Virtual currency paper 5000 words
Publish: 2021-04-24 05:43:01
1. Human flesh search is a kind of network query mechanism that uses human participation to provide pure search engine information. In short, the so-called "human flesh search" is a network way to search other people's privacy information. Obviously, human flesh search inevitably involves personal privacy, and the disputes about human flesh search are also legal issues. What legal issues does human flesh search touch? How can legal science diagnose human flesh search? From the definition and operation practice of human flesh search, the main motive of this engine technology is to mine other people's privacy information, which is also the main function of human flesh search. Therefore, human flesh search will first touch personal privacy. The right of privacy is one of the specific personality rights enjoyed by natural persons (citizens), which takes personal natural information and behavior information as the right object. The right to privacy is protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by others. The main forms of infringement of privacy are prying, leaking, spreading and abusing. Once the right of privacy is infringed, it constitutes a tort and should bear the corresponding tort liability. The activity mechanism of human flesh search is as follows: once the human flesh object is found, the Internet people can search its privacy information as widely as they can, and then provide search convenience for users. It can be seen that the privacy of those who are "human flesh" may be infringed
What's abominable is that human flesh search not only discloses other people's privacy, but also fabricates facts, insults, slanders, exaggerates and denounces human flesh objects. Such behavior can easily touch other people's right to reputation. The right of reputation is also one of the specific personality rights enjoyed by natural persons (citizens). It takes the rection of social evaluation as the judgment standard of infringement, and the main means leading to the rection of social evaluation are insult and slander. In the process of human flesh search, many netizens, out of indignation, describe the object of human flesh search poorly and speak rudely, and a large number of abusive and insulting words pervade the Internet. This will cause the adverse consequences of reputation damage to the parties. Whether the right of privacy is violated or the right of reputation is damaged, it will inevitably cause the loss of personality to the protagonist of "human flesh gate"
the harm of human flesh search is not limited to the direct infringement mentioned above. What's more serious is that with the help of human flesh search information, intrusive behaviors are implemented in reality, such as making harassing phone calls, posting newspapers with indecent words on the door, etc. Obviously, the harm of human flesh search has spread from cyberspace to the real world. Such a series of infringement followed, and finally staged China's "first case of human flesh search", the victims eventually sued the perpetrators and related websites in court, and finally won[ 1]
it is not difficult to see that human flesh search can almost be equated with tort. Many people even call for severe punishment of human flesh searchers, and even advocate banning human flesh search. It is true that legal science can diagnose specific cases of human flesh search, and can give legal technology analysis and value evaluation, but the emergence and development of human flesh search and its practice seem to prove that human flesh search is not only a legal problem. In the period of social transformation, especially the information explosion in the Internet age, people's curiosity about new things and the psychological depression accumulated by the fast-paced life are easy to break out instantaneously. Human flesh searchers would rather bear the pressure of legal risk and public opinion condemnation, but also play the Internet carnival that hurts the parties, and experience the stimulation brought by human flesh search game
despite the rapid development of human flesh search in China in recent years, foreign human flesh search has been growing healthily and soundly. It not only has considerable commercial profits, but also consciously abides by the legal rules, making human flesh search develop rationally along the road of legalization and commercialization, Its users naturally regard human flesh search as a normal and necessary human interactive help service. In contrast, in China, when people hear about human flesh search, they don't seem to regard it as a good thing at all. In most people's eyes, human flesh search may be a bad online game or a boring online farce. The reason why human flesh search is so biased is that the search engine is almost at the edge of the law
in fact, as a new thing, human flesh search should not be knocked down. We should dialectically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of human flesh search and comprehensively understand its impact on people and society. As a way to provide information, human flesh search undoubtedly provides convenience for Internet users in many aspects. With the development of society, it is a legitimate right for people to obtain and possess a certain amount of information, which is also an internal demand of people as a member of the social system. In the field of human rights and public interests, people not only have the right to know, but also have the right and obligation to exercise social supervision and public opinion supervision. When the infringement and even the criminal act or the events that affect the national interests and social interests occur, it is necessary to verify and condemn the parties. At this time, with the help of human flesh search, by absorbing the insiders to participate in the shortcut provided by information, the parties are often easy to be accurately "human flesh" out. The positive function of human flesh search is not only reflected in the supervision of the perpetrators of the search, such as looking for relatives and good people to find stakeholders in the action, human flesh search can also perform extraordinary, with the help of public power, effectively screen information resources, show the search results that people need. In addition, from the development practice of human flesh search, its function has not only been limited to the search of people, but also penetrated into the search field of other information, gathering netizens' enthusiasm and displaying its search skills
if we say that as a network search method or technology, human flesh search shows its value because of its positive functions, then people's use of human flesh search may make its own functions deviate from the track and slide into the negative field which is easy to cause condemnation and resentment. Judging from the cases of human flesh search that have happened in reality, the reason why human flesh search has encountered a lot of criticism is not that human flesh search itself has inherent infringement toxin, but that the operators of this game ignore the legitimate rights and interests of human flesh search objects, and consider the value of the event itself and the legitimacy of the rights and interests of search objects, It seems that netizens have shifted the balance of interests to the degree of condemnation of the event itself, and without thinking, they think that the value of condemning and exposing human flesh search objects is far more important than the protection of their legitimate rights and interests. At this time, the moral trial goes beyond the legal bottom line. When more and more people regard themselves as moral judges, the rights and obligations endowed by law are completely ignored. As a result, once encounter human flesh search events, often instantly gathered a large number of people, in full swing to expose the abominable face of human flesh search
