Virtual currency blender
man Xingyun is illegal in China. The predecessor of "man Xingyun" is the notorious "cloud smart" pyramid scheme
"cloud smart" and "man Xingyun" and other Ponzi schemes were created by Zhang Jianyun and Lai Caiyun. In the end, these Ponzi schemes were forcefully destroyed by China's regulatory authorities“ In the name of revitalizing the national Internet, listing and issuing original stocks, the "cloud smart" pyramid selling organization has set up a network data platform according to the operation mode of the "Cloud Data Trade" pyramid selling organization
extended information:
according to the founder of manxingyun, manxingyun has 21 million members in the world, half of which are from China. It is known as "the next Alibaba" to be an e-commerce platform. But the actual development mode is to develop a large number of members, let them pay the registration fee back to the company's original shares and electronic currency. Man Xingyun, who has been clamoring to be listed on NASDAQ in the United States, has not been listed until now, which is obviously an original stock fraud. As for man Xingyun's e-money, it is even more fake, that is, the MLM money with blockchain
in July 2018, the headquarters and high-level houses of the group of manspace, a pyramid marketing organization, were banned. About 300 representatives from the Ministry of trade and consumption, the Malaysian company committee, the police, the National Bank and other law enforcement units went to 18 locations associated with the manxingyun group to carry out the crackdown, including the founder of manxingyun group, the residence of Dato srilai Caiyun, the residence of several senior executives and several manxingyun branches
5 cents coins are mainly made of copper zinc alloy
the commonly used metals are copper, zinc, nickel, iron, aluminum and so on
a good coin material requires certain physical properties, such as soft and easy to process metal, and considerable hardness to withstand wear ring circulation. Because there are very few metals with the above characteristics, the coin material is usually an alloy of two or more metals fused into one. In the United States and many other countries, the commonly used metals are copper, zinc, nickel, iron, aluminum and so on. Copper is a very ideal material for coins, both in itself and in its alloy. Gold and silver are usually combined with other metal alloys to improve the hardness, and copper is the preferred material. The so-called "pure" ordinary gold and silver coins actually contain trace elements of other metals. Of course, their value is mainly estimated according to the content of precious metals in the coins. The specific process of alloy manufacturing is as follows: (1) the selected metal is melted into liquid alloy in the furnace, poured into the ingot (slot) for cooling or pressed into strips (thick) 2) In the hydraulic workshop, the ingot or thick strip is rolled several times to make it meet the requirements of slab thickness 3) The strip is pressed into a semi-finished cake and waiting for further processing
(2) cake processing
coins are embossed from the cake, and the quality of the cake directly affects the quality of the finished proct, so the cake processing is a very key link. The billet pressed from the alloy strip is very rough, the surface is not smooth, and there are rough edges around, which need further finishing. The specific steps are as follows: (1) put the billet into a cylindrical annealing furnace similar to a special mixer, and the annealing furnace rotates. The cake was softened at high temperature 2) The annealed and softened green cake is washed in diluted acid or soap solution 3) Use special machine and equipment to grind and polish the blank cake. After the above processing, the green cake can be directly used to imprint coins. At the same time, in another mold making workshop, the design and mold making work has begun< (1) die and its working principle
it's hard for people who don't know much about metallurgy to imagine that hard metal can still flow around like liquid, but it's an objective fact that solid metal can move its internal structure and deform under pressure, It's like turning a piece of steel plate into a steel frame with various curve shapes in an automobile factory
to change a piece of metal into a coin with a pattern, it needs the help of a mold, and the front and back of the mold are two, because in physics, the force is mutual, that is, the force is equal and the direction is opposite, so it is impossible for anyone to put the metal cake in the air to cast coins. The practical operation method is to fix one of the molds and put the blank cake on it, and punch it with another mold which can move up and down, so that the two sides of the blank cake can be imprinted with patterns under the action of mutual force. The mold is generally made of special steel, its surface is engraved with patterns and hard texture, which can make the surface of coins present mirror effect in the casting process. The original mold was made by hand. The carver used special tools to carve characters, numbers and various patterns on the surface of the mold. With the progress of technology, the engraving machine, electroplating, computer-aided design and other equipment and processes are widely used in mold making to replace manual work, and the efficiency and accuracy have been greatly improved
