Q & A of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-24 06:21:36
1.
The differences between e-money and virtual money are as follows:
1. Electronic money refers to using a certain amount of cash or deposit to exchange from the issuer and obtain data representing the same amount, or through the quick payment service launched by the bank and the third party to transfer the balance in the bank through some electronic ways, so that transactions can be carried out. Strictly speaking, it is a kind of currency that consumers use the bank's Internet banking service to store value and make quick payment to the issuers of electronic currency, and make consumers trade electronically through media (two-dimensional code or hardware equipment)
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum" The detailed explanation of electronic currency is as follows:1. Concept: it is an encrypted serial number representing cash, which can be used to represent the currency value of various amounts in reality. With the transformation from paper-based economy to digital economy, e-cash will become the mainstream
2. Features: anonymity, transaction cost saving, transmission cost saving, low holding risk, flexible and convenient payment, anti-counterfeiting and anti repetition, non traceability
There are two kinds of e-cash: one is based on the Internet and keeps the binary data representing the value of money in the hard disk of the computer terminal; One is the electronic wallet that keeps the monetary value in the IC card and can be circulated without the bank payment system4. Definition: consumers pay traditional money to the issuers of electronic money, and the issuers store the equal value of traditional money in the electronic devices held by consumers in electronic form
2. With the development of the Internet, while providing a large number of free services to the majority of Internet users, according to the company's profit needs and the diversified needs of users, various websites have launched charging services. This also promoted the emergence of virtual currency
in order to provide better services, many portal websites and online game operators have been providing virtual currency for use for a long time. According to incomplete statistics, there are no less than 10 kinds of network virtual currency (referred to as network currency) currently in circulation, such as Q currency, network currency, cool currency, Warcraft currency, Paradise currency, Shanda (game area) coupon, etc. Take Q coin as an example, there are more than 200 million users. Instry insiders estimate that the domestic Internet has a virtual money market scale of several billion yuan per year, and is growing at a rate of 15% - 20%
in a market economy, demand stimulates innovation, which in turn stimulates demand. The increasing popularity of virtual currency is completed in the needs of users and the innovation of enterprises. At present, there are many kinds of virtual currency in China's network market, among which Tencent, relying on its huge QQ users, has timely launched QQ currency with the maturity of instant messaging market
it is undeniable that virtual currency makes us feel the convenience of purchasing network services, which is the inevitable proct of the development of network economy. But at present, the network virtual currency has quietly changed into a huge trading market
Lyndon larush, a famous American economist, once predicted that from 2050, the virtual currency of the Internet will be officially recognized to some extent and become a mobile currency. With such a large market and bright prospects, many companies are eager to try and intend to occupy this market. Now it seems that the network, PayPal (PayPal) and Tencent are in the leading position
at the present stage, most e-money is based on the existing real money (cash or deposit), which has the function of "value measurement" and "value preservation", and the precondition that e-money and real money can exchange at a ratio of 1
: 1 is established
as a means of payment, most e-money can not be separated from cash or deposit. It is transmitted and transferred by electronic means to pay off creditor's rights and debts and realize settlement. Therefore, the function and influence of e-money at present is essentially the relationship between e-money, cash and deposit
at present, there are four types of popular electronic currency in China
1. Stored value card electronic currency. Generally, it appears in the form of magnetic card or IC card. Besides commercial banks, it is also issued by telecommunication departments (ordinary telephone card, IC telephone card), IC enterprises (network card), commercial retail enterprises (various consumption cards), government organs (internal consumption IC card) and schools (Campus IC card). After the issuer receives the customer's funds in advance, it issues the equivalent stored value card, which makes the stored value card a new "deposit account" independent of the bank deposit. At the same time, the stored value card in the customer consumption to dect the way to pay fees, which is equivalent to the deposit account payment currency. At present, the deposits in the stored value cards are not included in the central bank's reserve requirements. Therefore, the stored value cards can rece the demand for cash and current savings