at this moment, the search objects who have been collectively investigated and tried are undoubtedly suffering from privacy disclosure and rights erosion. The culprit of this result is not human flesh search, but all kinds of tort mentioned at the beginning of this article. In other words, it is not the human flesh search itself that leads to infringement, but the human flesh searcher's behavior angers the victim. To be fair, human flesh searchers are not born with infringement motivation. In many cases, human flesh searchers may not do it intentionally, but connive at the madness of human flesh searchers because of the lack of guidelines for their behavior. This is exactly the case in reality. The laws and regulations directly related to human flesh search are in a blank state. In case of infringement cases caused by human flesh search, we have to apply the general norms of tort liability. It can be said that human flesh search is drifting away from the edge of the law
is the "human flesh search", which is on the edge of the law, a ban or a legislative gap[ 2] According to the previous interpretation of the positive function of human flesh search, combined with the healthy operation practice of foreign human flesh search, starting from the development space and actual needs of human flesh search in China, rather than stifling this new thing by banning human flesh search, it is better to reasonably regulate the behavior of human flesh search through scientific legislation. This is almost a consensus[ 3] Moreover, from the perspective of the current legal norms, it is not lack of legal basis to identify the composition of tort. From the perspective of the general adjustment function of law, China's current law is not powerless in regulating the tort of human flesh search. The first case of human flesh search, which has made a judgment and has been partially implemented, also invokes the current tort legal norms. However, human flesh search as a type of network infringement, because of its own particularity, can not but urge legislators to pay special attention to its responsibility distribution
in this regard, an effective way should be to reasonably define the liability space of human flesh search infringement. In terms of the liability involved in human flesh search infringement, both the website and the specific behavior of human flesh search are likely to be responsible. However, the key to determine the subject of responsibility lies in the elements of responsibility. Therefore, it is very important to design the review system and imputation principle. According to the existing tort laws and regulations, the responsibility of the specific operators of human flesh search can be adjusted. There is no doubt that the organizers, privacy information providers and other forms of infringers who are in line with the composition of tort liability will be subject to tort liability. What kind of attitude should be adopted to determine the responsibility of the website? In view of the consideration of the overall development of the Internet and the positive function of human flesh search, it is more appropriate to impose the ty of ex post review on the websites involved in human flesh search. The so-called "post review" is mainly after the plaintiff considers that his rights and interests are infringed by the human flesh search behavior of the website and issues a relief request to him, or there is sufficient evidence to show that the website can take measures to stop it[ 4] It can be seen that the rule of review after the event contains the principle of fault imputation, that is, only when the website is at fault can it become the subject of liability and bear joint and several tort liability[ 5]
of course, from the perspective of legal norms of human flesh search, legislation should not only be limited to tort liability, but also make reasonable norms on the scope of application, search content, rights and obligations of relevant parties, supervision and management of human flesh search. Incidentally, some members of the Standing Committee and deputies of the National People's Congress have suggested that the criminal law should be used to regulate human flesh search and the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of human flesh search should be investigated. The author does not agree with this. In recent years, human flesh search has just started in China, which is still a new thing. To deal with this means of network search, we should not completely eliminate human flesh search by means of strict prohibition, and we should not let human flesh search expand infinitely. However, as a legislative act, the regulation and adjustment of human flesh search behavior should be carried out step by step. According to the specific operation practice of human flesh search behavior, the corresponding legislation should be introced timely, instead of taking a heavy attack from the beginning, regarding human flesh search as a criminal tool and demoting the human flesh search actor as a "criminal". China's criminal legislation declares the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime
What's abominable is that human flesh search not only discloses other people's privacy, but also fabricates facts, insults, slanders, exaggerates and denounces human flesh objects. Such behavior can easily touch other people's right to reputation. The right of reputation is also one of the specific personality rights enjoyed by natural persons (citizens). It takes the rection of social evaluation as the judgment standard of infringement, and the main means leading to the rection of social evaluation are insult and slander. In the process of human flesh search, many netizens, out of indignation, describe the object of human flesh search poorly and speak rudely, and a large number of abusive and insulting words pervade the Internet. This will cause the adverse consequences of reputation damage to the parties. Whether the right of privacy is violated or the right of reputation is damaged, it will inevitably cause the loss of personality to the protagonist of "human flesh gate"
the harm of human flesh search is not limited to the direct infringement mentioned above. What's more serious is that with the help of human flesh search information, intrusive behaviors are implemented in reality, such as making harassing phone calls, posting newspapers with indecent words on the door, etc. Obviously, the harm of human flesh search has spread from cyberspace to the real world. Such a series of infringement followed, and finally staged China's "first case of human flesh search", the victims eventually sued the perpetrators and related websites in court, and finally won[ 1]
