Data analysis of international virtual currency finance
Publish: 2021-04-25 00:50:22
1. Fire coin net is very good.
2. Don't follow suit. The most important thing is to stop when it's good.
3.
As far as bitcoin is concerned, we all know that it is in a virtual currency. And we all understand that, in fact, as far as bitcoin is concerned, many countries attach great importance to it. That is to say, in one country, they will use bitcoin to make a payment for a corresponding company. And for one thing to happen< we can see that for bitcoin, memory is a very good news because in real life, bitcoin is rarely affected by the economy{ RRRRR}
and many people will take a corresponding purchase, which is what we can all understand . Because in real life, the overall value of bitcoin must be very stable. And that's all we can understand
4. Best answer
review points of Hunan Ecation seven years geography Volume II
1. Asia and Europe
1. Asia is the largest continent in the world, and also the continent with the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to West in the world< In the west of Asia, Europe is bounded by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the greater Caucasus mountains, the Black Sea and the Turkish Strait; The northeast is bounded by Bering Strait and North America; The southwest is bounded by Suez Canal and Africa; It faces Oceania across the sea in the south
3. Most of Asia is located in the eastern and Northern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean< Generally, Asia is divided into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and North Asia. China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan are located in East Asia
5. The surface of Asia fluctuates greatly, high in the middle and low around. The rivers originated from the mountains and plateaus in the middle of China flow radially to the surrounding oceans, forming many long rivers< 6. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world, and Mount Qomolangma is the highest peak in the world, with an altitude of 4 meters. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world, with an altitude of more than 4500 meters, known as the "roof of the world". The West Siberian Plain is the largest in Asia. The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world, saltwater lake. Lake Baikal is the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world. The sea is the lowest point on the world's land surface. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest in the world. The Malay islands are the largest in the world< 7. Asia straddles the tropics, temperate zones and frigid zones, facing the ocean in three directions, and going deep into the Eurasian continent in the West. Influenced by latitude and sea land position, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse, with significant monsoon climate and wide continental distribution< The summer precipitation in eastern and southern Asia is closely related to the strength of summer monsoon, which is prone to flood and drought
9. Temperate continental climate is the most widely distributed climate in Asia. The reason for the temperature in Yakutsk and Mum is latitude, while the reason for the precipitation in Harbin and Ulan Bator is land and sea
10. East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas. Countries with a population of more than 100 million are China, Japan (East Asia), Indonesia (Southeast Asia), India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (South Asia). According to the natural growth rate of all continents: Africa is the highest and Europe the lowest< There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for half of the world's total. Chinese culture (China), Ins River Valley and Ganges River Valley Culture (India), Arab culture (two river valley), the reasons for its formation are suitable climate, rich water resources, fertile land and so on
12. The sea and land position of Europe: the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the West
13. The terrain of Europe: mainly plain, low average altitude, little fluctuation of the ground, small relative elevation difference, high in the north and south, low in the middle
climate in Europe: temperate climate is the main type, with significant marine characteristics, and temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate are typical< The first instry is agriculture, the second instry is instry and construction, and the third instry is circulation department and service department
15. Japan is an island country with many volcanoes and earthquakes, which is located in the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. It is composed of four big islands, namely Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and other small islands and sea areas. There are tunnels between Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu, and bridges between the four countries and Honshu. With an area of 10000, tortuous coastline and many excellent harbors, it is very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties. Mount Fuji is a famous tourist attraction and an active volcano in Japan
16. Japan is a small country with limited resources because of its small territory and poor resources. After World War II, with the rapid development of Japanese economy, the demand for instrial raw materials and fuel is increasing, and the domestic supply is insufficient, so Japan's dependence on foreign countries is becoming more and more serious. Japan imports a large number of raw materials and fuels from abroad, and then relies on science and technology and sufficient labor resources to process the imported raw materials and proce a large number of instrial procts for export, forming an economy dominated by processing trade
17. Japan's overseas investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia< The main instrial zones in Japan are Jingbin Instrial Zone, Nagoya Instrial Zone, Hanshin Instrial Zone, setonoi instrial zone and Kitakyushu instrial zone. Instry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coastal strip
19. The Japanese nation is single, and the Daiwa nation is absolutely dominant. Japanese culture has both the traditional color of Daiwa and the strong modern flavor, which is a typical example of the compatibility of eastern and Western cultures
20. Southeast Asia is in Southeast Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay islands. Indochina Peninsula is named for its location in southern China< Southeast Asia is located at the crossroads between Asia and Oceania, and between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Malacca Strait, located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra island, is the shortest route from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It is an important maritime channel connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean
22. The main food crop in Southeast Asia is rice, and the main tropical economic crops are rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana. Among them, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters, Thailand is the largest procer of rubber, Malaysia is the largest procer of palm oil, the Philippines is the largest procer of banana and coconut, and Indonesia is the largest procer of coconut in the world. Southeast Asia's rubber tree is introced from South America, oil palm known as the world's oil king< The climate of Southeast Asia is mainly tropical monsoon climate and tropical rain forest climate, of which the tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in most areas of Indochina Peninsula and the northern Philippines, and the tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed in most parts of the Malay islands and the southern Malay Peninsula and the southern Philippines. Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature throughout the year, divided into two seasons of drought and rain. Tropical rain forest climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy all year round. The main precipitation type of tropical rain forest climate is convective rain
24. In the mountains of Indo China Peninsula in Southeast Asia, most of the rivers extend from north to south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and longitudinal distribution. The upper reaches of the major rivers flow through the mountainous areas and are rich in hydropower resources, while the lower reaches mostly form alluvial plains. These plains and estuarine deltas have fertile soil, low and flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation. They have become densely populated and developed agricultural areas in Southeast Asia. The big cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly distributed along rivers and estuarine deltas< The main rivers in Southeast Asia are: Red River, Mekong River, Mekong River, Salween River, Irrawaddy River,
26. Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world. Singapore has the largest proportion. Nanyang in the past is Southeast Asia now
27. Southeast Asia is rich in tourism resources, and Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand are important tourism routes. Southeast Asia is rich in tropical natural landscape, many beautiful beaches and islands, places of interest and unique customs. The main tourist resources are: the grand gold Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar; Borobur in Indonesia; Angkor Wat in Cambodia; the water market in Bangkok, Thailand; HA lung Wan, Vietnam; and the garden city of Singapore
28. Countries in Southeast Asia are: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, East Timor and the Philippines
29. India is the largest country in South Asia, with the largest population in South Asia and the second largest population in the world
30. India's main neighboring countries are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka across the sea< The topography of India is divided into three parts: Himalayas in the north, Ganges plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south
32. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with tropical monsoon climate (high temperature in the whole year, divided into two seasons of drought and rain, rainy season from June to September, dry season from October to May of the next year). Due to the influence of monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, causing frequent floods and droughts. Kilapenzi is the place with the most precipitation in the world
33. The measures taken by the Indian people to solve the flood and drought disasters include the irrigation system in the Ganges and Ins river basins in the north, and the drought prevention reservoir in the south. The southwest monsoon played a significant role in the floods in India
34. Due to the rapid population growth, frequent floods and droughts, and backward proction technology, India needed to import a large amount of grain every year for most of the 20th century. After the 1960s, the green revolution was carried out. The grain was not only self-sufficient, but also had a certain amount of surplus grain for export. Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India< During the period of colonial rule, India mainly developed textile instry and mining instry. After independence, there were iron and steel instry, machinery manufacturing instry, chemical instry and cotton and linen textile instry. Moreover, India also made some achievements in the fields of atomic energy, aerospace and computer software< In 1999, India ranked first in jute proction and second in cotton proction. Calcutta is the largest bast textile center and Mum is the largest cotton textile instrial center
37. Russia is the largest country in the world. It is more than 10000 kilometers long from east to west and 4000 kilometers long from north to south, covering an area of more than 17 million. Most areas are relatively flat, with long and cold winter and short and warm summer
38. Russia is a country across Asia and Europe. It is a traditional European country with more than 130 ethnic groups, mainly Russians, who use Russian generally< Most of Russia is located in the north temperate zone with temperate continental climate. Oimyakon is the cold pole of the northern hemisphere< Russia has a wide range of natural resources and abundant reserves. There are four major instrial zones: St. Petersburg Instrial Zone (petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, papermaking and aerospace, which is the most developed area of Russian food and textile instry), Moscow Instrial Zone (the most developed area of instry, including steel, automobile, aircraft, rocket and Electronics), urar Instrial Zone (oil, steel, machinery) and Novosibirsk Instrial Zone (coal, oil, aircraft, rocket and Electronics) Russia's nuclear and aerospace instries are very important, but its light instry is underdeveloped
42. Main mineral areas: iron ore in Kursk, Qiuming oilfield and the second Baku oilfield, coal mine in kuzbas< The status of Russia's main instrial procts in the world: natural gas (the first) crude oil (the third) steel (the fourth) coal (the fourth) power generation (the fourth) chemical fertilizer (the fifth)
44. Russia has complete transportation departments, railways, highways, aviation, inland rivers, oceans and pipelines are well developed, but not balanced. The European part is very important
review points of Hunan Ecation seven years geography Volume II
1. Asia and Europe
1. Asia is the largest continent in the world, and also the continent with the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to West in the world< In the west of Asia, Europe is bounded by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the greater Caucasus mountains, the Black Sea and the Turkish Strait; The northeast is bounded by Bering Strait and North America; The southwest is bounded by Suez Canal and Africa; It faces Oceania across the sea in the south
3. Most of Asia is located in the eastern and Northern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean< Generally, Asia is divided into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and North Asia. China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan are located in East Asia
