Accounting treatment of issuing virtual currency
It is illegal to issue virtual currency privately
According to Article 29 of the regulations of the people's Republic of China on the administration of RMB, no unit or indivial is allowed to print or sell token tickets to replace RMB in circulation on the market In addition, the "emergency notice of the State Council Office for rectifying unhealthy tendencies in the instry, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the people's Bank of China on prohibiting the issuance and use of various token certificates (cards)" also strictly prohibited similar issues 
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
market formation
the Internet has led to the emergence of a new market, which is a virtual market based on cyberspace. The Internet provides a lot of communication places for consumers, and also provides business market for enterprises. Enterprises must change from proct centered to service centered to customer centered. With the development of computer artificial intelligence technology and database technology, enterprises can conveniently collect customers' information, understand customers' needs in time, change business strategies and grasp economic arteries in real time
With the rapid development of computer and network communication technology, the application of Internet technology has graally penetrated into various fields of human activities, and the unlimited business opportunities that it contains make businesses turn their eyes to e-commerce. E-commerce is penetrating into all aspects of social and economic life at a speed that people can hardly imaginethe traditional finance is also closely watching this irresistible trend of global economic integration and networking. As a result, value-added services take art as the selling point and can be regarded as commodities; The sword in the game is not a brand-new financial services business philosophy - e-finance came into being
from the historical development process, to understand e-finance, we must start from the electronic finance and e-commerce. The so-called e-financialization means that financial enterprises adopt modern communication, computer, network and other information technology means in addition to Internet technology to improve the work efficiency of traditional financial service business, rece operating costs, realize the automation of financial business processing, informatization of financial enterprise management and scientific decision-making, and provide customers with faster and more convenient services, And then enhance the financial enterprise is the behavior of market competitive advantage
e-finance is a transcendence of financial electronization. Different from the electronic finance, the main technical basis of e-finance operation is the increasingly perfect Internet technology. Due to the characteristics of global connectivity, openness, quickness and low marginal cost of Internet technology, e-finance strengthens the restructuring and innovation of financial services business based on Internet technology, so that customers are free from the restrictions of business hours and places, and enjoy all kinds of high-quality and low-cost services provided by financial enterprises anytime and anywhere
with the development of Internet, the form of money is becoming more virtual, and there is an electronic money that only exists in the form of electronic signal
reference source: Network: virtual currency
2. Exchange gain and loss, also known as exchange difference, is the result of exchange rate fluctuation. When an enterprise concts foreign currency transaction, exchange business, final account adjustment and foreign currency statement conversion, the difference arising from accounting in different currencies or different exchange rates of the same currency and converted according to the recording currency
3. In short, exchange gain / loss refers to the difference in the amount of accounting base currency e to different exchange rates in the accounting process of various foreign currency transactions.
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1. The choice of conversion rate at the time of initial recognition. The spot exchange rate or the approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate on the transaction date is adopted.
A. spot exchange rate: refers to the middle rate of foreign exchange, or market exchange rate, published by the people's Bank of China on that day.
B. approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate: generally refers to the average exchange rate of the current period.
2 Treatment of exchange differences on balance sheet date
A. foreign currency monetary items are translated at the spot exchange rate on balance sheet date, and the exchange differences arising from different exchange rates at initial recognition are included in financial expenses.
foreign currency monetary items include foreign currency monetary assets (cash, bank deposits, receivables, etc.) and foreign currency monetary liabilities (accounts payable, other receivables, etc.) Non monetary items refer to items other than monetary items, including inventory, long-term equity investment, fixed assets, intangible assets, paid in capital, capital reserve, etc.
C For foreign currency non monetary items with changes in foreign currency value, the value changes are included in the current profits and losses; If the value change is included in the owner's equity, the impact of the corresponding exchange rate change should be included in the owner's equity.