it is not difficult to see that human flesh search can almost be equated with tort. Many people even call for severe punishment of human flesh searchers, and even advocate banning human flesh search. It is true that legal science can diagnose specific cases of human flesh search, and can give legal technology analysis and value evaluation, but the emergence and development of human flesh search and its practice seem to prove that human flesh search is not only a legal problem. In the period of social transformation, especially the information explosion in the Internet age, people's curiosity about new things and the psychological depression accumulated by the fast-paced life are easy to break out instantaneously. Human flesh searchers would rather bear the pressure of legal risk and public opinion condemnation, but also play the Internet carnival that hurts the parties, and experience the stimulation brought by human flesh search game
despite the rapid development of human flesh search in China in recent years, foreign human flesh search has been growing healthily and soundly. It not only has considerable commercial profits, but also consciously abides by the legal rules, making human flesh search develop rationally along the road of legalization and commercialization, Its users naturally regard human flesh search as a normal and necessary human interactive help service. In contrast, in China, when people hear about human flesh search, they don't seem to regard it as a good thing at all. In most people's eyes, human flesh search may be a bad online game or a boring online farce. The reason why human flesh search is so biased is that the search engine is almost at the edge of the law
in fact, as a new thing, human flesh search should not be knocked down. We should dialectically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of human flesh search and comprehensively understand its impact on people and society. As a way to provide information, human flesh search undoubtedly provides convenience for Internet users in many aspects. With the development of society, it is a legitimate right for people to obtain and possess a certain amount of information, which is also an internal demand of people as a member of the social system. In the field of human rights and public interests, people not only have the right to know, but also have the right and obligation to exercise social supervision and public opinion supervision. When the infringement and even the criminal act or the events that affect the national interests and social interests occur, it is necessary to verify and condemn the parties. At this time, with the help of human flesh search, by absorbing the insiders to participate in the shortcut provided by information, the parties are often easy to be accurately "human flesh" out. The positive function of human flesh search is not only reflected in the supervision of the perpetrators of the search, such as looking for relatives and good people to find stakeholders in the action, human flesh search can also perform extraordinary, with the help of public power, effectively screen information resources, show the search results that people need. In addition, from the development practice of human flesh search, its function has not only been limited to the search of people, but also penetrated into the search field of other information, gathering netizens' enthusiasm and displaying its search skills
if we say that as a network search method or technology, human flesh search shows its value because of its positive functions, then people's use of human flesh search may make its own functions deviate from the track and slide into the negative field which is easy to cause condemnation and resentment. Judging from the cases of human flesh search that have happened in reality, the reason why human flesh search has encountered a lot of criticism is not that human flesh search itself has inherent infringement toxin, but that the operators of this game ignore the legitimate rights and interests of human flesh search objects, and consider the value of the event itself and the legitimacy of the rights and interests of search objects, It seems that netizens have shifted the balance of interests to the degree of condemnation of the event itself, and without thinking, they think that the value of condemning and exposing human flesh search objects is far more important than the protection of their legitimate rights and interests. At this time, the moral trial goes beyond the legal bottom line. When more and more people regard themselves as moral judges, the rights and obligations endowed by law are completely ignored. As a result, once encounter human flesh search events, often instantly gathered a large number of people, in full swing to expose the abominable face of human flesh search
at this moment, the search objects who have been collectively investigated and tried are undoubtedly suffering from privacy disclosure and rights erosion. The culprit of this result is not human flesh search, but all kinds of tort mentioned at the beginning of this article. In other words, it is not the human flesh search itself that leads to infringement, but the human flesh searcher's behavior angers the victim. To be fair, human flesh searchers are not born with infringement motivation. In many cases, human flesh searchers may not do it intentionally, but connive at the madness of human flesh searchers because of the lack of guidelines for their behavior. This is exactly the case in reality. The laws and regulations directly related to human flesh search are in a blank state. In case of infringement cases caused by human flesh search, we have to apply the general norms of tort liability. It can be said that human flesh search is drifting away from the edge of the law
is the "human flesh search", which is on the edge of the law, a ban or a legislative gap[ 2] According to the previous interpretation of the positive function of human flesh search, combined with the healthy operation practice of foreign human flesh search, starting from the development space and actual needs of human flesh search in China, rather than stifling this new thing by banning human flesh search, it is better to reasonably regulate the behavior of human flesh search through scientific legislation. This is almost a consensus[ 3] Moreover, from the perspective of the current legal norms, it is not lack of legal basis to identify the composition of tort. From the perspective of the general adjustment function of law, China's current law is not powerless in regulating the tort of human flesh search. The first case of human flesh search, which has made a judgment and has been partially implemented, also invokes the current tort legal norms. However, human flesh search as a type of network infringement, because of its own particularity, can not but urge legislators to pay special attention to its responsibility distribution
