The historical development of virtual currency

1. On November 1, 2008, a self styled Satoshi Nakamoto posted a research report on a secret cryptography discussion group. The report expounded his new idea of electronic currency bitcoin came out
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland
on May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Laszlo hanyecz, a Florida programmer, bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC
on July 16, 2010, the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008. The first sharp price fluctuation shows the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund Union Square's US $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was US $112.09 at this time< On May 28, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for its suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99
on November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt. GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.

2.

When the global financial crisis broke out in 2008, someone published a paper under the pseudonym of "Nakamoto Tsung", describing the mode of bitcoin

many bitcoin players are attracted by the fact that bitcoin can not be issued at will. Contrary to the attitude of bitcoin players, economists have a polarized attitude towards the fixed amount of 21 million bitcoin

Economists of Keynesian school believe that the government should actively regulate the total amount of money, and use the tightness of monetary policy to timely fuel or brake the economy. As a result, they believe that bitcoin's fixed aggregate currency sacrifices its adjustability, and worse still, it will inevitably lead to deflation, thereby harming the overall economy. Austrian economists hold the opposite view. They think that the less the government intervenes in money, the better. The deflation caused by the fixed amount of money is not a big deal, even a sign of social progress

bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem to ensure the consistency of bitcoin network distributed accounting system. Bitcoin network will automatically adjust the difficulty of mathematical problems, so that the whole network will get a qualified answer about every 10 minutes. Then bitcoin network will generate a certain amount of bitcoin as a reward to reward the person who gets the answer

when bitcoin was born in 2009, each reward was 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty will be halved to 25. When the total amount reached 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, or 50% of 1050), the bounty was further halved to 12.5

first of all, according to its design principle, the total amount of bitcoin will continue to grow until it reaches 21 million more than 100 years later. But the total amount of bitcoin will grow very slowly in the later period. In fact, 87.5% of bitcoin will be "g up" in the first 12 years. Therefore, in terms of the total amount of money, bitcoin will not reach a fixed amount, and its total amount of money will continue to expand, although the speed is getting slower and slower. So it looks like bitcoin is the inflation currency

However, the judgment of deflation or inflation is not based on whether the total amount of money is decreasing or increasing, but on whether the overall price level is falling or rising. The rise of overall price is inflation, and vice versa. In the long run, the issuing mechanism of bitcoin determines that the growth rate of its total amount of money will be far lower than that of social wealth

Economists of Keynesian school believe that the continuous decline of prices will make people tend to postpone consumption, because the same dollar can buy more things tomorrow. The rection of consumption will further lead to shrinking demand, unsalable goods, lower prices and a vicious circle of "deflation spiral". Similarly, the deflationary currency itself can appreciate even if it is not deposited in the bank (the purchasing power becomes stronger and stronger), people's willingness to invest will increase, and social proction will fall into a downturn[ 5] Therefore, bitcoin is a currency with deflationary tendency. In bitcoin economies, commodity prices priced with bitcoin will continue to fall

bitcoin is a kind of network virtual currency with limited quantity, but it can be used to cash out: it can be converted into the currency of most countries. You can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats, equipment, etc. in online games. As long as someone accepts it, you can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items

3. On November 1, 2008, a self styled Satoshi Nakamoto posted a research report on a secret cryptography discussion group, which expounded his new idea of e-money bitcoin came out
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland< On May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Florida programmer Laszlo
hanyecz bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC< On July 16, 2010,
the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008, showing the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund union
square's $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was $112.09< On May 17, 2013, the San Jose bitcoin conference was held with 1300 participants. At this time, the bitcoin price was US $119.1.
on May 28, 2013, the US Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99< On November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt.
GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.

