rabbits. It can be seen here that the value of one sheep is represented by five rabbits. This sheep is now represented by five rabbits, which is an initial form of value expression. With the progress of society and the emergence of surplus procts, this kind of transaction is more and more frequent. Finally, people recognized silver and gold as the material to measure the value of all commodities, so money came into being
it can be seen that money itself is a kind of commodity, but this kind of commodity has a special function. It can be exchanged with any other commodity and acts as a general equivalent.
it can be seen that money itself is a kind of commodity, but this kind of commodity has a special function. It can be exchanged with any other commodity and acts as a general equivalent.
2. General equivalent
general equivalent is a kind of commodity which is separated from commodity and serves as the unified value expression material of all other commodities. Its appearance is the inevitable result of the development of commodity proction and exchange. Historically, the general equivalent was undertaken by some special commodities. With the progress of society, gold and silver have become the most suitable currencies to perform the function of general equivalent. Money is a special commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a general equivalent
Chinese name
general equivalent
foreign name
universal equivalent
definition
the commodity that represents the value of all commodities
development process
the proct of the third stage of value form development
proposer
Karl Marx
definition
general equivalent is separated from the commodity world and represents the value of all other commodities Commodities
overview
the emergence of general equivalents is e to the lack of unified equivalents in the form of expanded value, which can not meet the increasing needs of exchange, so the functions of equivalents graally spontaneously stabilize on a certain commodity, resulting in the emergence of general equivalents. The general equivalent is a socially recognized equivalent form. Its natural form has become the common value form of all commodities. It can be directly exchanged with all other commodities. All other commodities regard it as the embodiment of abstract human labor and have relations with it. Only when all other commodities are first transformed into general equivalents, the private labor expended on them can be recognized by the society and become direct social labor. Only in this way can they actually have exchange value and can they be exchanged for other commodities at any time. Therefore, the general equivalent becomes the medium of commodity exchange and plays the role of currency. However, it is not money. Only when the function of general equivalent is stable on precious metals, can it develop into money[ 1]
general equivalent
equivalence relationship
relationship between currency and general equivalent
connection:
1. All commodities are separated from commodities
2. It can be directly exchanged with all other commodities to show the value of other commodities
differences:
1; Money came into being after the second division of labor
2; It has a wide range; The extension and scope of money are narrow, especially gold and silver
3. The general equivalent is not fixed in time, region and material texture; Money is fixed in these three aspects.
general equivalent is a kind of commodity which is separated from commodity and serves as the unified value expression material of all other commodities. Its appearance is the inevitable result of the development of commodity proction and exchange. Historically, the general equivalent was undertaken by some special commodities. With the progress of society, gold and silver have become the most suitable currencies to perform the function of general equivalent. Money is a special commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a general equivalent
Chinese name
general equivalent
foreign name
universal equivalent
definition
the commodity that represents the value of all commodities
development process
the proct of the third stage of value form development
proposer
Karl Marx
definition
general equivalent is separated from the commodity world and represents the value of all other commodities Commodities
overview
the emergence of general equivalents is e to the lack of unified equivalents in the form of expanded value, which can not meet the increasing needs of exchange, so the functions of equivalents graally spontaneously stabilize on a certain commodity, resulting in the emergence of general equivalents. The general equivalent is a socially recognized equivalent form. Its natural form has become the common value form of all commodities. It can be directly exchanged with all other commodities. All other commodities regard it as the embodiment of abstract human labor and have relations with it. Only when all other commodities are first transformed into general equivalents, the private labor expended on them can be recognized by the society and become direct social labor. Only in this way can they actually have exchange value and can they be exchanged for other commodities at any time. Therefore, the general equivalent becomes the medium of commodity exchange and plays the role of currency. However, it is not money. Only when the function of general equivalent is stable on precious metals, can it develop into money[ 1]
general equivalent
equivalence relationship
relationship between currency and general equivalent
connection:
1. All commodities are separated from commodities
2. It can be directly exchanged with all other commodities to show the value of other commodities
differences:
1; Money came into being after the second division of labor
2; It has a wide range; The extension and scope of money are narrow, especially gold and silver
3. The general equivalent is not fixed in time, region and material texture; Money is fixed in these three aspects.
3. Understanding of the concept of virtual currency
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
4. Of course, paper money is money, and virtual money is money
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
5. I've read an introction that bitcoin can be used directly for consumption. It's said that in a restaurant in Sanlitun, Beijing, a guest paid more than 600 meals with 0.1 bitcoin...