in this regard, an effective way should be to reasonably define the liability space of human flesh search infringement. In terms of the liability involved in human flesh search infringement, both the website and the specific behavior of human flesh search are likely to be responsible. However, the key to determine the subject of responsibility lies in the elements of responsibility. Therefore, it is very important to design the review system and imputation principle. According to the existing tort laws and regulations, the responsibility of the specific operators of human flesh search can be adjusted. There is no doubt that the organizers, privacy information providers and other forms of infringers who are in line with the composition of tort liability will be subject to tort liability. What kind of attitude should be adopted to determine the responsibility of the website? In view of the consideration of the overall development of the Internet and the positive function of human flesh search, it is more appropriate to impose the ty of ex post review on the websites involved in human flesh search. The so-called "post review" is mainly after the plaintiff considers that his rights and interests are infringed by the human flesh search behavior of the website and issues a relief request to him, or there is sufficient evidence to show that the website can take measures to stop it[ 4] It can be seen that the rule of review after the event contains the principle of fault imputation, that is, only when the website is at fault can it become the subject of liability and bear joint and several tort liability[ 5]
of course, from the perspective of legal norms of human flesh search, legislation should not only be limited to tort liability, but also make reasonable norms on the scope of application, search content, rights and obligations of relevant parties, supervision and management of human flesh search. Incidentally, some members of the Standing Committee and deputies of the National People's Congress have suggested that the criminal law should be used to regulate human flesh search and the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of human flesh search should be investigated. The author does not agree with this. In recent years, human flesh search has just started in China, which is still a new thing. To deal with this means of network search, we should not completely eliminate human flesh search by means of strict prohibition, and we should not let human flesh search expand infinitely. However, as a legislative act, the regulation and adjustment of human flesh search behavior should be carried out step by step. According to the specific operation practice of human flesh search behavior, the corresponding legislation should be introced timely, instead of taking a heavy attack from the beginning, regarding human flesh search as a criminal tool and demoting the human flesh search actor as a "criminal". China's criminal legislation declares the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime
2. Research on the innovation of China's commercial monetary economy and financial procts
analysis on the legal issues of financing monetary economy rights and interests protection in export insurance
the application of VaR in the credit risk management of commercial monetary economy
on RAROC, the core method of comprehensive risk management of monetary economy
the strategic choice of China's transnational operation of monetary economy
innovation of monetary economy business model based on value chain
Research on the development of urban commercial monetary economy after China's entry into WTO
empirical analysis on the competitiveness of rural commercial monetary economy in China
analysis on the competitiveness of urban commercial monetary economy in China
discussion on customer satisfaction of commercial monetary economy enterprises
measurement of human capital value of monetary economy and its contribution
on brand building of private business of commercial monetary economy in China Research on the causes and Countermeasures of non-performing assets of state-owned commercial monetary economy Research on the application of foreign capital in the performance management of China's commercial monetary economy
Research on the legal supervision system of foreign capital monetary economy
discussion on the public function of state-owned commercial monetary economy
Research on the development and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy intermediary business
Research on the bottleneck and Countermeasures of China's monetary economy insurance development
Research on the influencing factors and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy information disclosure Effect research
on the relationship between the government and the state-owned commercial monetary economy management
on the development of China's private monetary economy
on the construction of online monetary economy of China Merchants monetary economy
on the institutional change of commercial monetary economy
on the reconstruction of customer management of China's commercial monetary economy
the application of VAR model in the market risk management of China's commercial monetary economy />The theory of customer relationship management and the application of information technology in China's commercial monetary economy
analysis on the legal issues of financing monetary economy rights and interests protection in export insurance
the application of VaR in the credit risk management of commercial monetary economy
on RAROC, the core method of comprehensive risk management of monetary economy
the strategic choice of China's transnational operation of monetary economy
innovation of monetary economy business model based on value chain
Research on the development of urban commercial monetary economy after China's entry into WTO
empirical analysis on the competitiveness of rural commercial monetary economy in China
analysis on the competitiveness of urban commercial monetary economy in China
discussion on customer satisfaction of commercial monetary economy enterprises
measurement of human capital value of monetary economy and its contribution
on brand building of private business of commercial monetary economy in China Research on the causes and Countermeasures of non-performing assets of state-owned commercial monetary economy Research on the application of foreign capital in the performance management of China's commercial monetary economy
Research on the legal supervision system of foreign capital monetary economy
discussion on the public function of state-owned commercial monetary economy
Research on the development and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy intermediary business
Research on the bottleneck and Countermeasures of China's monetary economy insurance development
Research on the influencing factors and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy information disclosure Effect research
on the relationship between the government and the state-owned commercial monetary economy management
on the development of China's private monetary economy
on the construction of online monetary economy of China Merchants monetary economy
on the institutional change of commercial monetary economy
on the reconstruction of customer management of China's commercial monetary economy
the application of VAR model in the market risk management of China's commercial monetary economy />The theory of customer relationship management and the application of information technology in China's commercial monetary economy
3. I don't know who can recommend books about legal issues of virtual currency. Related papers Because it is on the mobile phone, there is no way to search the original text for you. I remember so much, hope to help you
