Zhang chunjia's concept of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-22 22:06:36
1. Understanding of the concept of virtual currency
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
2. The purpose of immigration training is to improve the comprehensive quality and labor skills of the immigrants, help the immigrants to work, increase proction and income, realize the goal of "moving, being stable and getting rich step by step", and promote the sustainable economic and social development of the Three Gorges Reservoir area
immigration training should follow the principles of "government organization, voluntary immigration, market orientation and contract constraint"
we should adhere to and improve the ideas of training and developing the advantageous instries in the reservoir area, promoting the employment of urban migrants, increasing the output and income of rural migrants, transferring rural labor force to non-agricultural instries, supporting counterpart work, and publicizing immigration policies and regulations
the management system of "unified leadership of the city, based on districts and counties, hierarchical management and hierarchical training" is implemented in immigration training. The municipal immigration bureau is the comprehensive management department of the city's immigration training, which is responsible for the preparation of the city's immigration training plan, plan arrangement, fund raising, supervision and guidance, assessment and acceptance. The immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall be responsible for the preparation, organization and management of the annual plan for immigration training within their respective administrative areas, the implementation of training, the filing and certification of immigration training, etc
the training objects include rural migrants, urban pure residents, laid-off workers from inundated enterprises, migrants occupying land in urban towns and migrants resettled inside and outside the city. Among them, we should focus on training the following migrants:
(1) poor migrants
(2) the new immigrant labor force who can not continue to study after graating from junior high school or senior high school
(3) rural migrants with a certain degree of ecation who are suitable for migrant work< (4) urban migrants
when organizing the immigrants to participate in the training, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should strictly examine the qualifications of the trainees, and the trainees must have the status of Three Gorges immigrants. The qualification examination shall be concted by the township, town and sub district offices, and examined and approved by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau
all kinds of schools and social institutions are encouraged to actively participate in immigration training. A number of schools or training institutions with complete teaching facilities, strong teachers, excellent training conditions and high employment rate after training are selected as training bases (training points)
training bases (training points) at the municipal and district / county levels (autonomous counties and cities) are the main strength of immigration training. We should give full play to the role of demonstration and driving, and truly become the main channel to help immigrants learn skills, take up employment, increase income and become rich
the immigration training base (training point) implements "good in, bad out, dynamic management". The municipal and district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureaus conct an inspection on the implementation of immigration training in the immigration training base (training point) once a year. Schools or training units that violate immigration training policies, have poor training quality, do not carry out labor skill training for immigrants within one year, and do not use immigration training funds according to regulations shall be disqualified from immigration training base (training point) by the municipal or district / county (Autonomous County / city) Immigration Bureau after reporting to the people's government at the same level for approval
the expert group of labor skills training for Three Gorges migrants is a consultant organization engaged by the municipal government. Its main responsibilities are: to make forward-looking, instructive and operable suggestions and opinions on migrant labor skills training and migrant employment work; To guide and supervise the labor skill training of immigrants, and to review the evaluation results of immigration training; To guide the employment, reemployment, self employment and labor transfer of immigrants, and improve the employment rate of immigrants after training
the employment system is implemented for the members of the expert group of migrant labor skills training. The members of the expert group should often go deep into the reservoir area to investigate and study the situation of migrant training, and make suggestions for the work of migrant training< Each immigration training base (training point) shall sign an immigration training contract or agreement with the immigration bureau every year, and prepare an immigration training implementation plan according to the training contract (agreement). The training implementation plan shall be submitted to the municipal or district / county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau for examination and approval before training. All immigration training bases (training points) shall not change the training items without authorization
according to the needs of the development of advantageous instries in the reservoir area, the requirements of increasing the output and income of rural immigrants, and the labor market demand, the immigration bureaus and training bases (training points) of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should reasonably arrange training programs, set up targeted and practical training courses, and help rural immigrants develop breeding instry, We will promote the transfer of surplus labor force of rural migrants to non-agricultural instries for employment, and promote urban migrants to work and start their own businesses