2. Credit card applied electronic currency. It refers to the credit card or quasi credit card issued by commercial banks, credit card companies and other issuers. The loan can be consumed within the credit limit specified by the issuer, and then the repayment can be made at the specified time. The widespread use of credit cards can expand consumer credit and affect money supply
3. They are mainly debit cards, electronic checks, etc., which are used to withdraw cash, transfer settlement and transfer funds from bank deposits in an electronic way. The widespread use of this kind of electronic payment method can rece the cost of consumers to and from the bank, rece the balance of cash demand, and speed up the circulation of money
4. Cash analog electronic currency. There are mainly two kinds: one is e-cash which is based on the Internet environment and keeps the binary data representing the value of money in the hard disk of the computer terminal; One is the electronic wallet that keeps the monetary value in the IC card and can be circulated without the bank payment system. This kind of e-money has the characteristics of anonymity of cash, can be used for payment between indivials, and can change hands many times. It is developed for the purpose of replacing entity cash. The expanding use of this kind of electronic currency can affect the currency issuing mechanism, rece the seigniorage income of the central bank, and rece the scale of assets and liabilities of the central bank
in order to provide better services, many portal websites and online game operators have been providing virtual currency for use for a long time. According to incomplete statistics, there are no less than 10 kinds of network virtual currency (referred to as network currency) currently in circulation, such as Q currency, network currency, cool currency, Warcraft currency, Paradise currency, Shanda (game area) coupon, etc. Take Q coin as an example, there are more than 200 million users. Instry insiders estimate that the domestic Internet has a virtual money market scale of several billion yuan per year, and is growing at a rate of 15% - 20%
in a market economy, demand stimulates innovation, which in turn stimulates demand. The increasing popularity of virtual currency is completed in the needs of users and the innovation of enterprises. At present, there are many kinds of virtual currency in China's network market, among which Tencent, relying on its huge QQ users, has timely launched QQ currency with the maturity of instant messaging market
it is undeniable that virtual currency makes us feel the convenience of purchasing network services, which is the inevitable proct of the development of network economy. But at present, the network virtual currency has quietly changed into a huge trading market
Lyndon larush, a famous American economist, once predicted that from 2050, the virtual currency of the Internet will be officially recognized to some extent and become a mobile currency. With such a large market and bright prospects, many companies are eager to try and intend to occupy this market. Now it seems that the network, PayPal (PayPal) and Tencent are in the leading position
at the present stage, most e-money is based on the existing real money (cash or deposit), which has the function of "value measurement" and "value preservation", and the precondition that e-money and real money can exchange at a ratio of 1
: 1 is established
as a means of payment, most e-money can not be separated from cash or deposit. It is transmitted and transferred by electronic means to pay off creditor's rights and debts and realize settlement. Therefore, the function and influence of e-money at present is essentially the relationship between e-money, cash and deposit
at present, there are four types of popular electronic currency in China
1. Stored value card electronic currency. Generally, it appears in the form of magnetic card or IC card. Besides commercial banks, it is also issued by telecommunication departments (ordinary telephone card, IC telephone card), IC enterprises (network card), commercial retail enterprises (various consumption cards), government organs (internal consumption IC card) and schools (Campus IC card). After the issuer receives the customer's funds in advance, it issues the equivalent stored value card, which makes the stored value card a new "deposit account" independent of the bank deposit. At the same time, the stored value card in the customer consumption to dect the way to pay fees, which is equivalent to the deposit account payment currency. At present, the deposits in the stored value cards are not included in the central bank's reserve requirements. Therefore, the stored value cards can rece the demand for cash and current savings
2. Credit card applied electronic currency. It refers to the credit card or quasi credit card issued by commercial banks, credit card companies and other issuers. The loan can be consumed within the credit limit specified by the issuer, and then the repayment can be made at the specified time. The widespread use of credit cards can expand consumer credit and affect money supply
3. They are mainly debit cards, electronic checks, etc., which are used to withdraw cash, transfer settlement and transfer funds from bank deposits in an electronic way. The widespread use of this kind of electronic payment method can rece the cost of consumers to and from the bank, rece the balance of cash demand, and speed up the circulation of money