4. It's also a blank.
5. With the continuous enhancement of China's economic strength and the deepening of the reform of the international monetary system, the internationalization of RMB has become an increasingly urgent problem to be solved. It is not only related to whether China's financial innovation can rise like the real economy and form a al wheel drive of economy and finance, but also related to whether China's status can be strongly supported by sovereign currencies and obtain more voting rights and discourse rights in the reform of the international monetary system. The G20 finance ministers and central bank governors meeting held in South Korea in 21 years reached a "historic agreement" on the reform of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and China's share of the IMF rose from the sixth to the third place, which put forward further requirements for the internationalization of RMB< At present, RMB internationalization has made some progress, including cross-border trade settlement, local currency swap, overseas issuance of RMB bonds and funds, and establishment of overseas RMB return channels. The optimal currency area of RMB began to form and expand in the four places across the Taiwan Strait, Chinese economic circle, East Asia Economic Cooperation Organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and surrounding countries and regions
1. Cross border trade settlement. Since the trial of RMB settlement of goods trade between Guangdong and the Yangtze River Delta and Hong Kong and Macao, Guangxi and Yunnan and ASEAN in December 28, the number of domestic pilot provinces and cities has been expanded to two, and the overseas region of cross-border trade settlement has been expanded to all countries. According to statistics, by the end of April 2011, China's cross-border trade RMB settlement amount has exceeded 1 trillion[ 1] It can be said that cross-border trade settlement is not only the first step of RMB internationalization, but also reflects the payment and settlement function of international currency. At the same time, cross-border trade settlement is the necessary stage of RMB internationalization, and its smooth expansion will lay a solid foundation for further promoting RMB internationalization in the future
2. Local currency swap. Since December 28, China and South Korea signed a RMB 1.8 billion bilateral local currency swap agreement, in February 29, China and Malaysia signed a RMB 800 million swap agreement; In March of 29, China signed RMB 200 million and RMB 100 million bilateral local currency swap agreements with Belarus and Indonesia; In April 29, China signed a RMB 700 million swap agreement with Argentina. In June and July, China signed 3.5 billion and 1.5 billion RMB bilateral local currency swap agreements with Iceland and Singapore respectively. In April 2011, China signed a 2.5 billion RMB bilateral local currency swap agreement with New Zealand. So far, China has signed a total of 828.5 billion RMB bilateral currency swap agreements with eight countries and regions
3. Overseas issuance of RMB bonds and funds. In June 27, China Development Bank was approved to issue the first RMB bond in Hong Kong, with an amount of RMB 500 million; By August, a total of eight financial institutions, including the Ministry of finance, China Development Bank, Export Import Bank of China, Bank of China, Bank of communications, construction bank, HSBC and Bank of East Asia, had issued nearly 400 million yuan of RMB bonds in Hong Kong[ 2] By the end of April 2011, the amount of RMB bonds issued in Hong Kong had reached 8.4 billion yuan[ 3] Overseas RMB funds also opened in August 21. Haitong Securities issued the first RMB fund in Hong Kong, with an amount of RMB 500 million; After that, Hang Seng Bank, ICBC Asia and CCB international all issued RMB funds in Hong Kong. The issuance of overseas RMB bonds and funds provides a channel for overseas RMB to invest and return to the mainland, further stimulating the payment, settlement and circulation of RMB abroad
4. On August 17, 21, the people's Bank of China issued the notice on matters related to the pilot use of RMB to invest in the inter-bank bond market by three types of institutions, including overseas RMB clearing banks, allowing Hong Kong and Macao RMB business clearing banks and cross-border trade RMB clearing banks to participate in the inter-bank bond market and overseas central banks or monetary authorities to invest in the approved amount. According to statistics, as of March 2011, nearly two overseas institutions, including Bank of China Hong Kong branch and Bank of China Macao Branch, were allowed to enter the interbank bond market[ 4] This measure further provides investment and value preservation and appreciation channels for RMB funds legally obtained from overseas, and enhances the confidence of overseas institutions in holding RMB< Some countries begin to accept RMB as the exchange rate index currency, settlement currency and reserve currency. In April 25, the European central bank added seven currencies, including RMB, to the euro guided exchange rate system; In November 25, the Central Bank of India included RMB into a basket of currencies in the exchange rate index when adjusting the exchange rate index; In Mongolia, RMB now accounts for 6% of currency payment, settlement and reserve. This shows that some countries with more trade with China have begun to recognize and accept RMB. With the continuous enhancement of China's economic strength and international influence, some neighboring countries began to use RMB as reserve currency. In December 26, the Philippines announced that RMB would be the reserve currency of the central bank. This is the first time that RMB has been listed as the reserve currency by other countries; In September, the Central Bank of Malaysia also began to buy RMB denominated bonds as its foreign exchange reserves. According to incomplete statistics, the current circulation of RMB as a means of international payment, including border trade, tourism trade, RMB settlement trade, international turnover and overseas retention, has reached nearly one trillion. It can be said that RMB is graally accepted and recognized by other countries, and the external conditions for RMB internationalization are becoming more and more mature< Second, the reform of the international monetary system provides an important opportunity for the internationalization of RMB.