the training base (training point) should arrange teachers with professional qualification, strong sense of responsibility and rich practical experience to take the job of immigration training
the quality of immigration training should be put in the first place. Each training base (training point) should strengthen teaching management, select and compile suitable training materials, formulate feasible training plans, organize teaching seriously, and strengthen teaching management ring training. The municipal and district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau shall strictly check whether the teachers, teaching plans, teaching plans, teaching materials, class hours and teaching methods of the training base (training point) meet the requirements of immigration training, guide and supervise the training process, and complete the training tasks according to the approved training plan
in order to ensure the quality of immigration training, each training class should complete the required learning tasks according to the training time stipulated by the state, focus on strengthening practical training, and strictly carry out the examination and assessment of the skills learned by the trainees. In principle, the trainees should reach the level of primary and above labor skills and obtain the "professional qualification certificate" or "green certificate" issued by the relevant departments of the state. Immigrants who participate in vocational ecation and training should also obtain vocational ecation certificate
establish and improve the quality assurance system of immigration training to ensure the realization of immigration training objectives. The quality assurance system of immigration training mainly includes: Immigration training leading organization, expert group, training base, teaching staff, training materials, training equipment, training time, examination and assessment, professional qualification appraisal, department cooperation, quality and effect evaluation, etc
establish and improve the evaluation system of immigration training effect. The main basis for the evaluation of the effect of immigration training is whether the immigrants have improved their labor skills, increased proction and income, transferred the surplus labor force of rural immigrants to non-agricultural instries, and promoted the employment of urban immigrants
evaluate immigration training regularly, submit evaluation reports, reflect the implementation of immigration training, training quality, training effect and existing problems, and put forward suggestions to improve immigration training
the annual plan of resettlement training should be based on the resettlement training plan, according to the annual plan issued by the higher authorities, and according to the needs of resettlement work, the progress of resettlement tasks and the funding base of resettlement lump sum, the funding plan of resettlement training project should be scientifically and reasonably prepared
before the end of September of each year, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall report the proposed scheme of the next year's immigration training plan, and the municipal immigration bureaus shall report it to the office of the Three Gorges Construction Commission for approval after summarizing and balancing. After the office of the Three Gorges Construction Committee issued the annual investment plan, the municipal Immigration Bureau issued the annual immigration training task and investment control scale to the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities). According to the annual resettlement training task and investment, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) report the investment plan of resettlement training projects. The municipal immigration bureau shall approve the training project investment plan submitted by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau, and then issue the annual immigration training plan
the annual plan of immigration training is mandatory and should be completed in the current year. Each district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau must organize and implement immigration training according to the plan, and shall not conct training without plan or beyond the plan. The change and adjustment of the training plan should be reported to the municipal Immigration Bureau for approval
immigration training fund is an important part of immigration fund, and its management is implemented according to the relevant provisions of immigration fund management, with special account management and special use. It is necessary to ensure that the funds for immigration training are used for immigration training so that immigrants can get benefits. It is strictly forbidden to divert the funds for immigration training to other purposes. Non immigrants are not allowed to use the funds for immigration training
project management system is adopted in the use of funds for immigration training. The training funds are arranged according to the types, contents and numbers of training immigrants. If the training fund is used beyond the plan, it will not be added
graally change the form in which the training funds are fully borne by the state, and form a source channel of training funds for immigrants, which is a combination of state subsidies, investment from employment enterprises, preferential treatment from immigration training bases (training points) and appropriate burden of immigrants, so as to promote the healthy development of immigration training
the immigration department signs a training contract with the training institution according to the training plan, and the training institution applies to the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau for the allocation of training funds according to the training contract and the completion of the training tasks that have been assessed and accepted
when arranging the funds for immigration training projects, the funds for immigration training should be arranged in proportion. Training funds are mainly used for expenses related to immigration training. Training funds shall not crowd out training project funds, and non immigrant training funds shall not crowd out immigrant training funds
