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1. China's Gini coefficient has reached about 0.45, which shows that the gap between the rich and the poor is large and the income distribution is unfair. However, we need to understand from the inside, such as the income of the richest 10% of the population accounts for about the total wealth, and the proportion of the poorest people in the social wealth. A comparison of their instry status may have deeper significance< At the beginning of the 20th century, Gini, an Italian economist, found out the index to judge the degree of equality of distribution according to Lorenz curve (as shown in the figure on the right). Let the area between the actual income distribution curve and the absolute equality curve of income distribution be a, and the area at the bottom right of the actual income distribution curve be B. The degree of inequality is expressed by the quotient of a divided by a + B. This value is called Gini coefficient or Lorentz coefficient. If a is zero and Gini coefficient is zero, it means that income distribution is completely equal; If B is zero, the coefficient is 1, and the income distribution is absolutely unequal. The coefficient can take any value between zero and 1. The more income distribution tends to be equal, the smaller the arc of Lorentz curve is, the smaller the Gini coefficient is. On the contrary, the more income distribution tends to be unequal, the larger the arc of Lorentz curve is, the larger the Gini coefficient is. If personal income tax can equalize income, the Gini coefficient will be smaller. Relevant United Nations organizations stipulate: if it is lower than 0.2, it means absolute average income; 0.2-0.3 means relatively average; 0.3-0.4 means relatively reasonable; 0.4-0.5 indicates a large income gap; More than 0.6 indicates a wide income gap

Gini coefficient is an important indicator to describe the overall income gap. Internationally, it is generally believed that when it is in the range of 0.3-0.4, it means that the income distribution is reasonable, 0.4-0.5 means that the income gap is too large, and more than 0.5 means that there is polarization. From a practical point of view, the use of Gini coefficient in the world is not completely consistent. Many countries combine it with other factors to judge the income gap comprehensively. In many countries, Gini coefficient has different standards and boundaries. In general, Gini coefficient can only be used for reference, not absolute

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Urban competitiveness is not only the embodiment of the comprehensive strength of a region's coordinated economic and social development, but also an important symbol of the region's development vitality; The evaluation of urban competitiveness is not only the overall evaluation of the current development level of a region, but also the comprehensive measurement of the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development ability and potential of the region

to enhance the competitiveness of a city, we must rely on the supply of natural endowment, cultural tradition, instrial foundation and other factors of a region, take the situation of competitive and cooperative development with surrounding areas as the background, take the requirements of scientific development and harmonious development as the direction, comprehensively consider various factors, reasonably determine the promotion path, and consciously seek the characteristic development path of differentiated competition, We should vigorously develop modern high-efficiency agriculture, three new agriculture and modern service instry, and promote the optimization of economic structure; We should make great efforts to create "ecological, humanistic and livable" urban characteristics and highlight the city's personality charm; Only in this way can we seize the commanding height of development, win new advantages of development and create a new situation of development

In order to cope with the fierce global competition, the world's advanced cities are making the following efforts:

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Second, improve the business environment and support small and medium-sized enterprises

Third, promote instrial upgrading and realize urban transformation

Fourth, lifelong ecation for the whole people to recruit the world's talents

Pay attention to environmental protection and pursue sustainable development

Sixthly, build city brand and carry out city marketing

Seventh, implement enterprise management and build a service-oriented government

8. Shaping urban personality and cultivating multi culture

the government should correctly handle the following 10 important and complex relationships: expanding local autonomy and making financial power and administrative power symmetrical; The government actively creates an environment for the development of enterprises, and at the same time actively attracts the market to participate in the government's public affairs; We should make full use of the world and adhere to local characteristics; Implementing lifelong ecation for all; Let residents become the driving force of instrial upgrading and share the fruits of upgrading; To promote innovation and Entrepreneurship of the whole people, and achieve a win-win situation between immigrants and local residents; To guide the balanced development of economy and society through overall consideration; On the relationship between cities and regions: promoting integration, stimulating ambition through competition, and sharing external economy through cooperation; Implement refocusing development strategy and develop several rather than one or more instries and functions; Protecting and inheriting the history and culture, promoting sustainable development. Adhere to the construction of business environment and living environment, and build a paradise for entrepreneurship and a home for life

3. The top 10 cities of comprehensive competitiveness are Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Taipei, Wuxi, Suzhou, Foshan and Macao; In terms of growth competitiveness, Ordos, Baotou, Hohhot and Heyuan ranked first, while Yantai, Wuhai, Linyi, Dongguan, Yingkou and Zhongshan ranked fifth to tenth; The top ten of scale competitiveness are: Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Taipei, Foshan, Hangzhou and Wuhan; The top ten of efficiency competitiveness are: Hong Kong, Macao, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Dongguan, Hsinchu, Shenzhen, Taichung, Zhongshan and Shanghai; The top ten in efficiency competitiveness are: Hong Kong, Macao, Hsinchu, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Suqian, Tainan, Ordos, Keelung and Taichung

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