Virtual currency token renaming
According to Beijing time on October 24, Jeff garzik is one of the few key developers of bitcoin's underlying software, so he knows the shortcomings of bitcoin's blockchain at his fingertips. So he decided to create a better digital currency
he named the currency metronome and said it would be the first virtual currency to be used on different blockchains
this mobility means that if a blockchain dies e to developers' infighting or no one is using it, metronome users can transfer their money to other places. Kajik said that would help metronome maintain its valuation and ensure its long-term survival. In order to create metronome, kajik founded the start-up company bloq. Metronome will be officially launched at the money 20 / 20 conference in Las Vegas on Tuesday, he said
metronome will be generated and supported by automatic distributed software, which is neither controlled nor changed by anyone. The software will start auctioning metronome currency in December and will retain and use the proceeds from the auction to drive the price of the currency. The rest of the project will be open source, so anyone can develop applications for metronome
bloq will provide developer tools for enterprise users. Of the 10 million metronome coins to be auctioned in December, bloq and other organizations that help create and promote metronome will keep 2 million of them. Every 24 hours, 2880 new metronome coins are born
metronome avoids problems that users often encounter when they want to transfer from one blockchain to another. That is, users must sell one cryptocurrency they own and then buy another. This creates transaction costs and may lose the potential appreciation of the currency sold. With metronome, none of this is a problem
when users want to transfer metronome to another blockchain, they will get a digital receipt. They can then send the receipt to another blockchain and add metronome to that blockchain
Digital money is legal
digital currency itself is legal in China. Digital currency is defined as Internet goods in China, but the relevant supervision is still blank, and digital currency is still in the gray area in China. Well known digital currencies include bitcoin, Leyte coin, Ruitai coin, thousand gold card, dog coin, etc
however, there are also some non developers who use the cover of digital currency to carry out pyramid schemes, such as the Vicat scheme, treasure scheme, Porter scheme and so on
development materials:
digital currency is different from the virtual currency in the virtual world, because it can be used for real goods and services transactions, not limited to online games. The early digital currency (digital gold currency) is a form of electronic currency named after the weight of gold. Today's digital currency, such as bitcoin, lightcoin and ppcoin, is an electronic currency created, issued and circulated by check sum cryptography. It is characterized by the use of P2P peer-to-peer network technology to issue, manage and circulate currency. In theory, it avoids bureaucratic examination and approval, so that everyone has the right to issue currency
Some virtual currencies are illegal in China. Chinese laws prohibit virtual currencies. The only legal currency in China is RMB. Since the people's Republic of China issued RMB, it has lasted 71 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life, it has graally improved and improved. So far, it has issued five sets of RMB, forming a multi variety and multi series monetary system of paper money and metal money, ordinary commemorative money and precious metal commemorative money
except for 1,2,5 fen coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation, and the fourth set of RMB has been suspended from circulation since May 1, 2018 (except 1 jiao, 5 jiao notes and 5 jiao, 1 yuan coins). The current circulation of RMB is mainly the fifth set of RMB issued in 1999
the people's Bank of China is scheled to issue the fifth set of RMB 50 yuan, 20 yuan, 10 yuan, 1 yuan banknotes and 1 yuan, 5 jiao, 1 jiao coins of the 2019 edition from August 30, 2019. The fifth set of RMB inherits the traditional experience of China's printing technology and draws lessons from the advanced technology of foreign banknote design, which has greatly improved its anti-counterfeiting performance and currency processing modernization
Chairman Mao Zedong's head portrait in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China is used on the front of each denomination currency, the famous Chinese flower pattern is used on the bottom, and the main scenery pattern on the back fully shows China's long history and magnificent mountains and rivers, and carries forward China's great national culture by selecting representative patterns with national characteristics
Differences:
non encrypted currency (enterprise currency):
1, personal behavior
2, company's own currency
3, unable to decentralize
4, unable to trade on international trading platform
5, unlimited issuance
6, no mine website, no original code
7, controllable price, mostly one-way relationship (dining ticket of an enterprise, Qmoney and so on)
open source digital cryptocurrency:
1. Decentralization -- not regulated by indivials, companies and national banks
2. Limited issue
3. Free trade on international trading platform
4. Original code
5. Not taxed, not frozen, uncontrollable price
cryptocurrency advantages:
1. Compared with paper money, Save the cost of printing, data audit, anti-counterfeiting, escort circulation, safe keeping and so on
2. It is impossible to control the number of issues without issuing institutions
3. Borderless. If you use cryptocurrency transaction, directly enter the account address, click the mouse, wait for the network to confirm the transaction, a lot of money will pass
4. Using cryptocurrency in any store can save the cost of tax and capital supervision
5. It is not controlled by the central bank and the quantity is limited, so it can completely resist the pressure of inflation. Let the wealth of the common people keep its value and increase its value The cryptocurrency other than bitcoin is also known as counterfeit currency and competitive currency (English: altcoin). Part of it is a virtual currency similar to bitcoin, which is based on the ideas, principles and source code of bitcoin. At present, more than 800 cryptocurrencies are in circulation
because bitcoin itself does not have an authoritative issuing institution and state power to maintain its authority and uniqueness, bitcoin and its imitators can only get along equally. It is not absolutely exclusive
2. The real virtual currency must be traded on the international trading platform and can be realized
3. The real virtual currency has open source code! Have your own independent wallet! Each coin has its own code and value