D. foreign currency invested capital does not proce exchange difference. Foreign currency invested capital belongs to foreign currency non monetary items, and the enterprise receives the capital invested by investors in foreign currency, which is converted by the spot exchange rate on the transaction date
1. Basic proceres of foreign currency transaction accounting. The foreign currency accounts that enterprises should set up mainly include foreign currency cash, foreign currency bank deposits and other monetary capital accounts, as well as accounts receivable, notes receivable, prepayments, short-term loans, long-term loans, accounts payable, notes payable, employee compensation payable, dividends payable, accounts receivable and other foreign currency accounts of creditor's rights and debts. Note that a foreign currency account can be set up for employee compensation payable, but a foreign currency account cannot be set up for tax payable. The accounts involved in foreign currency business accounting, such as raw materials, fixed assets and paid in capital, belong to non foreign currency accounts. The enterprise shall set up subsidiary accounts in the accounts involving foreign currency business according to the types of foreign currency to reflect the receipt, payment and balance of foreign currency accounts in detail
enterprises that are not allowed to open cash accounts can set up foreign currency accounts other than foreign currency cash and foreign currency bank deposits
secondly, for foreign currency transactions, enterprises should convert foreign currency amount into bookkeeping base currency amount. When foreign currency transactions are initially recognized, the amount of foreign currency shall be converted into the amount of functional currency at the spot exchange rate on the transaction date
the spot exchange rate usually refers to the middle rate of the RMB foreign exchange rate announced by the people's Bank of China on that day
foreign currency exchange business or transactions involving foreign currency exchange should be translated at the exchange rate actually adopted in the transaction, that is, the bank's buying price or selling price
the approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate is determined according to the systematic and reasonable method, which is similar to the spot exchange rate on the transaction date, usually refers to the current average exchange rate or weighted average exchange rate, etc. Generally speaking, enterprises should adopt spot exchange rate for conversion. If the exchange rate does not fluctuate much, it can also be converted at the exchange rate which is determined according to the systematic and reasonable method and is similar to the spot exchange rate on the transaction date, but the approximate exchange rate of the current period shall be determined by the same method in the previous and subsequent periods< Thirdly, for the accounting treatment of exchange differences, the enterprise should deal with foreign currency monetary items and foreign currency non monetary items on the balance sheet date in accordance with the following provisions
(1) foreign currency monetary items
monetary items refer to the monetary funds held by the enterprise and the assets or liabilities to be paid in a fixed or determinable amount. Monetary items are divided into monetary assets and monetary liabilities. Monetary assets include cash, bank deposits, accounts receivable, other receivables and long-term receivables, while monetary liabilities include accounts payable, other receivables and long-term receivables. For foreign currency monetary items, the spot exchange rate on the balance sheet date shall be adopted for conversion. The exchange difference caused by exchange rate fluctuation shall be regarded as financial expenses and included in the current profits and losses. Meanwhile, the amount of bookkeeping base currency of foreign currency monetary items shall be increased or decreased. If it is necessary to make provision for impairment, the provision for impairment shall be made after conversion at the spot exchange rate on the balance sheet date< (2) foreign currency non monetary items
non monetary items are items other than monetary items, including inventory, long-term equity investment, fixed assets, intangible assets, paid in capital, capital reserve, etc
for foreign currency non monetary items measured at historical cost, except for the change of foreign currency value, they have been translated at the spot exchange rate on the transaction date, and the amount of original recording currency should not be changed on the balance sheet date, resulting in no exchange difference
for foreign currency non monetary items such as trading financial assets, if the change of fair value is included in the current profit and loss, the impact of the corresponding exchange rate change should also be included in the current profit and loss
2. Foreign currency exchange business
foreign currency exchange business includes selling foreign currency to banks, settling foreign exchange with banks, purchasing foreign exchange and converting one foreign currency into another
(1) the enterprise sells the foreign currency to the bank
the enterprise sells the foreign currency to the bank, and the bank cashes the RMB to the enterprise at the purchase price. The enterprise debits the "bank deposit (RMB account)" account according to the actual amount of RMB, and credits the "bank deposit (foreign currency account)" account according to the actual amount of foreign currency and the amount of RMB converted according to the conversion rate selected by the enterprise. The exchange gains and losses arising from the inconsistency between the bank's purchase price and the conversion rate are recorded in the "financial expenses" account
(2) purchase foreign exchange from banks
when an enterprise purchases foreign exchange from a bank, the bank charges the enterprise RMB at the selling price. The difference between the RMB amount actually paid by the enterprise and the RMB converted at the conversion rate selected by the enterprise shall be recorded in the financial expenses
3. Business of borrowing or lending foreign currency funds
when an enterprise borrows foreign currency funds, it will be translated into the bookkeeping base currency according to the market exchange rate at the time of borrowing, and the relevant foreign currency accounts will be registered according to the amount of foreign currency borrowed
4. Purchase or sale of goods or services priced in foreign currency
when an enterprise purchases or sells goods or services priced in foreign currency, it shall convert the foreign currency amount into the recording currency according to the conversion exchange rate selected by the enterprise. At the end of the period (at the end of the month, or at the end of the quarter, or at the end of the year), the balance of all foreign currency accounts is adjusted according to the market exchange rate at the end of the period, and the adjusted balance is recorded in the "financial expenses" account
5. Foreign currency invested capital
foreign currency invested capital is a non monetary item in foreign currency. When an enterprise receives foreign currency invested capital from an investor, it shall be converted at the spot exchange rate on the trading day, and shall not be converted at the approximate exchange rate between the exchange rate agreed in the contract and the spot exchange rate, There is no foreign currency capital translation difference between the foreign currency invested capital and the bookkeeping base currency amount of corresponding monetary items
1. Accounting treatment of major foreign currency business
(L) foreign currency exchange business< (2) foreign currency purchase and sale business
debit: asset account
Credit: accounts payable (market exchange rate at the time of occurrence)
debit: accounts receivable (market exchange rate at the time of occurrence)
Credit: main business income, etc.