attach great importance to the important role of information technology in immigration training, accelerate the pace of immigration training information construction, create convenient conditions for immigrants to receive labor skills training through information means, and actively explore a new mode of online ecation and training for immigrants
using modern information technology to implement scientific management of immigration training. The Three Gorges resettlement training resource database, the Three Gorges resettlement training database and the Three Gorges resettlement training and employment database should be well constructed. We should conscientiously do a good job in the input of immigration training materials, and improve the level of information management of immigration training
monthly report system is implemented for immigration training. The immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall report the immigration training of the current month to the municipal Immigration Bureau on the 25th of each month
immigration training archives refer to words, charts and audio-visual materials with preservation value formed in the process of immigration training
immigration training files are divided into indivial volume and comprehensive volume. The indivial papers mainly include the qualification examination form of immigrants, the skill level certificate obtained, the employment agreement, etc; The comprehensive paper mainly includes class notice, teaching plan (teaching plan), teaching materials, student roster, training contract or agreement, labor export order or employment (training) agreement, examination paper, student examination results, leader's speech and other related materials
the retention period of immigration training files shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of immigration file management
the immigration training files are established and managed by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau. The immigration training files of the municipal training base shall be handed over to the municipal Immigration Bureau
special target assessment is implemented for immigration training, and the assessment contents mainly include the completion of annual training tasks, training quality, the effect of increasing income and becoming rich after training, employment after training, training files, management and use of training funds, etc
units or indivials with outstanding achievements in immigration training will be commended and rewarded
the district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau or training base (training point) that fails to complete the task of immigration training, the management of immigration training is chaotic, and the training quality is poor will be criticized
embezzle, misappropriate and crowd out the funds for immigration training
immigration training should follow the principles of "government organization, voluntary immigration, market orientation and contract constraint"
we should adhere to and improve the ideas of training and developing the advantageous instries in the reservoir area, promoting the employment of urban migrants, increasing the output and income of rural migrants, transferring rural labor force to non-agricultural instries, supporting counterpart work, and publicizing immigration policies and regulations
the management system of "unified leadership of the city, based on districts and counties, hierarchical management and hierarchical training" is implemented in immigration training. The municipal immigration bureau is the comprehensive management department of the city's immigration training, which is responsible for the preparation of the city's immigration training plan, plan arrangement, fund raising, supervision and guidance, assessment and acceptance. The immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall be responsible for the preparation, organization and management of the annual plan for immigration training within their respective administrative areas, the implementation of training, the filing and certification of immigration training, etc
the training objects include rural migrants, urban pure residents, laid-off workers from inundated enterprises, migrants occupying land in urban towns and migrants resettled inside and outside the city. Among them, we should focus on training the following migrants:
(1) poor migrants
(2) the new immigrant labor force who can not continue to study after graating from junior high school or senior high school
(3) rural migrants with a certain degree of ecation who are suitable for migrant work< (4) urban migrants
when organizing the immigrants to participate in the training, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should strictly examine the qualifications of the trainees, and the trainees must have the status of Three Gorges immigrants. The qualification examination shall be concted by the township, town and sub district offices, and examined and approved by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau
all kinds of schools and social institutions are encouraged to actively participate in immigration training. A number of schools or training institutions with complete teaching facilities, strong teachers, excellent training conditions and high employment rate after training are selected as training bases (training points)
training bases (training points) at the municipal and district / county levels (autonomous counties and cities) are the main strength of immigration training. We should give full play to the role of demonstration and driving, and truly become the main channel to help immigrants learn skills, take up employment, increase income and become rich
the immigration training base (training point) implements "good in, bad out, dynamic management". The municipal and district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureaus conct an inspection on the implementation of immigration training in the immigration training base (training point) once a year. Schools or training units that violate immigration training policies, have poor training quality, do not carry out labor skill training for immigrants within one year, and do not use immigration training funds according to regulations shall be disqualified from immigration training base (training point) by the municipal or district / county (Autonomous County / city) Immigration Bureau after reporting to the people's government at the same level for approval