because the surface of the coin is a relief mirror effect, every part of the pattern on the surface of the working die is concave, which is called "female die". For ease of understanding, here is an example. If you cover a piece of aluminum foil on a coin, scrape it repeatedly with an eraser, and then take off the aluminum foil, you will find that there is a concave pattern on the side where the aluminum foil contacts with the coin, because the pattern on the surface of the coin is protruding. In the same way, if the coin surface pattern is concave, the surface pattern of the working die is convex correspondingly
(2) pattern from plane to three-dimensional molding process
the work of pattern design starts from the artist's plane drawing, and it needs a complex process to make the plane pattern into a beautiful and realistic three-dimensional relief on coins: (1) the sculptor uses clay to show the plane pattern on the drawing in three-dimensional, and then turns it into plaster mold or resin mold 2) The gypsum mold or resin mold is put into the electrolyte, and the copper mold blank with protruding pattern is made by electroplating, which is also called copper mold or master mold 3) Through the synchronous stroke of the stylus and the engraving knife on the engraving machine, the three-dimensional pattern on the master mold is reced and copied to another metal mold blank according to a given proportion, which forms the original mold, also known as the sub mold, whose surface relief effect is exactly the same as that of the actual coin 4) After quenching the original die to increase its hardness, another die blank is repeatedly punched on a large tonnage hydraulic press to form a working die with concave pattern and mirror effect, and then the working die is quenched to increase its hardness for imprinting
an original mould can be used repeatedly and stamped into many working moulds with exactly the same pattern, which is why some coins with the same pattern can be proced all the year round without interruption. It should be said that the new molding process is not only more standardized, but also has a great improvement in efficiency, which makes the original skilled sculptor need to spend a whole day to complete the work in a few hours<
embossing coins
in the past, the working die could only imprint hundreds of coins, but now it can imprint millions of coins. Modern coining machine is a kind of accurate and efficient equipment system, which integrates imprinting and automatic transmission. It can put the blank into the imprinting position with extremely fast speed, and the stamping can be completed instantly, so as many as hundreds of coins gush out every minute
in the early days when coins were minted by hand hammering, the metal washer technology was used, which is still used today, that is, to cut a round hole on the metal plate with the same diameter as the coin, and put the blank cake into the hole, so as to prevent the blank cake from extending and deforming e to pressure in the stamping process. For coins with tooth edges, it is required to design teeth around the inner side of the metal washer. When the machine presses, the teeth around the blank cake and the front and back patterns are embossed at the same time to form coins with tooth edges; For coins with characters around them, the working die for engraving characters around them and the metal washer for dividing them should be used, and then the characters should be imprinted by hydraulic press
the modern coinage press fully applies the principle of mechanical mechanics to practice. The common punch press uses the "curved rod power" to drive the punch head up and down (like the finger joint bending and straightening) to complete the stamping. It takes hundreds of tons of pressure to make a working die from the original die. Although the tonnage of the coin is smaller, it also needs considerable pressure. For example, a nickel coin needs 30 tons / square inch of pressure, while a silver coin needs 150 tons / square inch of pressure. Coins of other materials are basically in this range
through the above-mentioned mechanical process, the green cake is pressed into a negotiable coin.
in short, we hope you can consider the effect of scale change. You may remember what you learned in high school: ants can lift things 50 times heavier than themselves. This is not because the muscles of ants are better than those of human body, but because ants are small. The weight of an ant or any object is proportional to the cube of height
the strength of muscles and the bones and skeletons supporting muscles depends on their cross-sectional area, which is proportional to the square of their height. If you shrink to 1 / 10 of your current height, your muscle strength is only 1 / 100 of your current height... But your weight is only 1 / 1000 of your current height. Under the same conditions, small animals can always lift more than their own weight, and they can also lift several times their weight on their back
now, do you understand the secret? If you do shrink to the size of a coin, you'll be as strong as Superman and jump out of the blender!