4. Real virtual currency can be mined by mining machine! It has its own specific algorithm
5. Real virtual currency can be exchanged with bitcoin and US dollar
6. Real virtual currencies can be exchanged!
nowadays, pyramid schemes under the guise of virtual currency are rampant. According to the information obtained by China volunteer alliance against pyramid schemes, Baichuan currency is closely related to SMI, MBI, mark currency, dark black currency, mmm, Fuda compound interest financing, carat currency, petroleum currency, Huaqiang currency, etc CB aiib Hong Kong Group, coin Sheng, WorldCom yuan, u-coin, Jubao, 21st century fox, Wanxi financial management, BBT (now renamed Morgan coin after repeated exposure by the media) are all illegal pyramid schemes under the guise of virtual currency.
● what is the autopilot chip for
although L3 level conditional autonomous vehicles have not yet landed in China, from some vehicles with high-level L2 driving assistance system, we can find that these vehicles are equipped with a large number of sensors to detect obstacles around the vehicle, so as to provide data support for control system decision-making. These sensors include millimeter wave radar, ultrasonic radar, camera and so on. These sensors will generate several GB (1GB = 1024MB = 10242kb) of data per second. The autopilot chip needs to process these data smoothly to ensure that the system can make correct decisions in time, so as to ensure the driving safety of the vehicle
maybe you don't have the concept of gigabytes per second. Here's an example from life. The peak reading speed of a common USB 3.0 interface U disk is close to 200MB / s. It takes about 5 seconds to read 1GB files from this U disk, which shows that the amount of data in GB / S is quite large
automatic driving system needs not only to solve the problem of large flow data transmission, but also to solve the problem of how to deal with these huge amounts of data quickly, and the powerful automatic driving chip is the right key.
● what is the level of foreign autopilot chips
although this article mainly talks about the development of China's autopilot chip, we should know ourselves well and win every battle. Before we examine the local situation, we should first understand the situation abroad. There are only three foreign autopilot chips that can really enter the mass proction car market on a large scale: NVIDIA, Mobileye (now acquired by Intel) and Tesla
among them, Mobileye, which takes a practical route, currently has a market share of more than 70%. The procts on the market are mainly eyeq3 chips (0.256tops, "tops" means trillions of operations per second), which are used in L2 driving assistance system, Unless otherwise specified, the computing power indicated in this paper refers to 8-bit integer computing power) and eyeq4 chip (computing power 2.5tops) with L3 level automatic driving ability. For example, Xiaopeng G3, Weilai ES6 / es8 and GAC new energy aion LX adopt eyeq4 chip as the core of their driving assistance system
compared with the computing power of drive PX Pegasus 320tops, the flagship of NVIDIA's previous generation automatic driving platform, the flagship configuration of the new drive AgX Orin platform has achieved multiple performance growth. In addition, the degree of flexibility of the drive AgX Orin platform is further improved compared with the previous platform, which can meet the requirements of different levels of vehicles from general driving assistance to L5 level fully automatic driving through the increase or decrease of hardware configuration
Tesla autopilot 1.0 system uses one NVIDIA tegra3 chip and one Mobileye eyeq3 chip; Autopilot 2.0 system uses one NVIDIA Tegra Parker chip and one Pascal architecture GPU chip; Autopilot 2.5 system uses two NVIDIA Tegra Parker chips and one Pascal architecture GPU chip
the self-developed FSD chip has been carried on the latest off-line Tesla models. The computing power of a single chip is 72tops. The full self driving computer integrates two FSD chips that work independently. One "hangs" and the other "goes up" immediately, which improves the security and stability of the whole system
of course, in addition to the above three enterprises, there are also many enterprises coveting the cake of autonomous driving chips, including Qualcomm, Xilinx, NXP, etc., but the autonomous driving chips that these enterprises are really going to mass proce cars are not large-scale. Limited to space, I will not introce them here
● the rapid rise of China's automatic driving chip Enterprises. Auto driving chip market is booming, and foreign technology giants rush to land. How about the strength of Chinese enterprises? Now let's take a look< The Cambrian China Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Cambrian") is a research group led by Chen Yunji and Chen Tianshi under the Institute of computing technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research group began to study neural network algorithm and chip in 2008, and began to publish research results in 2012