in the past three years, China has unswervingly implemented the strategic policy of focusing on economic construction and made remarkable achievements. The rapid development of economy and finance has laid a solid foundation for the internationalization of RMB. At the same time, great changes have taken place in the international economic and financial situation, and the international monetary system is in the process of reform, which provides a rare opportunity for RMB internationalization< The rise of emerging economies will inevitably require the reform of the international monetary system. As we all know, emerging economies, including the BRICs countries China, Russia, India and Brazil, have risen rapidly in the past year, accounting for an increasing proportion of the world economy and becoming an important economic force. From the specific data, in 199, the global emerging economies accounted for 39% of the total world economy, and in 26, the proportion increased to 48%. In 29, according to purchasing power parity, the share of emerging economies in global GDP has risen to 51.87%[ 5] In terms of contribution rate to the world economy, the contribution rate of emerging economies to the world economic growth has exceeded 5% in 28 years. According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund, the global economic growth rate will be 2.7% in the next 21 years, including 1.3% in developed economies and 5.1% in emerging economies. However, the Jamaica System Based on the Bretton Woods system can no longer meet the needs of the world economic development in the 21st century. The principles and framework of the system reflect more the interests of developed countries in Europe and the United States. The voice and voting rights of emerging economies and developing countries are not fully reflected, which does not match their rising economic status. With the rise of emerging economies, the voice of reforming the international monetary system is growing< The U.S. financial crisis and the European debt crisis have further promoted the reform of the international monetary system. The financial crisis broke out in the United States in 27 years quickly spread to the whole world, causing global financial turmoil. With the deepening of the financial crisis, especially the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the investment banking model, the cornerstone of the U.S. financial empire, has been questioned and denied. Three of the five major investment banks have gone bankrupt. Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley have also turned to the commercial banking model. Wall street once fell into confusion. After Obama came to power, the reform of American financial system further intensified the contradiction between the government and wall street. The influence of financial crisis, self-help, internal reform and internal friction will inevitably weaken the position and control of the United States in the international monetary system. Coincidentally, the European debt crisis that began in Greece in December of 29 put Europe in the same embarrassing situation. It has become a top priority for the major countries in the euro area to be busy in providing assistance to the euro area countries deeply troubled by the debt crisis and how to help them rece their debt and get rid of the crisis. As a result, the economy of western developed countries declined and their strength was damaged, which changed the balance of power in the international monetary system. The original pattern and balance were completely broken, which further promoted the reform of the international monetary system
3. The reform of the international monetary system presents a pattern of declining US dollar status and diversified reserve currencies, which provides a good opportunity for RMB internationalization. At the end of February, the South Korean Central Bank published a report "the decline of the status of the US dollar, and the monetary order is expected to enter a multi currency system", which said that as of September 29, the proportion of US dollar assets in the global foreign exchange reserves had dropped from more than 8% in 1977 to 61.6%, while the proportion of euro assets had risen from 17.9% in 1999 to 27.7%. In the next five to one years, the US dollar may still be the most important reserve currency in the world, but in a longer period, the status of the US dollar will decline, and the global monetary order is expected to enter into a variety of monetary systems. It can be seen that the pattern of the international monetary system will change with the decline of the status of the US dollar, showing the decline of the status of the US dollar, the rise of the status of the euro, and the diversification of reserve currencies. The declining proportion of US dollar in global foreign exchange reserves will be replaced by other currencies, which is a rare opportunity for RMB internationalization< The internationalization of RMB will go through the following stages and processes: first, RMB will become an important international trade settlement currency and a popular payment, settlement and circulation currency in neighboring countries; second, RMB will become an important international trade settlement currency; Second, RMB has become the settlement currency of international financial market transactions and the primary hard currency with a certain position in the international monetary system; Third, RMB has become an international reserve currency favored by all countries in the world; Fourth, RMB has become a super sovereign currency like the US dollar. However, the process of RMB internationalization is not achieved overnight, it needs to overcome all kinds of obstacles and risks
1. Obstacles in ideology, social system and cultural tradition. In the international community, the vast majority of countries identify with Western civilization and capitalist system. Although China has made remarkable achievements in economic construction, many countries do not identify with China's ideology and social system. They regard China's rise as a potential competitor rather than a partner. Similarly, China's cultural tradition with a long history and oriental characteristics is obviously different from Western civilization. The differences in language, concept and way of thinking will lead to communication barriers and aggravate the gap in seeking identity. Therefore, compared with the dollar, euro and yen, the process of RMB internationalization will be more tortuous and long
2. Obstruction by some big countries with vested interests. In the current international monetary system, although the status of the US dollar is declining, as the number one economic power in the world, the United States will not easily give up its hegemonic position and will certainly try to maintain it
1. Cross border trade settlement. Since the trial of RMB settlement of goods trade between Guangdong and the Yangtze River Delta and Hong Kong and Macao, Guangxi and Yunnan and ASEAN in December 28, the number of domestic pilot provinces and cities has been expanded to two, and the overseas region of cross-border trade settlement has been expanded to all countries. According to statistics, by the end of April 2011, China's cross-border trade RMB settlement amount has exceeded 1 trillion[ 1] It can be said that cross-border trade settlement is not only the first step of RMB internationalization, but also reflects the payment and settlement function of international currency. At the same time, cross-border trade settlement is the necessary stage of RMB internationalization, and its smooth expansion will lay a solid foundation for further promoting RMB internationalization in the future