4. Linux and windows are two kinds of operating systems. For those who operate and maintain the server, when choosing the operating system for the server, is it confusing to choose Linux or windows
in terms of user groups, Linux is a developer centric operating system, while windows is a consumer centric operating system, which is the fundamental difference between the two operating systems. In short, the choice between the two systems depends on whether you develop them or use them as consumers
the advantages and disadvantages of Linux and windows can be summarized as follows
1. Linux can see the source code, but windows can't
the direct result of this point is that the required kernel moles can be tailored and customized in special applications, which is quite beneficial to the optimization of advanced system kernel management and the development of drivers. In addition, because the code is visible, there is no need to worry about malicious functions or backdoors, which is beneficial to the use of military and government enterprises. In addition, when there is a serious problem in the system, you can modify the code by yourself, or you can compile and use it after a few K patches. For windows, you have to wait for a Microsoft patch
2. Linux command line is powerful and can do anything. Windows also has a command line, but it is an accessory
the command line is the foundation of Linux. Even if you are not satisfied with some commands, you can modify or write your own commands. The advantage of the command line is that it is repeatable. To know exactly what the command line is, you can visit old boy ecation. If you want to tell others how to do a thing, you can send a command line to it. If you want to do a thing that you did before again, you can call up the historical command record and execute it again. A lot of things that need to be done regularly are written into scripts. If you set a crontab timer, it's done. In addition, this also ensures that you do the same thing with the same command line
3. Open source and highly customizable
the original intention of open source is not for freedom, but for customization. At & T UNIX has always been righted, but the source code is still available, so that users can modify it according to their needs. Most of the software and systems appreciated by the Linux community follow the same rules - they should be able to adapt to different environments of different users, easily change their behavior, and easily integrate with different environments. Instead of assuming that others are in line with your needs, give them the freedom to customize the system
4. Decentralized
software development also predestinates that the interface and form of the system are not unified because everyone likes to invent wheels. And everyone's wheel is more or less suitable for themselves and the community, rather than everyone. In the Linux environment, no one can force everyone to use their own wheel (except kernel developers, but in fact many distro also have patches on the kernel). Therefore, instead of formulating a practice, Linux allows users to choose a way of life
you can see that there are a large number of distros in the Linux ecosystem. Different distros have different init modes, different package managers and installation strategies; Everyone's habit of using different VCs, different shells and different editors is the embodiment of more choice philosophy
5. Linux is based on the network and was born in the network
when you connect to SSH remotely, you can easily control the Linux server thousands of miles away. As long as you have the corresponding permissions, it's almost the same as sitting in front of a physical machine. Even if the network speed is poor, it's just some encrypted characters being transmitted, and the bandwidth required is very small.

5. One belt, one road Summit Forum, 1. the five Session Fifth the 12th CPPCC National Committee
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack

6.

In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:

1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency

2

3. The evolution from local coinage to central coinage

4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao

5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency

From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB

knowledge development:

commemorative coin

ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins

7.

China has been using currency for 4000 years and is one of the earliest countries in the world

The earliest currency: natural seashells

(2) metal currency: copper imitation shell and Qian Kai (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalent in the later period of the Yellow Emperor)

3. The currency of Shang and Zhou dynasties

Natural seashells are still important currencies

metal currency is widely used:

A, copper shell and copper block

In Guanluo Sanjin area, Qian and bu are transforming into metal currency

The currency of the spring and Autumn period is mainly flat and sharp

Dao Hua (goods): circulated in the eastern Qi State, imitating a proction tool

ant nose money: copper imitation shell circulating in southern Chu state

Round coin: round hole, round square hole

Qin yuan Qian: in the unit of two coins, one or two coins have round holes without outline, and half two coins have round square holes

6. The circulation of gold in the Warring States Period

7. The currency of Qin Dynasty was named as long, which was the upper currency; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The Pearl, jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to the jewelry treasure, not the coin

The currency of the Western Han Dynasty is three baht, four baht, five baht, leather and white gold coins

Iron coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty: in 30 A.D., Gongsun Shu made iron coins in Sichuan, the first time in history

In 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu proposed to restore the wuzhu coin from Ma Yuan