4. Cash analog electronic currency. There are mainly two kinds: one is e-cash which is based on the Internet environment and keeps the binary data representing the value of money in the hard disk of the computer terminal; One is the electronic wallet that keeps the monetary value in the IC card and can be circulated without the bank payment system. This kind of e-money has the characteristics of anonymity of cash, can be used for payment between indivials, and can change hands many times. It is developed for the purpose of replacing entity cash. The expanding use of this kind of electronic currency can affect the currency issuing mechanism, rece the seigniorage income of the central bank, and rece the scale of assets and liabilities of the central bank
3. The differences between e-money and virtual money are as follows:
1. Electronic money refers to using a certain amount of cash or deposit to exchange from the issuer and obtain data representing the same amount, or through the quick payment service launched by the bank and the third party to transfer the balance in the bank through some electronic ways, so that transactions can be carried out. Strictly speaking, it is a kind of currency that consumers use the bank's Internet banking service to store value and make quick payment to the issuers of electronic currency, and make consumers trade electronically through media (two-dimensional code or hardware equipment)
2. Virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum".
1. Electronic money refers to using a certain amount of cash or deposit to exchange from the issuer and obtain data representing the same amount, or through the quick payment service launched by the bank and the third party to transfer the balance in the bank through some electronic ways, so that transactions can be carried out. Strictly speaking, it is a kind of currency that consumers use the bank's Internet banking service to store value and make quick payment to the issuers of electronic currency, and make consumers trade electronically through media (two-dimensional code or hardware equipment)
2. Virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum".
4. Construction chain is a construction engineering blockchain, which is a blockchain research project led by a real estate enterprise. Its parent company includes real estate, property, scenic spots, project development and other undertakings. Medium strength, its token BECC is generally well-known, but has great potential. BECC is mainly devoted to the application of payment.
5. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's idea, open source software was designed and released, and P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
bitcoin can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items[ 1-2]
on February 26, 2014, Joe Manchin, a Democratic senator from West Virginia, issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the US federal government, hoping that the relevant institutions would pay attention to the status quo of bitcoin's encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and take action as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency[ 3]
http://ke..com/subview/5784548/12216829.htm?fr=aladdin
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
bitcoin can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items[ 1-2]
on February 26, 2014, Joe Manchin, a Democratic senator from West Virginia, issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the US federal government, hoping that the relevant institutions would pay attention to the status quo of bitcoin's encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and take action as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency[ 3]
http://ke..com/subview/5784548/12216829.htm?fr=aladdin
6. There are homework help, homework help to answer questions can earn credit, credit can change things. Of course, asking questions requires credit
7. Basic knowledge of bank credit
overview of bank credit
bank credit
refers to the credit behavior that commercial banks and other financial institutions lend money to borrowers according to the agreed conditions and recover the principal and interest at maturity.
key points
it is carried out with banks as intermediary, which is different from national credit, commercial credit and private credit.
specifically refers to money lending, Instead of physical loan.
it is conditional on interest repayment.
the content of bank credit is listed publicly and has the operating conditions. - - financial institutions approved by the CBRC accept the money deposit of the public and become the debtors of the public.
* provide financing loans for the people who are short of money.
* provide other services besides deposit and loan services for the public, Such as transfer settlement.
key points:
banks act as both creditors and debtors.
banks first absorb funds, raise funds, and then use funds to make loans, The movement of credit funds is different from the previous use of postal savings funds.
the process of the movement of bank credit funds
absorbing deposits
issuing loans
recovering loans
repaying the principal and interest of depositors
the requirements of the movement of bank credit funds
implementing the principles of commercial credit.
--- banks must pay attention to the safety and efficiency of funds, Liquidity.