2. Local currency swap. Since December 28, China and South Korea signed a RMB 1.8 billion bilateral local currency swap agreement, in February 29, China and Malaysia signed a RMB 800 million swap agreement; In March of 29, China signed RMB 200 million and RMB 100 million bilateral local currency swap agreements with Belarus and Indonesia; In April 29, China signed a RMB 700 million swap agreement with Argentina. In June and July, China signed 3.5 billion and 1.5 billion RMB bilateral local currency swap agreements with Iceland and Singapore respectively. In April 2011, China signed a 2.5 billion RMB bilateral local currency swap agreement with New Zealand. So far, China has signed a total of 828.5 billion RMB bilateral currency swap agreements with eight countries and regions
3. Overseas issuance of RMB bonds and funds. In June 27, China Development Bank was approved to issue the first RMB bond in Hong Kong, with an amount of RMB 500 million; By August, a total of eight financial institutions, including the Ministry of finance, China Development Bank, Export Import Bank of China, Bank of China, Bank of communications, construction bank, HSBC and Bank of East Asia, had issued nearly 400 million yuan of RMB bonds in Hong Kong[ 2] By the end of April 2011, the amount of RMB bonds issued in Hong Kong had reached 8.4 billion yuan[ 3] Overseas RMB funds also opened in August 21. Haitong Securities issued the first RMB fund in Hong Kong, with an amount of RMB 500 million; After that, Hang Seng Bank, ICBC Asia and CCB international all issued RMB funds in Hong Kong. The issuance of overseas RMB bonds and funds provides a channel for overseas RMB to invest and return to the mainland, further stimulating the payment, settlement and circulation of RMB abroad
4. On August 17, 21, the people's Bank of China issued the notice on matters related to the pilot use of RMB to invest in the inter-bank bond market by three types of institutions, including overseas RMB clearing banks, allowing Hong Kong and Macao RMB business clearing banks and cross-border trade RMB clearing banks to participate in the inter-bank bond market and overseas central banks or monetary authorities to invest in the approved amount. According to statistics, as of March 2011, nearly two overseas institutions, including Bank of China Hong Kong branch and Bank of China Macao Branch, were allowed to enter the interbank bond market[ 4] This measure further provides investment and value preservation and appreciation channels for RMB funds legally obtained from overseas, and enhances the confidence of overseas institutions in holding RMB< Some countries begin to accept RMB as the exchange rate index currency, settlement currency and reserve currency. In April 25, the European central bank added seven currencies, including RMB, to the euro guided exchange rate system; In November 25, the Central Bank of India included RMB into a basket of currencies in the exchange rate index when adjusting the exchange rate index; In Mongolia, RMB now accounts for 6% of currency payment, settlement and reserve. This shows that some countries with more trade with China have begun to recognize and accept RMB. With the continuous enhancement of China's economic strength and international influence, some neighboring countries began to use RMB as reserve currency. In December 26, the Philippines announced that RMB would be the reserve currency of the central bank. This is the first time that RMB has been listed as the reserve currency by other countries; In September, the Central Bank of Malaysia also began to buy RMB denominated bonds as its foreign exchange reserves. According to incomplete statistics, the current circulation of RMB as a means of international payment, including border trade, tourism trade, RMB settlement trade, international turnover and overseas retention, has reached nearly one trillion. It can be said that RMB is graally accepted and recognized by other countries, and the external conditions for RMB internationalization are becoming more and more mature< Second, the reform of the international monetary system provides an important opportunity for the internationalization of RMB.
in the past three years, China has unswervingly implemented the strategic policy of focusing on economic construction and made remarkable achievements. The rapid development of economy and finance has laid a solid foundation for the internationalization of RMB. At the same time, great changes have taken place in the international economic and financial situation, and the international monetary system is in the process of reform, which provides a rare opportunity for RMB internationalization< The rise of emerging economies will inevitably require the reform of the international monetary system. As we all know, emerging economies, including the BRICs countries China, Russia, India and Brazil, have risen rapidly in the past year, accounting for an increasing proportion of the world economy and becoming an important economic force. From the specific data, in 199, the global emerging economies accounted for 39% of the total world economy, and in 26, the proportion increased to 48%. In 29, according to purchasing power parity, the share of emerging economies in global GDP has risen to 51.87%[ 5] In terms of contribution rate to the world economy, the contribution rate of emerging economies to the world economic growth has exceeded 5% in 28 years. According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund, the global economic growth rate will be 2.7% in the next 21 years, including 1.3% in developed economies and 5.1% in emerging economies. However, the Jamaica System Based on the Bretton Woods system can no longer meet the needs of the world economic development in the 21st century. The principles and framework of the system reflect more the interests of developed countries in Europe and the United States. The voice and voting rights of emerging economies and developing countries are not fully reflected, which does not match their rising economic status. With the rise of emerging economies, the voice of reforming the international monetary system is growing< The U.S. financial crisis and the European debt crisis have further promoted the reform of the international monetary system. The financial crisis broke out in the United States in 27 years quickly spread to the whole world, causing global financial turmoil. With the deepening of the financial crisis, especially the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the investment banking model, the cornerstone of the U.S. financial empire, has been questioned and denied. Three of the five major investment banks have gone bankrupt. Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley have also turned to the commercial banking model. Wall street once fell into confusion. After Obama came to power, the reform of American financial system further intensified the contradiction between the government and wall street. The influence of financial crisis, self-help, internal reform and internal friction will inevitably weaken the position and control of the United States in the international monetary system. Coincidentally, the European debt crisis that began in Greece in December of 29 put Europe in the same embarrassing situation. It has become a top priority for the major countries in the euro area to be busy in providing assistance to the euro area countries deeply troubled by the debt crisis and how to help them rece their debt and get rid of the crisis. As a result, the economy of western developed countries declined and their strength was damaged, which changed the balance of power in the international monetary system. The original pattern and balance were completely broken, which further promoted the reform of the international monetary system