The whole coin manufacturing process can be summarized into three basic contents: material selection and cake processing, design and mold making, and embossing
(1) different metal materials can be used to make coins. Common and relatively cheap metals are used to make low denomination coins, while rare metals such as gold, silver and platinum are used to make commemorative coins with investment and collection valuea good coin material requires certain physical properties, such as soft and easy to process metal, and considerable hardness to withstand wear ring circulation. Because there are very few metals with the above characteristics, the coin material is usually an alloy of two or more metals fused into one. In the United States and many other countries, the commonly used metals are copper, zinc, nickel, iron, aluminum and so on. Copper is a very ideal material for coins, both in itself and in its alloy. Gold and silver are usually combined with other metal alloys to improve the hardness, and copper is the preferred material. The so-called "pure" ordinary gold and silver coins actually contain trace elements of other metals. Of course, their value is mainly estimated according to the content of precious metals in the coins. The specific process of alloy manufacturing is as follows: (1) the selected metal is melted into liquid alloy in the furnace, poured into the ingot (slot) for cooling or pressed into strips (thick) 2) In the hydraulic workshop, the ingot or thick strip is rolled several times to make it meet the requirements of slab thickness 3) The strip is pressed into a semi-finished cake and waiting for further processing
(2) cake processing
coins are embossed from the cake, and the quality of the cake directly affects the quality of the finished proct, so the cake processing is a very key link. The billet pressed from the alloy strip is very rough, the surface is not smooth, and there are rough edges around, which need further finishing. The specific steps are as follows: (1) put the billet into a cylindrical annealing furnace similar to a special mixer, and the annealing furnace rotates. The cake was softened at high temperature 2) The annealed and softened green cake is washed in diluted acid or soap solution 3) Use special machine and equipment to grind and polish the blank cake. After the above processing, the green cake can be directly used to imprint coins. At the same time, in another mold making workshop, the design and mold making work has begun
(1) die and its working principle it's hard for people who don't know much about metallurgy to imagine that hard metal can still flow around like liquid, but it's an objective fact that solid metal can deform by moving its internal structure under pressure, It's like turning a piece of steel plate into a steel frame with various curve shapes in an automobile factoryto change a piece of metal into a coin with a pattern, it needs the help of a mold, and the front and back of the mold are two, because in physics, the force is mutual, that is, the force is equal and the direction is opposite, so it is impossible for anyone to put the metal cake in the air to cast coins. The practical operation method is to fix one of the molds and put the blank cake on it, and punch it with another mold which can move up and down, so that the two sides of the blank cake can be imprinted with patterns under the action of mutual force. The mold is generally made of special steel, its surface is engraved with patterns and hard texture, which can make the surface of coins present mirror effect in the casting process. The original mold was made by hand. The carver used special tools to carve characters, numbers and various patterns on the surface of the mold. With the progress of technology, the engraving machine, electroplating, computer-aided design and other equipment and processes are widely used in mold making to replace manual work, and the efficiency and accuracy have been greatly improved
because the surface of the coin is a relief mirror effect, every part of the pattern on the surface of the working die is concave, which is called "female die". For ease of understanding, here is an example. If you cover a piece of aluminum foil on a coin, scrape it repeatedly with an eraser, and then take off the aluminum foil, you will find that there is a concave pattern on the side where the aluminum foil contacts with the coin, because the pattern on the surface of the coin is protruding. In the same way, if the coin surface pattern is concave, the surface pattern of the working die is convex correspondingly
(2) pattern making process from plane to three-dimensional