--- interest repayment, And the loan interest rate is higher than the deposit interest rate.
combined with the operation of national economy.
the origin and development trend of bank credit
the origin of bank loan
the development of bank loan:
- asset management stage
- real bill theory
- Asset convertibility theory
- expected income theory
- liability management stage
- asset liability management theory stage
new trend of bank loan asset securitization stage
Loan Policy and principle
Loan Policy: the content of loan policy
total amount of loan policy
Loan Investment Policy
loan interest rate policy
total amount of loan policy
-- it is the national policy of the central bank in accordance with a certain period of time The plan of economic development and the organization of commercial banks, the possibility of raising and financing funds, and the maximum amount of loans approved by commercial banks in one year (or quarter).
total loan management
asset liability ratio management and risk management
control money supply<
news link
credit control is a rational policy choice
time: March 19, 2008 15:20:02 source: China Securities Journal
key words: credit control policy credit control policy
Abstract: in the window guidance at the end of 2007, the central Bank introced credit limit control in essence, which led to some criticism of public opinion, and even was denounced as & quot; by some authoritative academics; The return of planning system & quot; And & quot; The retrogression of market reform
among the monetary policies in 2008, the central bank was most criticized at the end of last year; Window guide & quot; However, from the point of view of whether the regulatory objectives and policy instruments match, the current central bank's credit limit management is not suitable; Money and credit are both stable; Of course, we should also consider how to effectively allocate the established quota,
evaluation:
guidance of China Banking Regulatory Commission on vigorously developing rural small loan business of banking financial institutions
notice of General Office of China Banking Regulatory Commission on further improving financial services for small enterprises under the situation of tight monetary policy
loan interest rate policy
penalty interest policy and its prescribed proportion: People's Bank of China It is stipulated that financial institutions impose penalty interest on customers' overe loans and misappropriated loans, charge interest according to the penalty interest rate, and calculate the interest range, scope and conditions, It must be determined by the head office of the people's Bank of China.
legal loan interest rate: various loan interest rates stipulated by the State Council and the people's Bank of China authorized by the State Council.
floating interest rate: the financial structure is within the floating range stipulated by the head office of the people's Bank of China, The loan interest rate is determined on the basis of the legal loan interest rate. It is higher or lower than the legal loan interest rate.
the range and range of interest rate fluctuation are stipulated by the head office of the people's Bank of China.
preferential interest rate: refers to the interest rate lower than the general similar loan interest rate when granting loans.
Loan Policy
serving residents
serving agriculture, rural areas
serving small and medium-sized enterprises < br />" Postal savings institutions at all levels must strictly abide by national laws and regulations and implement national instrial policies in handling small loan business< According to the report of Zhengzhou evening news, on November 10, 18 small and medium-sized enterprises in Zhengzhou held a meeting with municipal commercial banks; Meeting & quot;, The person in charge of small and medium-sized enterprises are in succession; Volunteer;, Actively introce projects to banks. Bank staff also take the initiative & quot; Take over;, We explained the service and credit policy patiently, and reached a loan intention of nearly 300 million yuan on site.
[comments]
Loan principle: it is a guideline that must be followed in the process of loan issuance and recovery. It is the concrete embodiment of credit policy, and has a strong binding effect in the whole process of commercial bank's loan approval, issuance and recovery.
bank loan principle
security, Liquidity and efficiency
the principle of lending according to law
the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith
the principle of fair competition and close cooperation
Article 4 the design of small loan procts shall be implemented & quot; Small fast loan, zero repayment of whole loan, paid use, sustainable development & quot;
with & quot; Small amount, flow, dispersion & quot; As the basic credit principle,
take & quot; Safety, liquidity, efficiency & quot; For business principles.
--- measures for the administration of small loan business of Postal Savings Bank of China (for Trial Implementation)
commercial bank loans & quot; Three principles & quot; Interpretation of
--- security principle
concept
the security principle of loan refers to the allocation and use of loan to ensure that the principal and interest of loan will not be lost.