6. Unknown_Error
7. The general equivalent is a commodity which is separated from the commodity and is generally accepted by people. It is one or two fixed commodities in a certain period of time. Like gold<
the common equivalents in history are as follows:
in 2000 BC, the natural seashells in the southern sea (China, Japan, East Indies, America, Africa)
commodities (such as cattle, sheep and other livestock), (Aryan people in ancient Europe)
(salt), (Ethiopia)
(tobacco, cocoa beans),
, (America)
coinage ("cloth" farm tool shovel), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(the epitome of "Dao" Dao), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(Tongbei), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(yuan Qian),
(yuan Qian),
(Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
, (before Qin unified China)
(half Liang coin) (after Qin unified China)
(Wu Zhu coin) (Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty)
(Tong Bao coin) (Tang Dynasty)
copper (including copper coins and semi-finished procts made of copper)
Silver (including silver coins, silver Yuanbao, silver yuan, silver yuan made of silver), Silver coins and semi-finished procts)
gold (including gold ingots, gold coins and semi-finished procts made of gold)
silk
paper money (Jiaozi) (in the Northern Song Dynasty at the end of the 10th century)
(treasure money) (from Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty)
(silver coupon) (in Europe at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)
(check) (the time is not determined, In 1989, ICBC issued peony card
the common equivalents in history are as follows:
in 2000 BC, the natural seashells in the southern sea (China, Japan, East Indies, America, Africa)
commodities (such as cattle, sheep and other livestock), (Aryan people in ancient Europe)
(salt), (Ethiopia)
(tobacco, cocoa beans),
, (America)
coinage ("cloth" farm tool shovel), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(the epitome of "Dao" Dao), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(Tongbei), (Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
(yuan Qian),
(yuan Qian),
(Western Zhou, spring and Autumn period)
, (before Qin unified China)
(half Liang coin) (after Qin unified China)
(Wu Zhu coin) (Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty)
(Tong Bao coin) (Tang Dynasty)
copper (including copper coins and semi-finished procts made of copper)
Silver (including silver coins, silver Yuanbao, silver yuan, silver yuan made of silver), Silver coins and semi-finished procts)
gold (including gold ingots, gold coins and semi-finished procts made of gold)
silk
paper money (Jiaozi) (in the Northern Song Dynasty at the end of the 10th century)
(treasure money) (from Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty)
(silver coupon) (in Europe at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)
(check) (the time is not determined, In 1989, ICBC issued peony card
8.
The difference between money and general equivalent:
1. Essential difference: money is essentially a contract between the owner and the market about the right of exchange, which is essentially an agreement between the owners. The general equivalent is the commodity separated from the commodity, which serves as the unified value expression material of all other commodities
The difference of fixed value: fixed currency acts as general equivalent, other general equivalent is not fixed 
general equivalent: general equivalent is a commodity that is separated from the commodity world and represents the value of all other commodities. It is the proct of the development of commodity proction and exchange to a certain stage. The initial exchange of human beings is direct barter. When the scope of transactions is narrow and the varieties are rare, this kind of exchange can meet the needs of human survival and development
However, the establishment of barter should be based on the double coincidence of demand, time and quantity. Therefore, when the scope of the transaction expands and the variety increases, this kind of exchange is very difficult. Even if it can be established, it will cost too much manpower, material resources and time. The low exchange efficiency has seriously hindered the development of commodity proctionmoney: money is a contract between the owner and the market about the right of exchange, which is essentially an agreement between the owners. I give what I have to the market in exchange for what I need. Currency is the agreement in this process
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