in 2016, diannaoyu, the instruction set of deep learning processor proposed by the above research group, was accepted by isca2016. Experiments show that the chip with this instruction set has two orders of magnitude performance advantages in neural network computing compared with the chip with traditional x86 instruction set. As the research results of the research group tend to mature, China Science and technology Cambrian science and Technology Co., Ltd. was officially established, and began to transform its chip and instruction set to the commercial field. Also in 2016, Cambrian released its first commercial deep learning processor, Cambrian 1a
after talking about the company's life experience, let's take a look at its procts. At present, there are two latest AI chip IP licenses in Cambrian, namely cambrian-1m and cambrian-1h. Cambricon-1m-4k, with the strongest performance index, has 8tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency; Cambricon-1h8mini, with the weakest performance index, has 0.5tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency. The detailed force calculation parameters of all models can be seen in the table below
cambricon-1m and cambricon-1h are defined as terminal intelligent processor IP. The applications such as face recognition, fingerprint recognition, obstacle recognition, road sign recognition and so on, which appear on mobile phones or cars, can be accelerated by integrating the above processor IP in the chip
the word "edge" mentioned above comes from "edge computing". Edge computing refers to providing network, storage, computing, application and other capabilities at the end close to intelligent devices (terminals) or data sources (cloud), so as to achieve faster network service response and more secure local data transmission. Edge computing can meet the requirements of real-time business, intelligent applications, security and privacy protection, and provide local intelligent services for users. Siyuan 220 plays the role of improving data security, recing processing delay and optimizing bandwidth utilization in edge computing
at present, Cambrian high computing power chip procts are defined as smart accelerators, which can be used to accelerate AI operations in servers. I believe you've heard that Google's alphago AI robot beat South Korea's world go champion Li Shishi. Behind the alphago AI robot is Google's self-developed TPU chip. The features and applications of Cambrian high computing power chip procts are similar to Google TPU. Of course, they can also be regarded as competitors
the difference is that Siyuan 270-s4 adopts a passive cooling design, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 70W, and is positioned as a data center accelerator card with higher energy efficiency than that designed by artificial intelligence reasoning. This also means that the card will have a "power wall" setting, that is, when the power consumption of the accelerator card reaches the upper limit of the threshold, the computing power will be reced to ensure lower power consumption and heating
Siyuan 270-f4 is equivalent to "full blood version" Siyuan 270-s4, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 150W and active cooling by turbofan. Good heat dissipation and sufficient power supply enable Siyuan 270-f4 to give full play to the full performance of Siyuan 270 chip. The positioning of the card is to provide data center level AI computing power for desktop environment. In short, it is a high-performance AI accelerator card for desktop
although Siyuan 270 only uses TSMC's 16nm process, the overall energy consumption ratio is quite good. Although the computing power of a single card is less than that of the latest NVIDIA flagship computing card, the peak computing power of five Siyuan 270-s4 / Siyuan 270-f4 parallel cards can also reach the level of NVIDIA A100. However, the more advanced process of NVIDIA A100 should have certain advantages in energy consumption
among them, Siyuan 100-c is equipped with video and image decoding units and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 110W; Siyuan 100-d is not equipped with video and image decoding unit, and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 75W. At present, Siyuan 100 series procts have been applied in didi cloud and Jinshan cloud in 2019. Didi cloud uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the elastic reasoning service, which is used for deep learning reasoning task; Jinshanyun uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the application of artificial intelligence such as voice, image and video
what I mentioned above is all about server level computing cards. Does this deviate from the topic of autopilot chip that we should talk about? Not really. As mentioned earlier, Cambrian is currently an enterprise focusing on the development of artificial intelligence chips, and the field of automatic driving is not deeply involved, but there are still some achievements through the cooperation with other domestic partners< The br / > WiseADCU CN1 automatic driving domain controller provides the computing power and the number of sensor connections required for L3 or above level automatic driving system, and realizes the self control of seven key control points of simulation, model, system, architecture, encoding, acceleration, and algorithm.