& quot; Security & quot; There are two meanings here:
one: as a trusted borrower, it should ensure that the principal and interest of the loan will not be lost in the process of using the loan< Second, banks should ensure that the issuance or distribution of loans will not be threatened or affected by losses when deposits are withdrawn
commercial bank loans & quot; Three principles & quot; Interpretation of
--- liquidity principle
concept
the liquidity principle of loan refers to the bank's ability to convert loan assets into cash with minimum loss or no loss.
first, in all assets and liabilities, commercial banks should always maintain the ability to pay liabilities in time, and establish the second reserve system according to the situation< The second is to require the borrowing enterprises to maintain the ability of cash flow in the whole process of asset operation, so as to ensure the timely repayment of bank loans; Three principles & quot; Unscrambling
--- efficiency principle
concept
the efficiency principle of loan means that the allocation and use of loan must achieve the maximum income or utility with the minimum loan input or cost.
bank credit should first consider the economic benefits of the bank itself, but also consider the benefits of enterprise customers and social benefits.
security, liquidity, Commercial banks must adhere to the principles of loan management and achieve & quot; Security & quot& quot; Liquidity & quot; And & quot; Efficiency & quot; The optimal combination of the three can achieve & quot; Three natures & quot;
in general, & quot; Three natures & quot; Security is the premise, liquidity is the condition, efficiency is the goal, measures to strengthen bank credit security, concept of capital security, prevention of loan decision-making mistakes, and corresponding capital security measures Insurance, Determine different interest rate levels.
try to recover the capital loss as much as possible.
--- take back the loan with problems.
implement the measures of loan liquidity principle
make scientific decision on loan
--- disperse loan objects
--- select good loan objects
--- reasonably determine the amount and term of loan
--- strengthen the inspection of loan usage
--- improve the use of credit funds The bank should be operated scientifically, the assets and liabilities of the bank should be allocated scientifically, the liquidity management of liabilities should be strengthened actively, the measures of implementing the principle of loan effectiveness should be taken, the correct loan decision should be made, and the loan scale should be expanded as much as possible on the basis of ensuring the loan security and moderate liquidity, Improve the earning capacity of interest margin
strengthen the management of loan use process
--- improve the utilization coefficient of loan, accelerate the turnover of credit funds.
pay attention to the assessment of economic benefits of loan
--- enterprises should try their best to save the use of funds, rece the occupation of funds, and improve the output level of loan
--- under the guidance of national macroeconomic policies, put in loans reasonably; Supporting the good and limiting the bad;, Improve the profitability of loans, Improve the ability of loan to increase national income.
relationship between loan policy and loan principle
basic knowledge of bank credit
overview of bank credit
Loan Policy and principle
basic elements of loan
loan procere
loan management system
basic elements of loan
types of loan
term of loan
interest rate of loan
development of credit business General provisions
according to the economic responsibility of the lender,
1. Self operated loan
the loan that the lender raises funds in a legal way and issues independently. The risk is borne by the loan
person, and the lender recovers the principal and interest.
2. Entrusted loan
government departments, enterprises, institutions and indivials provide funds to the bank, and specify the loan object, purpose and amount, The characteristics of the loan are as follows: 1. The bank issues and manages the loan according to the client's wishes.
2. The income of the loan belongs to the client, and the bank charges the handling fee, and the risk is borne by the client.
types of loan
according to the term, the short-term loan
the loan with a term of less than one year (including one year), The characteristics of short-term loans are: relatively flexible, short term, strong liquidity, fast turnover and large demand.
medium-term loans are: more than 1 year (excluding 1 year) and less than 5 years (including 5 years).