pattern design work starts from the artist's plane drawing, and it needs a complex process to make the plane pattern into a beautiful and realistic three-dimensional relief on coins: (1) the sculptor uses clay to show the plane pattern on the drawing through three-dimensional, and then turns it into plaster mold or resin mold 2) The gypsum mold or resin mold is put into the electrolyte, and the copper mold blank with protruding pattern is made by electroplating, which is also called copper mold or master mold 3) Through the synchronous stroke of the stylus and the engraving knife on the engraving machine, the three-dimensional pattern on the master mold is reced and copied to another metal mold blank according to a given proportion, which forms the original mold, also known as the sub mold, whose surface relief effect is exactly the same as that of the actual coin 4) After quenching the original die to increase its hardness, another die blank is repeatedly punched on a large tonnage hydraulic press to form a working die with concave pattern and mirror effect, and then the working die is quenched to increase its hardness for imprinting
an original mold can be used repeatedly and stamped into many working molds with exactly the same pattern, which is why some coins with the same pattern can be proced year round without interruption. It should be said that the new molding process is not only more standardized, but also has a great improvement in efficiency, which makes the original skilled sculptor need to spend a whole day to complete the work in a few hours
embossing coins
the former working die could only imprint hundreds of coins, while the present working die can imprint millions of coins. Modern coining machine is a kind of accurate and efficient equipment system, which integrates imprinting and automatic transmission. It can put the blank into the imprinting position with extremely fast speed, and the stamping can be completed instantly, so as many as hundreds of coins gush out every minute
in the early days when people made coins by hand hammering, the metal washer technology was used, which is still used, that is, to cut a round hole with the same diameter as the coin on the metal plate, and put the blank into the hole, so as to prevent the blank from extending and deforming e to pressure in the stamping process. For coins with tooth edges, it is required to design teeth around the inner side of the metal washer. When the machine presses, the teeth around the blank cake and the front and back patterns are embossed at the same time to form coins with tooth edges; For coins with characters around them, the working die for engraving characters around them and the metal washer for dividing them should be used, and then the characters should be imprinted by hydraulic press
the modern coinage press fully applies the principle of mechanical mechanics to practice, and the common punch is to use the "curved rod power" to drive the punch up and down (like the finger joint bending and straightening) to complete the stamping. It takes hundreds of tons of pressure to make a working die from the original die. Although the tonnage of the coin is smaller, it also needs considerable pressure. For example, a nickel coin needs 30 tons / square inch of pressure, while a silver coin needs 150 tons / square inch of pressure. Coins of other materials are basically in this range
is that through the above mechanical process, the green cake is pressed into a negotiable coin
One dollar coin is made of nickel plated steel core
the fourth set of coins began to be minted in 1999. The one yuan coin is made of nickel plated steel core, the outer edge of the coin is cylindrical, and is printed with the character "RMB". Wujiao coin is a copper-plated alloy with steel core, and its outer edge is discontinuous wire teeth. The dime is made of aluminum alloy with no teeth on the edge. Since August 31, 2005, the issue of the 2005 edition dime has changed its material from aluminum alloy to stainless steel
1999 1 yuan coin
extended information: coin (currency)_ Network
coin; specie; hard currency; hard cash; Piece is a coin made of metal. It has a history of several thousand years in China. The earliest metal coin is Baode copper shell of Shang Dynasty, which is more than 3000 years ago
metal coin has the advantages of easy to use, wear resistance and long circulation life. In addition to its own monetary function, it also has a very high art appreciation and collection function
different face values lead to different compositions
as the saying goes: Steel jump, mainly refers to one cent, two cents, five cents, a hair, a piece of procts, the main texture is composed of copper, silver and other alloys
coin cleaning and preservation
the surface of coins in the hands of collectors will always leave traces e to the age and circulation, such as metal blackening, corrosion spots and dirt. Some collectors want to clean the coins and restore the lost luster, which is very natural. Unfortunately, there is no way to completely restore the quality of old coins. Moreover, without the knowledge and experience of coins, cleaning itself will often damage coins and eventually destroy their appearance, making it impossible to recover by any means. In order to make sure which coins need to be cleaned and how to clean them, it needs some experience. Before you start cleaning your collection, you'd better do a few experiments with coins that are not used for collection. Only after you have gained some experience can you clean the coins that you are not satisfied with, in order to get relatively satisfactory results
1. Gold coin cleaning method