in fact, e to the weak performance competitiveness of processor procts, Weisheng group has long withdrawn from the competition in the mainstream x86 processor market, leaving Intel and AMD competing in the market. Since the establishment of megacore, it has mastered Viagra's x86 technology, made comprehensive improvement and Optimization on the basis of the latest processor architecture of Viagra at that time, and successively launched zx-a, zx-c, zx-c + and other processor procts
on June 2, the municipal Party committee of science and Technology Innovation Board announced the results of the 33rd review meeting in 2020, and the listing of Cambrian was approved. From acceptance to approval, it took only 68 days for Cambrian to refresh the review speed of science and technology innovation board. Cambrian has become the only AI chip company in A-share market since its listing. The market space in this field is expected to exceed 50 billion US dollars in 2022, with huge development potential. Can Cambrian, which has opened up A-share financing channels, further develop and grow with its unique technical advantages? No one can say for sure, but it is certain that the successful listing of the Cambrian period has won the confidence and hope of many companies engaged in this field, which may usher in the era of Chinese artificial intelligence chips
> horizon robot
OK, after talking about the Cambrian, let's talk about another AI chip enterprise, horizon robot technology research and Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Horizon"). Horizon is a company founded in 2015 by Yu Kai, former executive vice president of the online Deep Learning Institute, focusing on automatic driving and artificial intelligence chips. Yu Kai is also the originator of Internet autopilot
the horizon established by Yu Kai has always adhered to the direction of combining software and hardware. He believes that algorithms, chips and cloud computing will constitute the three core fulcrums of automatic driving. Compared with the Cambrian period, which focused on building high-performance hardware chips, horizon's business model focused on "algorithm + chip"
why bit element? Because it has the first blockchain invention patent in China. As we all know, the things with patents are very good, such as bitelement
bit element (BTY) was born in January 2014 and upgraded to the second generation in September 2014, with an initial total release of 200 million. The second generation bitelement has made great innovations in algorithm, function and security, especially in mining and trading under the mechanism of multi signature and short message verification, providing effective security protection for users' virtual currency assets, which may be the first in the world
multi signature: the new bitcoin wallet introces the multi signature mechanism of bitcoin and redefines a new storage method, so as to achieve a higher security level. This is the core content of this update wallet, which makes payment and mining very safe. In the mechanism of multi signature, a bit element address has two private keys. To transfer money from this address, the two private keys need to be co signed before the transaction can be completed
there is a private key in the bitelement wallet of the client, and the second private key is stored in the bitelement official website (or other hosting organization) server (only the user's password can be decrypted and can be used only by SMS verification). The hacker must attack these two computers at the same time and obtain the password used by the user to decrypt the private key of the server, so as to steal the user's virtual currency, The difficulty is greatly increased
bitcoin (BTY) is a kind of network virtual currency, which can buy real-life goods. It is characterized by decentralization, anonymity, and can only be used in the digital world. It does not belong to any country or financial institution, and is not subject to geographical restrictions. It can be exchanged anywhere in the world. Therefore, it is used as a money laundering tool by some criminals
to sum up, bitcoin has the characteristics and advantages that bitcoin does not have, so it also has great room for appreciation. At present, the price is only RMB 4.
Aug, also known as gold chain, is a native digital encryption token officially issued by Aug. It belongs to virtual currency
in the first stage, it will be generated based on the smart contract in Ethereum, and in the second stage, it will be generated based on its own public chain, which will be used as the only basic chain of the public chain of Aug to calculate, trade and perform the smart contract. A total of 2 billion pieces of gold chain were issued in the world, and 100 million pieces of gold chain were privately offered in the first phase
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extended materials :
A currency pair is a foreign exchange exchange exchange rate composed of two currencies, which is represented by two ISO codes plus a separator, such as GBP / USD. The first code represents "basic currency", The other is "secondary currency
exchange rate changes rapidly. The supply and demand of the market determines the value of money. In the foreign exchange market, the value of one currency is expressed by another currency. In a currency pair, the first currency is called "base currency", and the second currency is called "valuation currency" or "relative currency"
when you trade currency, you buy the base currency and sell the valuation currency. The exchange rate tells the buyer how much it costs to buy a unit of base currency. The order of currency pairs is usually the same, which is a common practice in the instry
for example, currency pair USD / JPY (USD is the base currency and JPY is the valuation currency). The order of currency pairs you see will not change. So, whether you buy or sell depends on the direction of the transaction. For example: USD / JPY - you can buy JPY with USD, or you can buy USD with JPY