the expert group of labor skills training for Three Gorges migrants is a consultant organization engaged by the municipal government. Its main responsibilities are: to make forward-looking, instructive and operable suggestions and opinions on migrant labor skills training and migrant employment work; To guide and supervise the labor skill training of immigrants, and to review the evaluation results of immigration training; To guide the employment, reemployment, self employment and labor transfer of immigrants, and improve the employment rate of immigrants after training
the employment system is implemented for the members of the expert group of migrant labor skills training. The members of the expert group should often go deep into the reservoir area to investigate and study the situation of migrant training, and make suggestions for the work of migrant training< Each immigration training base (training point) shall sign an immigration training contract or agreement with the immigration bureau every year, and prepare an immigration training implementation plan according to the training contract (agreement). The training implementation plan shall be submitted to the municipal or district / county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau for examination and approval before training. All immigration training bases (training points) shall not change the training items without authorization
according to the needs of the development of advantageous instries in the reservoir area, the requirements of increasing the output and income of rural immigrants, and the labor market demand, the immigration bureaus and training bases (training points) of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should reasonably arrange training programs, set up targeted and practical training courses, and help rural immigrants develop breeding instry, We will promote the transfer of surplus labor force of rural migrants to non-agricultural instries for employment, and promote urban migrants to work and start their own businesses
the training base (training point) should arrange teachers with professional qualification, strong sense of responsibility and rich practical experience to take the job of immigration training
the quality of immigration training should be put in the first place. Each training base (training point) should strengthen teaching management, select and compile suitable training materials, formulate feasible training plans, organize teaching seriously, and strengthen teaching management ring training. The municipal and district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau shall strictly check whether the teachers, teaching plans, teaching plans, teaching materials, class hours and teaching methods of the training base (training point) meet the requirements of immigration training, guide and supervise the training process, and complete the training tasks according to the approved training plan
in order to ensure the quality of immigration training, each training class should complete the required learning tasks according to the training time stipulated by the state, focus on strengthening practical training, and strictly carry out the examination and assessment of the skills learned by the trainees. In principle, the trainees should reach the level of primary and above labor skills and obtain the "professional qualification certificate" or "green certificate" issued by the relevant departments of the state. Immigrants who participate in vocational ecation and training should also obtain vocational ecation certificate
establish and improve the quality assurance system of immigration training to ensure the realization of immigration training objectives. The quality assurance system of immigration training mainly includes: Immigration training leading organization, expert group, training base, teaching staff, training materials, training equipment, training time, examination and assessment, professional qualification appraisal, department cooperation, quality and effect evaluation, etc
establish and improve the evaluation system of immigration training effect. The main basis for the evaluation of the effect of immigration training is whether the immigrants have improved their labor skills, increased proction and income, transferred the surplus labor force of rural immigrants to non-agricultural instries, and promoted the employment of urban immigrants
evaluate immigration training regularly, submit evaluation reports, reflect the implementation of immigration training, training quality, training effect and existing problems, and put forward suggestions to improve immigration training
the annual plan of resettlement training should be based on the resettlement training plan, according to the annual plan issued by the higher authorities, and according to the needs of resettlement work, the progress of resettlement tasks and the funding base of resettlement lump sum, the funding plan of resettlement training project should be scientifically and reasonably prepared
before the end of September of each year, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall report the proposed scheme of the next year's immigration training plan, and the municipal immigration bureaus shall report it to the office of the Three Gorges Construction Commission for approval after summarizing and balancing. After the office of the Three Gorges Construction Committee issued the annual investment plan, the municipal Immigration Bureau issued the annual immigration training task and investment control scale to the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities). According to the annual resettlement training task and investment, the immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) report the investment plan of resettlement training projects. The municipal immigration bureau shall approve the training project investment plan submitted by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau, and then issue the annual immigration training plan