The currency of Wang Mang's period: Cuo, Qi and Daquan

In the sixth year, Koizumi was issued to replace the five baht coin with the five wrong Dao, Qi and wuzhu coin, and the five big five coin materials, namely gold, silver, copper, tortoise and shellfish, were circulated

In the Han Dynasty, gold was the upper currency and copper was the lower currency, which was still the legal currency unit. The unit was changed from Yi to Jin, and 1 jin = 10000

in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, there were gold (round) and gold (ellipse) imitating Qilin horseshoe

in the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for rewards and gifts. In Wang Mang's time, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold was reced, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used for rewards

The currency of the Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties was once traded with grain and silk, and the circulation of five baht money was restored

Shu: qian

Wu: five hundred big springs, one thousand big springs

The Western Jin Dynasty mainly used the five baht and all kinds of ancient coins from the Han and Wei dynasties, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly used the old coins circulated in the Sunwu area after the Yuan emperor crossed the Yangtze River

In the Sixteen States, Zhang Gui, the governor of Liangzhou in Hexi, restored the wuzhu coin, and Hanxing coin was the earliest one in China

The currency of the northern and Southern Dynasties

Nanqi and Xiaoliang: for the first time, a large number of cast iron coins were cast, including copper coins, five baht coins and short hundred coins

Chen: six big loans

Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe wuhb, Yongan wuhb

In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, there were five baht along Yong'an

Northern Qi Dynasty: wuzhu in Changping

In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, buquan, Wuxing Dabu, Yongtong and Wanguo were established

At the end of the northern and Southern Dynasties, silk cloth was traded in the north of Jizhou, and salt rice cloth was traded in the south of Wuling

The currency of Sui and Tang dynasties emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty coined the unified standard five baht coin, which became the unified currency in circulation

In the legal currency circulation system of Tang Dynasty, money and silk were used at the same time

The currency of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties is Huichang Kaiyuan coin

the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were in chaos, and Zhou Shizong's casting of Zhou yuantianbao was the most

However, in the Tang Dynasty, silver was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collection (silver cakes and silver collars), bribery, gifts, military supplies and local contributions. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the public and private accumulation of silver graally formed. Lingnan road and Jiangxi Road proce the most silver

16. Currency of the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. The currency issued in the early Northern Song Dynasty was Tongbao of song and Yuan Dynasties, which was the same as Tongbao of Kaiyuan Dynasty. After that, there were Taiping Tongbao and Chunhua Tongbao. Every time the emperors changed the Yuan Dynasty, they would recast new year money. The characters are Tongbao, chongbao, Yuanbao, etc., but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing

Tongqian District of Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, jingdongxi, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Liangzhe, Fujian, guangdongxi, etc

Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Sichuan

Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Shaanxi, Hedong

Southern Song Dynasty Tongqian District: Southeast,

Southern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Lianghuai, Jingxi, Hubei

< P > Southern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Jingmen, Hanzhong and other places

jiaozi: fully cashable credit certificate, can only be used in Sichuan

qianyin: not used as currency, only used for exchange, can be used outside Sichuan (song Huizong changed jiaozi to money)

Huizi of Southern Song Dynasty: it was initially issued in the southeast region, and later the government set up Huizi library, which completely imitated the method of Chuanyin

Local currency: Huaijiao, Huhui, Chuanyin, yinhuizi

The currency of the Yuan Dynasty: the foundation of the Yuan paper money system was laid in the period of the central bank note system. Zhongtong Yuanbao banknote takes silk as its capital and Guan and Wen as its unit

From the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the most important currency of the Yuan Dynasty circulated in parallel with the central bank notes

In Yuan Dynasty, the circulation of silver was strictly prohibited, but there were many uses among the people

Silver coins: silver coins were proced in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in the form of silver ingots and silver ingots. After the Opium War, in order to deal with the inflow of Western Silver, the Qing government made its own silver. In the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Guangxu Yuanbao, also known as "Longyang", was minted, which was divided into single dragon and double dragon, as well as silver coins with the bust of Emperor Guangxu