3 long-term loans are: large quantity, long cycle, It needs repayment by installments.
according to the guarantee degree of the loan,
credit loan --- the loan issued with the credit of the borrower.
the characteristics of credit loan: simple proceres, no need to provide any guarantee; It is suitable for those with close relationship between banks and enterprises; Guaranteed loan is a loan with people and things as guarantee for repayment.
guaranteed loan: a loan with the third party's assets and reputation as guarantee for repayment. If the debtor fails to repay at maturity, The guarantor shall be responsible for repayment. (general guarantee liability and joint and several liability guarantee).
mortgage loan: a loan whose repayment is guaranteed by the property of the borrower or a third party. If the customer fails to repay at maturity, the principal and interest of the loan will be offset by the price after the disposal of the mortgaged property.
mortgage loan: the repayment is guaranteed by the movable property and rights of the borrower or a third party
overview of bank credit
bank credit
refers to the credit behavior that commercial banks and other financial institutions lend money to borrowers according to the agreed conditions and recover the principal and interest at maturity.
key points
it is carried out with banks as intermediary, which is different from national credit, commercial credit and private credit.
specifically refers to money lending, Instead of physical loan.
it is conditional on interest repayment.
the content of bank credit is listed publicly and has the operating conditions. - - financial institutions approved by the CBRC accept the money deposit of the public and become the debtors of the public.
* provide financing loans for the people who are short of money.
* provide other services besides deposit and loan services for the public, Such as transfer settlement.
key points:
banks act as both creditors and debtors.
banks first absorb funds, raise funds, and then use funds to make loans, The movement of credit funds is different from the previous use of postal savings funds.
the process of the movement of bank credit funds
absorbing deposits
issuing loans
recovering loans
repaying the principal and interest of depositors
the requirements of the movement of bank credit funds
implementing the principles of commercial credit.
--- banks must pay attention to the safety and efficiency of funds, Liquidity.
--- interest repayment, And the loan interest rate is higher than the deposit interest rate.
combined with the operation of national economy.
the origin and development trend of bank credit
the origin of bank loan
the development of bank loan:
- asset management stage
- real bill theory
- Asset convertibility theory
- expected income theory
- liability management stage
- asset liability management theory stage
new trend of bank loan asset securitization stage
Loan Policy and principle
Loan Policy: the content of loan policy
total amount of loan policy
Loan Investment Policy
loan interest rate policy
total amount of loan policy
-- it is the national policy of the central bank in accordance with a certain period of time The plan of economic development and the organization of commercial banks, the possibility of raising and financing funds, and the maximum amount of loans approved by commercial banks in one year (or quarter).
total loan management
asset liability ratio management and risk management
control money supply<
news link
credit control is a rational policy choice
time: March 19, 2008 15:20:02 source: China Securities Journal
key words: credit control policy credit control policy
Abstract: in the window guidance at the end of 2007, the central Bank introced credit limit control in essence, which led to some criticism of public opinion, and even was denounced as & quot; by some authoritative academics; The return of planning system & quot; And & quot; The retrogression of market reform
among the monetary policies in 2008, the central bank was most criticized at the end of last year; Window guide & quot; However, from the point of view of whether the regulatory objectives and policy instruments match, the current central bank's credit limit management is not suitable; Money and credit are both stable; Of course, we should also consider how to effectively allocate the established quota,
evaluation:
guidance of China Banking Regulatory Commission on vigorously developing rural small loan business of banking financial institutions
notice of General Office of China Banking Regulatory Commission on further improving financial services for small enterprises under the situation of tight monetary policy
loan interest rate policy
penalty interest policy and its prescribed proportion: People's Bank of China It is stipulated that financial institutions impose penalty interest on customers' overe loans and misappropriated loans, charge interest according to the penalty interest rate, and calculate the interest range, scope and conditions, It must be determined by the head office of the people's Bank of China.
legal loan interest rate: various loan interest rates stipulated by the State Council and the people's Bank of China authorized by the State Council.
floating interest rate: the financial structure is within the floating range stipulated by the head office of the people's Bank of China, The loan interest rate is determined on the basis of the legal loan interest rate. It is higher or lower than the legal loan interest rate.
the range and range of interest rate fluctuation are stipulated by the head office of the people's Bank of China.
preferential interest rate: refers to the interest rate lower than the general similar loan interest rate when granting loans.