the annual plan of immigration training is mandatory and should be completed in the current year. Each district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau must organize and implement immigration training according to the plan, and shall not conct training without plan or beyond the plan. The change and adjustment of the training plan should be reported to the municipal Immigration Bureau for approval
immigration training fund is an important part of immigration fund, and its management is implemented according to the relevant provisions of immigration fund management, with special account management and special use. It is necessary to ensure that the funds for immigration training are used for immigration training so that immigrants can get benefits. It is strictly forbidden to divert the funds for immigration training to other purposes. Non immigrants are not allowed to use the funds for immigration training
project management system is adopted in the use of funds for immigration training. The training funds are arranged according to the types, contents and numbers of training immigrants. If the training fund is used beyond the plan, it will not be added
graally change the form in which the training funds are fully borne by the state, and form a source channel of training funds for immigrants, which is a combination of state subsidies, investment from employment enterprises, preferential treatment from immigration training bases (training points) and appropriate burden of immigrants, so as to promote the healthy development of immigration training
the immigration department signs a training contract with the training institution according to the training plan, and the training institution applies to the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau for the allocation of training funds according to the training contract and the completion of the training tasks that have been assessed and accepted
when arranging the funds for immigration training projects, the funds for immigration training should be arranged in proportion. Training funds are mainly used for expenses related to immigration training. Training funds shall not crowd out training project funds, and non immigrant training funds shall not crowd out immigrant training funds
attach great importance to the important role of information technology in immigration training, accelerate the pace of immigration training information construction, create convenient conditions for immigrants to receive labor skills training through information means, and actively explore a new mode of online ecation and training for immigrants
using modern information technology to implement scientific management of immigration training. The Three Gorges resettlement training resource database, the Three Gorges resettlement training database and the Three Gorges resettlement training and employment database should be well constructed. We should conscientiously do a good job in the input of immigration training materials, and improve the level of information management of immigration training
monthly report system is implemented for immigration training. The immigration bureaus of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) shall report the immigration training of the current month to the municipal Immigration Bureau on the 25th of each month
immigration training archives refer to words, charts and audio-visual materials with preservation value formed in the process of immigration training
immigration training files are divided into indivial volume and comprehensive volume. The indivial papers mainly include the qualification examination form of immigrants, the skill level certificate obtained, the employment agreement, etc; The comprehensive paper mainly includes class notice, teaching plan (teaching plan), teaching materials, student roster, training contract or agreement, labor export order or employment (training) agreement, examination paper, student examination results, leader's speech and other related materials
the retention period of immigration training files shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of immigration file management
the immigration training files are established and managed by the district and county (Autonomous County, city) immigration bureau. The immigration training files of the municipal training base shall be handed over to the municipal Immigration Bureau
special target assessment is implemented for immigration training, and the assessment contents mainly include the completion of annual training tasks, training quality, the effect of increasing income and becoming rich after training, employment after training, training files, management and use of training funds, etc
units or indivials with outstanding achievements in immigration training will be commended and rewarded
the district / county (Autonomous County / city) immigration bureau or training base (training point) that fails to complete the task of immigration training, the management of immigration training is chaotic, and the training quality is poor will be criticized
embezzle, misappropriate and crowd out the funds for immigration training
3.
1、 Understanding of the concept of digital currency (1) entity based digital currency since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper money, and all countries in the world are actually paper money. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency
In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issuance of paper money as deficit money because of making up the fiscal deficit, and believed that the issuance of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflationZhang chunjia's research in the introction to virtual currency also proves that the supply of paper currency without precious metals and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of currency is called virtual currency
Conclusion the emergence of virtual currency is not accidental, it is a part of the history of currency evolution and the crystallization of digital technology revolution. Looking back on the history of money, any form of money from birth to maturity will experience doubt and even exclusion. Like the traditional currency, it is not naturally perfect. It is constantly improving in the process of development to better adapt to and serve the proctive forcesHot content