In modern times, copper coins changed from coin making to copper yuan and silver coins from silver to silver yuan (the earliest foreign silver coin flowing into China was Spanish silver yuan, which Zhang Zhidong asked to set up a bureau in Guangdong to cast silver yuan in the 13th year of Guangxu, and was officially approved in the 16th year of Guangxu)

sometimes, e to special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they all have different versions of pound sterling,

and can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected outside the UK

e to historical factors, the people's Republic of China has three kinds of legal tender: RMB is used in the mainland, while Hong Kong and Macao adopt one country, two systems. Hong Kong's legal tender is Hong Kong dollar and Macao's is Macao dollar; They are not directly or indirectly linked to the US dollar

New Taiwan dollar is used in Taiwan

each basic unit of currency can also be divided into smaller coins. The most commonly used proportion is 1 / 100 of the main currency, for example, 100 points = 1 yuan

Before the French Revolution popularized metric system, 1 / 20 / 240 system was used for a long time in European history. For example, in Britain, 1 pound was equal to 20 shillings and 240 pence; In France, 12 deniers are sol and 20 sous are Livre. 1: 7, 1:14, 1:25, 1:10, 1:1000 and other carry systems were also used

The history of human use of money originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe

but sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of materials used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency

After years of natural elimination, in the vast majority of society, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store

Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency. Marx said that money is not gold and silver by nature, but gold and silver are money by nature

the early metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established

people in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia minted coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery

The earliest metal currency in China was copper shell of Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is also called Bronze Age in Chinese history. At that time, the well-developed bronze smelting instry promoted the development of proction and the increase of trading activities. As a result, the most widely circulated shell coins at that time were inconvenient to trade e to the unstable source, so people searched for more suitable currency materials, and naturally concentrated on bronze, and bronze coins came into being

but this kind of metal currency made of bronze is rough in making, simple in design, unfixed in shape, without unit of use, and not widely used in the market. Because of its shape is very similar to the shell as a currency, so most people call it copper shell

according to the analysis of archaeological materials, after the emergence of copper shell, it was circulated with shell coins at the same time. In the middle of the spring and Autumn period, a new form of currency appeared, that is, copper shell wrapped with gold, which is not only luxurious but also wear-resistant. Copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world

20, gold and silver

the main coins in western countries are gold and silver coins, and the subsidiary coins are made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation

since the 16th century, a large number of gold and silver from America have flowed into Europe through Spain, saving the European monetary system and creating conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe

With the further development of economy, the use of metal coins is also inconvenient. A large number of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are worrying

According to incomplete statistics, since the human use of gold as currency, there have been more than 100 years

8. Six major evolutions of Chinese ancient currency

China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:

first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency

in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China

with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history

with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that half Liang coins with round square holes could be used in the whole country

the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. According to the records of Shi Huo Zhi in the history of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang allowed the people to make coins privately after the founding of the Han Dynasty. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."

in the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency

since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<

in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the meaning of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China

Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a large number of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history

Jiaozi is not only the earliest paper currency in China, but also the earliest paper currency in the world< In the late Qing Dynasty, with the graal introction of foreign advanced science and technology, Guangxu began to buy coin making machines abroad to make silver and copper coins. Later, Guangdong began to use machine-made holes when ten copper. Because of the huge profits of the manufacturers, many provinces followed suit

the emergence of mechanism currency in the late Qing Dynasty is an important evolution from manual coinage to mechanism currency in the history of ancient Chinese currency.

9. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:

first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency

in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China

with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history

with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that the half Liang coins with round square holes of Qin state could be used throughout the country

the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."< In the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency

since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage of all dynasties. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<

in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the idea of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China

Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a lot of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history

Jiaozi is not only the earliest paper currency in China, but also the earliest paper currency in the world< In the late Qing Dynasty, with the graal introction of foreign advanced science and technology, we began to buy coin making machines abroad ring the reign of Guangxu to make silver and copper coins. Later, Guangdong began to use machine-made holes when ten copper. Because of the huge profits of the manufacturers, many provinces followed suit

the emergence of mechanism currency in the late Qing Dynasty is an important evolution from manual coinage to mechanism currency in the history of ancient Chinese currency

since then, great changes have taken place not only in the process of casting currency, but also in the end of the life of the round square hole coin, which has been in circulation for more than 2000 years.