Loan Policy
serving residents
serving agriculture, rural areas
serving small and medium-sized enterprises < br />" Postal savings institutions at all levels must strictly abide by national laws and regulations and implement national instrial policies in handling small loan business< According to the report of Zhengzhou evening news, on November 10, 18 small and medium-sized enterprises in Zhengzhou held a meeting with municipal commercial banks; Meeting & quot;, The person in charge of small and medium-sized enterprises are in succession; Volunteer;, Actively introce projects to banks. Bank staff also take the initiative & quot; Take over;, We explained the service and credit policy patiently, and reached a loan intention of nearly 300 million yuan on site.
[comments]
Loan principle: it is a guideline that must be followed in the process of loan issuance and recovery. It is the concrete embodiment of credit policy, and has a strong binding effect in the whole process of commercial bank's loan approval, issuance and recovery.
bank loan principle
security, Liquidity and efficiency
the principle of lending according to law
the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith
the principle of fair competition and close cooperation
Article 4 the design of small loan procts shall be implemented & quot; Small fast loan, zero repayment of whole loan, paid use, sustainable development & quot;
with & quot; Small amount, flow, dispersion & quot; As the basic credit principle,
take & quot; Safety, liquidity, efficiency & quot; For business principles.
--- measures for the administration of small loan business of Postal Savings Bank of China (for Trial Implementation)
commercial bank loans & quot; Three principles & quot; Interpretation of
--- security principle
concept
the security principle of loan refers to the allocation and use of loan to ensure that the principal and interest of loan will not be lost.
& quot; Security & quot; There are two meanings here:
one: as a trusted borrower, it should ensure that the principal and interest of the loan will not be lost in the process of using the loan< Second, banks should ensure that the issuance or distribution of loans will not be threatened or affected by losses when deposits are withdrawn
commercial bank loans & quot; Three principles & quot; Interpretation of
--- liquidity principle
concept
the liquidity principle of loan refers to the bank's ability to convert loan assets into cash with minimum loss or no loss.
first, in all assets and liabilities, commercial banks should always maintain the ability to pay liabilities in time, and establish the second reserve system according to the situation< The second is to require the borrowing enterprises to maintain the ability of cash flow in the whole process of asset operation, so as to ensure the timely repayment of bank loans; Three principles & quot; Unscrambling
--- efficiency principle
concept
the efficiency principle of loan means that the allocation and use of loan must achieve the maximum income or utility with the minimum loan input or cost.
bank credit should first consider the economic benefits of the bank itself, but also consider the benefits of enterprise customers and social benefits.
security, liquidity, Commercial banks must adhere to the principles of loan management and achieve & quot; Security & quot& quot; Liquidity & quot; And & quot; Efficiency & quot; The optimal combination of the three can achieve & quot; Three natures & quot;
in general, & quot; Three natures & quot; Security is the premise, liquidity is the condition, efficiency is the goal, measures to strengthen bank credit security, concept of capital security, prevention of loan decision-making mistakes, and corresponding capital security measures Insurance, Determine different interest rate levels.
try to recover the capital loss as much as possible.
--- take back the loan with problems.
implement the measures of loan liquidity principle
make scientific decision on loan
--- disperse loan objects
--- select good loan objects
--- reasonably determine the amount and term of loan
--- strengthen the inspection of loan usage
--- improve the use of credit funds The bank should be operated scientifically, the assets and liabilities of the bank should be allocated scientifically, the liquidity management of liabilities should be strengthened actively, the measures of implementing the principle of loan effectiveness should be taken, the correct loan decision should be made, and the loan scale should be expanded as much as possible on the basis of ensuring the loan security and moderate liquidity, Improve the earning capacity of interest margin
strengthen the management of loan use process
--- improve the utilization coefficient of loan, accelerate the turnover of credit funds.