gold coin does not need cleaning. In case of soiling, just put it in warm soapy water to clean, and then rinse with water, put it in two soft cloth to absorb water. Friction action is not allowed under any circumstances, whether it is cleaning or sucking water. Even the soft cloth will leave tiny scratches on the polished coin surface
2. Silver coin cleaning method
the silver coin cleaning method first depends on the degree of oxidation and its fineness. The oxide formed on the surface of silver alloy with high silver content is different from that on the surface of silver alloy with low silver content
If coins with high silver content are placed underground for a long time, or are affected by other unfavorable factors, a thick layer of oxide will be formed on their surface. At this time, the coins should be soaked in ammonia solution for 1 hour (composition: 90% water and 10% concentrated ammonia). If there is no ammonia solution, you can also prepare sodium carbonate solution (dissolve 30 grams of edible soda in 100 grams of water) instead. Place the coin in the solution for several hours until the oxide is completely dissolved
if the silver coin with high silver content is only slightly oxidized, it is best to use ammonia solution, sodium carbonate solution and toothpaste to make a paste for cleaning. The paste should be soft to the touch and free from fine hard particles. The method is to apply it on the surface of the coin with fingers or a soft brush. After the oxide dissolves, rinse it with clean water
silver coins with low silver content using copper as master alloy will turn green when they are seriously oxidized. To clean this coin, it is better to use 5% dilute sulfuric acid solution. When the green rust layer is dissolved and retreated, the silver coins with high silver content are cleaned. However, if the oxide on the surface of the silver coin is very uniform, it is unnecessary to clean it
3. The cleaning method of brass coins
time often leaves a layer of oxide on the surface of copper coins, which is brown, dark green or black according to its environment and age. If the oxide is uniform and the metal is not corroded, it is best not to clean. Because of the uniform oxide layer, the copper coin has the appearance corresponding to its issuing age, and it is not easy to be corroded. For copper coins with uniform oxide layer, the only thing to do is to wash grease and sweat stains in warm soapy water. Do not scrub hard ring cleaning to avoid damaging the oxide layer
it is better to use a slow reaction solution (such as 5% dilute sulfuric acid solution) to clean the oxidized coins, which can graally wash away the surface layer of coins damaged by corrosion and keep the intact part from being damaged. The immersion time of coins in solution mainly depends on the surface state of coins: oxidation degree. The darker and thicker the oxide layer is, the longer the soaking time should be. Coins with serious oxidation can be soaked in the solution for several days and nights, while coins with slight oxidation can only be soaked for several hours. In the process of soaking, the dissolved oxide can also be cleaned with soft cloth in warm water, so that the solution can better act on the newly exposed rust layer. Cleaning should remember: to wear rubber gloves, use tweezers to hold coins in the solution to clean
after cleaning, the quality of coins can be improved, but we should be prepared for the corrosion pits and scratches exposed after cleaning. It is only after experience that a decision can be made: is the coin worth cleaning? Will cleaning damage coins? And after the coin is washed, will it be washed away with oxide to remove the tiny parts of the coin pattern< 4. The cleaning method of bronze coins is the same as that of brass coins. Apply a little toothpaste on the surface of the coin in advance and wash it in warm water to make the coin more glossy
do not use strong sulfuric acid or nitric acid solution to clean copper and silver coins. This solution will not only wash away the oxide, but also destroy the coin itself, especially the tiny parts of the coin pattern. If the bronze coin and copper nickel alloy coin are seriously corroded (the coin surface has uniform black, dark green oxide layer or thick black shell), it can be cleaned with strong sulfuric acid or nitric acid solution. Of course, this cleaning method is only for coins that have no special value
the cleaning process is as follows: pour nitric acid into the glassware, and prepare soda water. Put the coin into nitric acid solution with tweezers, and the oxide will be dissolved quickly. As soon as the surface of the coin is cleaned, pick it up with tweezers and put it into soda water. Then you can take out the coin by hand, rinse it carefully with warm water and wipe it dry. It should be pointed out that nitric acid can remove the oxide and make the surface of the coin numb
the cleaned copper coins look a little unnatural. As time goes on, copper coins will still turn black and oxide layer will reappear. However, we still can not guarantee that the copper coin will form a uniform new oxide layer, and the coin surface will not appear black spots. Therefore, it's better for the cleaned copper coins to naturally form an antique oxide layer, giving people a sense of age-old