10. About the origin of money

paper money is a common form of money in the world, and the earliest paper money in the world is Jiaozi in Cheng, Sichuan Province in the Northern Song Dynasty
China is the first country in the world to use currency. According to the literature records and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, the origin of Chinese currency has a history of at least 4000 years. The development of Chinese currency culture has a long history, from the original shell coin to cloth coin, knife coin, round coin, ant nose coin and fangkong coin popular after the unification of China by the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi appeared in China
the emergence of paper money is a great progress in the history of money. Some people think that the origin of Chinese paper money can be traced back to the "white deer skin money" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the "flying money" of emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the National Treasury was empty because of the long-term war with Xiongnu. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the "three baht coins" and "white gold coins" (alloy coins made of silver and tin) were coined, and the "white deer skin coins" were issued at the same time. The so-called "white deer skin coin" uses the white deer skin of the palace as the coin material. Each piece is one square foot, and the surrounding color is painted. The value of each piece is 400000. Because its value is far away from its own value, the "white deer skin coin" is only used as a tribute between kings and princes, not used in the field of circulation, so it is not a real sense of paper money, only a pioneer of paper money“ "Feiqian" appeared in the middle of Tang Dynasty. At that time, when merchants went out to do business with a large amount of copper money, there were many inconveniences. They first went to the official to issue a certificate, which recorded the place and the number of coins, and then went to other places to withdraw money and buy goods with the certificate. This certificate is called "feiqian"“ In essence, "flying money" is only a kind of exchange business. It does not intervene in circulation and does not function as currency. Therefore, it is not paper money in the real sense. In the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" in Cheng, Sichuan Province was the beginning of real paper money
it is not accidental that paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, it is the inevitable proct of social, political and economic development. The commodity economy developed rapidly in Song Dynasty, and more money was needed in commodity circulation. However, the shortage of copper money at that time could not meet the demand in circulation. At that time, the iron coin was used in Sichuan area, which was of low value and heavy weight, and was extremely inconvenient to use. At that time, one copper coin was worth ten iron coins. The weight of one thousand iron coins was 25 Jin for a large coin and 13 Jin for a medium coin. It costs 20000 yuan to buy a piece of cloth. It weighs about 500 Jin. It takes a car. Therefore, we need light money objectively, which is the main reason why paper money first appeared in Sichuan. Moreover, although the Northern Song Dynasty was a highly centralized feudal autocratic country, the national currency was not unified, and there were several currency areas, which were independent and not universal. At that time, there were 13 routes (administrative units in Song Dynasty) dedicated to copper coins, 4 routes dedicated to iron coins, and Shaanxi and Hedong used both copper and iron coins. The use of paper money can prevent the outflow of copper and iron money. In addition, the Song Dynasty government was often attacked by Liao, Xia and Jin Dynasties, and the military expenses and reparations were very large. It also needed to issue paper money to make up for the fiscal deficit. Various reasons contributed to the emergence of "Jiaozi"
the original jiaozi was issued freely by merchants. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi shop" appeared in Cheng, Sichuan Province, which specialized in keeping cash for merchants carrying huge sums of money. The depositor delivers the cash to the shop owner. The shop owner temporarily fills in the amount of cash deposited by the depositor on a roll made of paper, and then returns it to the depositor. When the depositor withdraws the cash, he pays the shop owner the interest of 30 Wen, that is, 3% of the deposit fee. This paper voucher which temporarily fills in the deposit amount is called "Jiaozi". At this time, "Jiaozi" is just a kind of certificate of deposit and withdrawal, not currency