(3) foreign currency loan business
debit: bank deposit - US dollar account (market exchange rate at the time of occurrence)
Credit: short term loan, etc. (market exchange rate at the time of occurrence)
(4) accept foreign currency capital investment
debit: bank deposit - US dollar account (market exchange rate at the time of occurrence)
debit or credit: capital reserve (difference)
Credit: paid in capital (exchange rate agreed in the contract)
note: if the company does not have an agreed exchange rate, it should be converted according to the market exchange rate at the time of occurrence< (1) two cases of exchange gain and loss
1) foreign currency exchange. Because banks always buy at a low price and sell at a high price, enterprises always proce exchange losses
2) exchange rate changes ring the period of holding foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities: when calculating the exchange gains and losses at the end of the month, the ending balance of the foreign currency account should be converted at the ending exchange rate, and the difference between the converted amount and the book amount is the exchange gains and losses
foreign currency monetary assets. When the exchange rate rises, exchange earnings will be generated; When the exchange rate falls, there will be exchange loss
foreign currency monetary liabilities. When the exchange rate rises, there will be exchange loss; When the exchange rate falls, exchange earnings are generated
(2) treatment method
1) those meeting capitalization conditions are included in the original value of fixed assets
2) if the conditions for capitalization are not met ring the preparation period, it shall be included in the long-term deferred expenses first, and shall be included in the profit and loss in the month when the proction and operation begin
3) other cases are included in the current financial expenses
debit: bank deposits (adjusted foreign currency balance) × Exchange rate)
accounts receivable
Construction in progress
Loan: long term loan
accounts payable
financial expenses
3. Translation method of foreign currency accounting statements
(1) current exchange rate method
1) the paid in capital, capital reserve and surplus reserve in the owner's equity items are distributed by historical exchange rate, and the profits are listed according to the amount in the profit distribution statement
2) other items use the current exchange rate
3) the average exchange rate can also be used for profit and loss items
4) the translation difference of foreign currency accounting statements is included in the current profit and loss, or listed separately in the owner's equity< (2) liquidity and non liquidity project method
1) current assets and current liabilities use the current exchange rate
2) the paid in capital of long-term assets, long-term liabilities and owner's equity, capital reserve and surplus reserve adopt the historical exchange rate, and the undistributed profits are listed according to the amount in the profit distribution statement
3) in the income statement items, the historical exchange rate is used for depreciation and amortization, and the current average exchange rate is used for the rest
4) the translation difference of foreign currency accounting statements is separately listed in the owner's equity< (3) monetary and non monetary project methods
1) monetary assets (monetary funds, accounts receivable, notes receivable, etc.) and monetary liabilities (accounts payable, notes payable, long-term loans) adopt the current exchange rate
2) historical exchange rate is used for paid in capital, capital reserve and surplus reserve in non monetary item date and owner's equity item, and balance number is used for undistributed profit
3) in profit and loss items, depreciation expense and amortization expense are calculated by historical exchange rate, and the calculation formula of cost of sales items is as follows:
cost of sales = opening Inventory (historical exchange rate) + current purchase (average exchange rate) and ending inventory (historical exchange rate)
after different exchange rates are converted, the rest are calculated by average exchange rate
4) the translation difference of foreign currency accounting statements is separately listed in the owner's equity< (4) temporal method
1) the current exchange rate is adopted for monetary funds, accounts receivable and accounts payable
2) the current exchange rate is adopted for the non monetary assets (inventory, investment, etc.) reflected by the current cost, and the balance number is adopted for the other non monetary assets and the paid in capital distribution profit in the owner's equity
3) current exchange rate or average exchange rate is adopted for profit and loss items. The calculation formula of this item is as follows:
historical exchange rate is adopted for capital reserve and surplus reserve, and historical exchange rate is adopted for non depreciation and amortization expenses, Sales cost = opening Inventory (historical exchange rate) + current purchase (average exchange rate) ending inventory (historical exchange rate or current exchange rate)
calculated by different exchange rates
4) the translation difference of foreign currency accounting statements is separately listed in the owner's equity
4. China's foreign currency accounting statement conversion
China's foreign currency accounting statement conversion method is basically the single exchange rate method, that is, the current exchange rate method
(1) translation of balance sheet
1) assets and liabilities are translated according to the market exchange rate on the final account date (according to the current exchange rate)
2) except for "undistributed profit", the owner's equity is converted at the historical exchange rate
3) "undistributed profit" copies the data in the profit distribution statement
4) deferred processing of translation difference of foreign currency statements: the "translation difference of foreign currency accounting statements" is listed separately under the owner's equity category and accumulated year by year
5) the amount of J ∈ items in the balance sheet after the year beginning balance is converted according to the previous year
(2) conversion of profit statement and profit distribution statement
1) all items in the income statement and items reflecting the amount in the profit distribution statement are converted according to the average exchange rate of the current period, or the market exchange rate on the final account date (according to the average exchange rate or the current exchange rate)
2) the "net profit" in the profit distribution statement is filled in according to the amount of the item in the converted profit statement
3) the "undistributed profit at the beginning of the year" in the profit distribution statement shall be filled in according to the end of the date of the "undistributed profit" item in the profit distribution statement after the conversion of the previous period
4) the "undistributed profit" in the profit distribution table is calculated and filled in according to the amount of other items in the profit distribution table after conversion
5) the actual amount of the previous year is filled in according to the relevant figures in the profit statement and profit distribution statement after the conversion of the previous year< (1) foreign exchange refers to all kinds of payment means expressed in foreign currency, which are generally accepted by all countries and can be used for international debt settlement
(2) foreign exchange must have three characteristics: payment, availability and convertibility
(3) exchange rate, also known as exchange rate, refers to the price of one country's currency expressed in another country's currency, and the price ratio between currencies
(4) there are two pricing methods of exchange rate: direct pricing method and indirect pricing method
(5) in order to standardize the opening and use of foreign exchange accounts and strengthen the supervision and management of foreign exchange accounts, or in other words, in accordance with the regulations of the people's Republic of China on foreign exchange control and the regulations on the administration of settlement, sale and payment of foreign exchange, the regulations on the administration of domestic foreign exchange accounts are hereby formulated
(6) remittance refers to a settlement method in which the bank accepts the client's entrustment and delivers the money to the payee through its own remittance network, using appropriate payment voucher
(7) letter of credit refers to a written guarantee document issued by the issuing bank to a third party at the request of the applicant and in accordance with its instructions, with a certain amount of money and payment against the specified documents within a certain period of time
(8) collection is a settlement method in which the exporter issues a bill of exchange (with or without shipping documents) with the importer as the payer after the goods are shipped, and entrusts the Bank of the exporting country to collect the payment for goods on behalf of the exporter through its branch or agent bank in the importing country
(9) the bank guarantee refers to the written guarantee document issued by the bank upon the application of the client. Once the client fails to repay the debt or perform the agreed obligations in accordance with the contract signed between the client and the beneficiary, the bank shall perform the guarantee responsibility
(10) accounting principles of foreign exchange business: Double currency accounting is adopted for foreign currency account, translation is adopted for foreign currency accounting, accounting treatment of exchange gain and loss, accounting treatment of foreign currency separate account system, and accounting treatment of month end balance of foreign currency account.