the simplest way to make coins naturally proce oxide layer is to soak clean coins without grease in 10% dithionite solution for 10-20 seconds. Rinse and dry with a soft cloth. After soaking in bisulfite solution, the copper coin will give a pleasant bronze luster, and it will never be corroded again
the varnish on the surface of coins is helpful to the preservation of copper coins and copper nickel alloy coins. It's best to use glossy furniture varnish, which can be easily cleaned with acetone
before putting new coins (silver, copper, copper nickel alloy, brass coins) into the collection box, the place touched by your fingers should be cleaned. We found that corrosion always starts from the place where hands touch
the whole coin manufacturing process can be summarized into three basic contents: material selection and cake processing, design and mold making, and embossing< (1) different metal materials can be used to make coins. Common and relatively cheap metals are used to make coins with low denomination, while rare metals such as gold, silver and platinum are used to make commemorative coins with investment and collection value
a good coin material requires certain physical properties, such as soft and easy to process metal, and considerable hardness to withstand wear ring circulation. Because there are very few metals with the above characteristics, the coin material is usually an alloy of two or more metals fused into one. In the United States and many other countries, the commonly used metals are copper, zinc, nickel, iron, aluminum and so on. Copper is a very ideal material for coins, both in itself and in its alloy. Gold and silver are usually combined with other metal alloys to improve the hardness, and copper is the preferred material. The so-called "pure" ordinary gold and silver coins actually contain trace elements of other metals. Of course, their value is mainly estimated according to the content of precious metals in the coins. The specific process of alloy manufacturing is as follows: (1) the selected metal is melted into liquid alloy in the furnace, poured into the ingot (slot) for cooling or pressed into strips (thick) 2) In the hydraulic workshop, the ingot or thick strip is rolled several times to make it meet the requirements of slab thickness 3) The strip is pressed into a semi-finished cake and waiting for further processing
(2) cake processing
coins are embossed from the cake, and the quality of the cake directly affects the quality of the finished proct, so the cake processing is a very key link. The billet pressed from the alloy strip is very rough, the surface is not smooth, and there are rough edges around, which need further finishing. The specific steps are as follows: (1) put the billet into a cylindrical annealing furnace similar to a special mixer, and the annealing furnace rotates. The cake was softened at high temperature 2) The annealed and softened green cake is washed in diluted acid or soap solution 3) Use special machine and equipment to grind and polish the blank cake. After the above processing, the green cake can be directly used to imprint coins. At the same time, in another mold making workshop, the design and mold making work has begun< (1) die and its working principle
it's hard for people who don't know much about metallurgy to imagine that hard metal can still flow around like liquid, but it's an objective fact that solid metal can move its internal structure and deform under pressure, It's like turning a piece of steel plate into a steel frame with various curve shapes in an automobile factory
to change a piece of metal into a coin with a pattern, it needs the help of a mold, and the front and back of the mold are two, because in physics, the force is mutual, that is, the force is equal and the direction is opposite, so it is impossible for anyone to put the metal cake in the air to cast coins. The practical operation method is to fix one of the molds and put the blank cake on it, and punch it with another mold which can move up and down, so that the two sides of the blank cake can be imprinted with patterns under the action of mutual force. The mold is generally made of special steel, its surface is engraved with patterns and hard texture, which can make the surface of coins present mirror effect in the casting process. The original mold was made by hand. The carver used special tools to carve characters, numbers and various patterns on the surface of the mold. With the progress of technology, the engraving machine, electroplating, computer-aided design and other equipment and processes are widely used in mold making to replace manual work, and the efficiency and accuracy have been greatly improved
because the surface of the coin is a relief mirror effect, every part of the pattern on the surface of the working die is concave, which is called "female die". For ease of understanding, here is an example. If you cover a piece of aluminum foil on a coin, scrape it repeatedly with an eraser, and then remove the aluminum foil, you will find that the concave pattern appears on the side where the aluminum foil contacts with the coin. This is because of the coin watch