with the development of commodity economy, "Jiaozi" is more and more widely used. Many businessmen jointly set up jiaozi shops specializing in issuing and exchanging "Jiaozi", and set up jiaozi sub shops in various places. Due to the fact that jiaozi shop owners abide by the credit and take it as they come, the printed "Jiaozi" pattern is exquisite, it is hidden as a mark, there are mistakes between black and red, and it is difficult for others to forge their own words, so "Jiaozi" has won a high reputation. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying coins, there are more and more cases of large-scale transactions between merchants who directly use "Jiaozi" to pay for money at any time. It is in the repeated circulation process that jiaozi has graally acquired the character of credit currency. Later, jiaozi shop owners found that only using part of their deposits would not endanger the reputation of Jiaozi. So they began to print jiaozi with uniform denomination and format, which was issued to the market as a new means of circulation. This kind of "Jiaozi" has been the symbol of coins, and has really become paper money. However, jiaozi was not recognized by the government at this time, and it was still a private issue
however, not all jiaozi shops are law-abiding and trustworthy. There are some greedy shop owners who are greedy for profits, who cheat maliciously and shut down their business after they have made excessive payments; Or misappropriate deposits, run other business failure and bankruptcy, so that the "Jiaozi" can not be cashed. In this way, when depositors can't withdraw money, they often cause trouble and litigation. Therefore, ring the reign of Jingde (1004-1007), Zhang Yong, the governor of Yizhou, reorganized jiaozi shops, eliminated outlaws, and managed them exclusively by 16 wealthy merchants. So far, the issue of Jiaozi was approved by the government
in the first year of Tiansheng (1023), the government set up jiaozi business in Yizhou, and one or two officials of the Jing Dynasty acted as supervisors to preside over the distribution of Jiaozi, and "set up a papermaking house to eliminate the disadvantages of forgery" to strictly control the printing process. This is the earliest paper money officially issued by the government in China - "guanjiaozi". It issued paper money 600 or 700 years earlier than the United States (1692), France (1716) and other western countries, so it is also the earliest paper money in the world
in the early stage of the issuance of "guanjiaozi", its shape was modeled on the "private relationship" among the people, and stamped with the seal of the state, but the amount of money temporarily filled in was different, generally from consistent to ten, and the circulation scope was specified. In the reign of emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed into five Guan and ten Guan. By the time of emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed to two kinds: Yiguan and wuwuwen. There are also restrictions on the amount of issue. It is stipulated that the issue shall be divided into three years (two years in full) for each sector, and the new one shall be exchanged for the old one. The first jiaozi issue was 1 256 340 units, with a reserve capital of 360 000 units (taking Sichuan tieqian as the note capital), and the reserve was equivalent to 28% of the issue“ The circulation scope of Jiaozi was basically limited in Sichuan. Later, although it was popular in Shaanxi and Hedong, it was soon abolished< In 1107, the Song government changed "Jiaozi" to "qianyin" and "jiaoziwu" to "qianyinwu". In addition to Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huguang and other places still use "Jiaozi", other roads use "qianyin". Later, Sichuan changed jiaozi to qianyin in 1109“ The biggest difference between "Qian Yin" and "Jiao Zi" is that it takes "Luo" as the unit“ The paper, printing, picture and seal of "Qian Yin" are excellent. But "Qian Yin" did not buy notes, and was not allowed to exchange them, so the value of paper vouchers dropped sharply. In the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, each coin was only worth 100 Wen in cash
"Jiaozi" is a great achievement in the history of currency in our country, which facilitates business contacts and makes up for the lack of cash. In addition, "Jiaozi", as the earliest banknote issued in China and even in the world, also occupies an important position in the history of printing and printmaking, which is of great significance to the study of ancient banknote printing technology in China<

about the history of currency development

China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:

first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency

in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China

with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history

with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that the half Liang coins with round square holes of Qin state could be used throughout the country

the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."< In the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency

since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage of all dynasties. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<

in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the idea of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China

Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a lot of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is a change from metal currency to paper currency in the history of ancient Chinese currency