pay attention to the assessment of economic benefits of loan
--- enterprises should try their best to save the use of funds, rece the occupation of funds, and improve the output level of loan
--- under the guidance of national macroeconomic policies, put in loans reasonably; Supporting the good and limiting the bad;, Improve the profitability of loans, Improve the ability of loan to increase national income.
relationship between loan policy and loan principle
basic knowledge of bank credit
overview of bank credit
Loan Policy and principle
basic elements of loan
loan procere
loan management system
basic elements of loan
types of loan
term of loan
interest rate of loan
development of credit business General provisions
according to the economic responsibility of the lender,
1. Self operated loan
the loan that the lender raises funds in a legal way and issues independently. The risk is borne by the loan
person, and the lender recovers the principal and interest.
2. Entrusted loan
government departments, enterprises, institutions and indivials provide funds to the bank, and specify the loan object, purpose and amount, The characteristics of the loan are as follows: 1. The bank issues and manages the loan according to the client's wishes.
2. The income of the loan belongs to the client, and the bank charges the handling fee, and the risk is borne by the client.
types of loan
according to the term, the short-term loan
the loan with a term of less than one year (including one year), The characteristics of short-term loans are: relatively flexible, short term, strong liquidity, fast turnover and large demand.
medium-term loans are: more than 1 year (excluding 1 year) and less than 5 years (including 5 years).
3 long-term loans are: large quantity, long cycle, It needs repayment by installments.
according to the guarantee degree of the loan,
credit loan --- the loan issued with the credit of the borrower.
the characteristics of credit loan: simple proceres, no need to provide any guarantee; It is suitable for those with close relationship between banks and enterprises; Guaranteed loan is a loan with people and things as guarantee for repayment.
guaranteed loan: a loan with the third party's assets and reputation as guarantee for repayment. If the debtor fails to repay at maturity, The guarantor shall be responsible for repayment. (general guarantee liability and joint and several liability guarantee).
mortgage loan: a loan whose repayment is guaranteed by the property of the borrower or a third party. If the customer fails to repay at maturity, the principal and interest of the loan will be offset by the price after the disposal of the mortgaged property.
mortgage loan: the repayment is guaranteed by the movable property and rights of the borrower or a third party
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what is wealth value
wealth value is the virtual currency that knows the official rewards to users. Users can obtain wealth value by making high-quality contributions to know, and wealth value can be used for consumption, such as offering a reward, asking anonymous questions, exchanging material objects, giving love, etc
how to get the wealth value
1. If the answer is adopted as the best answer, the responder can get 20 points of experience value and wealth value + reward points set by the questioner, and there is no upper limit for the number of answers per day
2. If the answer is selected as the recommended answer by the netizen, the wealth value will be 10, the wealth value will be 10 for the mobile client, and the wealth value will be 20 for the web version, User recommendation and adoption can be obtained at the same time. If you want to get recommendation, you need to answer questions in detail and correctly. Generally, a few simple words will not be recommended,
3, You can check the details in "my tasks" under "waiting for you to answer". There are rewards for upgrading tasks here, so I won't repeat them
what is wealth value
wealth value is the virtual currency that knows the official rewards to users. Users can obtain wealth value by making high-quality contributions to know, and wealth value can be used for consumption, such as offering a reward, asking anonymous questions, exchanging material objects, giving love, etc
how to get the wealth value
1. If the answer is adopted as the best answer, the responder can get 20 points of experience value and wealth value + reward points set by the questioner, and there is no upper limit for the number of answers per day
2. If the answer is selected as the recommended answer by the netizen, the wealth value will be 10, the wealth value will be 10 for the mobile client, and the wealth value will be 20 for the web version, User recommendation and adoption can be obtained at the same time. If you want to get recommendation, you need to answer questions in detail and correctly. Generally, a few simple words will not be recommended,
3, You can check the details in "my tasks" under "waiting for you to answer". There are rewards for upgrading tasks here, so I won't repeat them
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