3. The reform of the international monetary system presents a pattern of declining US dollar status and diversified reserve currencies, which provides a good opportunity for RMB internationalization. At the end of February, the South Korean Central Bank published a report "the decline of the status of the US dollar, and the monetary order is expected to enter a multi currency system", which said that as of September 29, the proportion of US dollar assets in the global foreign exchange reserves had dropped from more than 8% in 1977 to 61.6%, while the proportion of euro assets had risen from 17.9% in 1999 to 27.7%. In the next five to one years, the US dollar may still be the most important reserve currency in the world, but in a longer period, the status of the US dollar will decline, and the global monetary order is expected to enter into a variety of monetary systems. It can be seen that the pattern of the international monetary system will change with the decline of the status of the US dollar, showing the decline of the status of the US dollar, the rise of the status of the euro, and the diversification of reserve currencies. The declining proportion of US dollar in global foreign exchange reserves will be replaced by other currencies, which is a rare opportunity for RMB internationalization< The internationalization of RMB will go through the following stages and processes: first, RMB will become an important international trade settlement currency and a popular payment, settlement and circulation currency in neighboring countries; second, RMB will become an important international trade settlement currency; Second, RMB has become the settlement currency of international financial market transactions and the primary hard currency with a certain position in the international monetary system; Third, RMB has become an international reserve currency favored by all countries in the world; Fourth, RMB has become a super sovereign currency like the US dollar. However, the process of RMB internationalization is not achieved overnight, it needs to overcome all kinds of obstacles and risks
1. Obstacles in ideology, social system and cultural tradition. In the international community, the vast majority of countries identify with Western civilization and capitalist system. Although China has made remarkable achievements in economic construction, many countries do not identify with China's ideology and social system. They regard China's rise as a potential competitor rather than a partner. Similarly, China's cultural tradition with a long history and oriental characteristics is obviously different from Western civilization. The differences in language, concept and way of thinking will lead to communication barriers and aggravate the gap in seeking identity. Therefore, compared with the dollar, euro and yen, the process of RMB internationalization will be more tortuous and long
2. Obstruction by some big countries with vested interests. In the current international monetary system, although the status of the US dollar is declining, as the number one economic power in the world, the United States will not easily give up its hegemonic position and will certainly try to maintain it
6. Five pages are required
7. Previous barter -- the emergence of money (shell money) -- the perfection of money (metal money, unified system and weight) -- the perfection and optimization of money (the emergence of banknotes and stocks) -- the evolution of money (from substance to number, that is, the emergence of capital account makes people's real money into a pile of numbers)
just this outline.... In these aspects
remember to give points.
just this outline.... In these aspects
remember to give points.
8. 1. Background
the unit of international settlement is U.S. dollars. Everyone speaks in U.S. dollars. They buy and sell in U.S. dollars, and everyone has U.S. dollars in their hands. Therefore, the surplus investors naturally choose U.S. dollar assets<
2. The conditions for RMB internationalization
1) the international community's confidence and credit in RMB
2) the sustainable development of China's economy
3. The conditions for RMB internationalization
1) free convertibility
2) the continuous enhancement of consumption capacity and import growth, that is to say, to become a buyer
3) the country has enough strength, Including military strength
4. Difficulties and Countermeasures of internationalization
the United States will not allow this. The United States has two weapons, one is nuclear weapons, the other is more powerful than nuclear weapons, that is, the US dollar. The solution is to wait until China's strength is equal to that of the United States, and before that, promote the free convertibility of RMB, and use RMB as an international unit of valuation and international settlement tool
5. The meaning of this sentence is "our currency, their problem". The original sentence is "US dollar is our currency, but it is the problem of the world". The meaning is self-evident
you see, Would you?
the unit of international settlement is U.S. dollars. Everyone speaks in U.S. dollars. They buy and sell in U.S. dollars, and everyone has U.S. dollars in their hands. Therefore, the surplus investors naturally choose U.S. dollar assets<
2. The conditions for RMB internationalization
1) the international community's confidence and credit in RMB
2) the sustainable development of China's economy
3. The conditions for RMB internationalization
1) free convertibility
2) the continuous enhancement of consumption capacity and import growth, that is to say, to become a buyer
3) the country has enough strength, Including military strength
4. Difficulties and Countermeasures of internationalization
the United States will not allow this. The United States has two weapons, one is nuclear weapons, the other is more powerful than nuclear weapons, that is, the US dollar. The solution is to wait until China's strength is equal to that of the United States, and before that, promote the free convertibility of RMB, and use RMB as an international unit of valuation and international settlement tool
5. The meaning of this sentence is "our currency, their problem". The original sentence is "US dollar is our currency, but it is the problem of the world". The meaning is self-evident
you see, Would you?
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