5. The surface of Asia fluctuates greatly, high in the middle and low around. The rivers originated from the mountains and plateaus in the middle of China flow radially to the surrounding oceans, forming many long rivers< 6. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world, and Mount Qomolangma is the highest peak in the world, with an altitude of 4 meters. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world, with an altitude of more than 4500 meters, known as the "roof of the world". The West Siberian Plain is the largest in Asia. The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world, saltwater lake. Lake Baikal is the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world. The sea is the lowest point on the world's land surface. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest in the world. The Malay islands are the largest in the world< 7. Asia straddles the tropics, temperate zones and frigid zones, facing the ocean in three directions, and going deep into the Eurasian continent in the West. Influenced by latitude and sea land position, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse, with significant monsoon climate and wide continental distribution< The summer precipitation in eastern and southern Asia is closely related to the strength of summer monsoon, which is prone to flood and drought
9. Temperate continental climate is the most widely distributed climate in Asia. The reason for the temperature in Yakutsk and Mum is latitude, while the reason for the precipitation in Harbin and Ulan Bator is land and sea
10. East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas. Countries with a population of more than 100 million are China, Japan (East Asia), Indonesia (Southeast Asia), India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (South Asia). According to the natural growth rate of all continents: Africa is the highest and Europe the lowest< There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for half of the world's total. Chinese culture (China), Ins River Valley and Ganges River Valley Culture (India), Arab culture (two river valley), the reasons for its formation are suitable climate, rich water resources, fertile land and so on
12. The sea and land position of Europe: the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the West
13. The terrain of Europe: mainly plain, low average altitude, little fluctuation of the ground, small relative elevation difference, high in the north and south, low in the middle
climate in Europe: temperate climate is the main type, with significant marine characteristics, and temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate are typical< The first instry is agriculture, the second instry is instry and construction, and the third instry is circulation department and service department
15. Japan is an island country with many volcanoes and earthquakes, which is located in the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. It is composed of four big islands, namely Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and other small islands and sea areas. There are tunnels between Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu, and bridges between the four countries and Honshu. With an area of 10000, tortuous coastline and many excellent harbors, it is very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties. Mount Fuji is a famous tourist attraction and an active volcano in Japan
16. Japan is a small country with limited resources because of its small territory and poor resources. After World War II, with the rapid development of Japanese economy, the demand for instrial raw materials and fuel is increasing, and the domestic supply is insufficient, so Japan's dependence on foreign countries is becoming more and more serious. Japan imports a large number of raw materials and fuels from abroad, and then relies on science and technology and sufficient labor resources to process the imported raw materials and proce a large number of instrial procts for export, forming an economy dominated by processing trade
17. Japan's overseas investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia< The main instrial zones in Japan are Jingbin Instrial Zone, Nagoya Instrial Zone, Hanshin Instrial Zone, setonoi instrial zone and Kitakyushu instrial zone. Instry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coastal strip
19. The Japanese nation is single, and the Daiwa nation is absolutely dominant. Japanese culture has both the traditional color of Daiwa and the strong modern flavor, which is a typical example of the compatibility of eastern and Western cultures
20. Southeast Asia is in Southeast Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay islands. Indochina Peninsula is named for its location in southern China< Southeast Asia is located at the crossroads between Asia and Oceania, and between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Malacca Strait, located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra island, is the shortest route from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It is an important maritime channel connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean
22. The main food crop in Southeast Asia is rice, and the main tropical economic crops are rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana. Among them, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters, Thailand is the largest procer of rubber, Malaysia is the largest procer of palm oil, the Philippines is the largest procer of banana and coconut, and Indonesia is the largest procer of coconut in the world. Southeast Asia's rubber tree is introced from South America, oil palm known as the world's oil king< The climate of Southeast Asia is mainly tropical monsoon climate and tropical rain forest climate, of which the tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in most areas of Indochina Peninsula and the northern Philippines, and the tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed in most parts of the Malay islands and the southern Malay Peninsula and the southern Philippines. Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature throughout the year, divided into two seasons of drought and rain. Tropical rain forest climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy all year round. The main precipitation type of tropical rain forest climate is convective rain
24. In the mountains of Indo China Peninsula in Southeast Asia, most of the rivers extend from north to south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and longitudinal distribution. The upper reaches of the major rivers flow through the mountainous areas and are rich in hydropower resources, while the lower reaches mostly form alluvial plains. These plains and estuarine deltas have fertile soil, low and flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation. They have become densely populated and developed agricultural areas in Southeast Asia. The big cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly distributed along rivers and estuarine deltas< The main rivers in Southeast Asia are: Red River, Mekong River, Mekong River, Salween River, Irrawaddy River,
26. Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world. Singapore has the largest proportion. Nanyang in the past is Southeast Asia now
27. Southeast Asia is rich in tourism resources, and Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand are important tourism routes. Southeast Asia is rich in tropical natural landscape, many beautiful beaches and islands, places of interest and unique customs. The main tourist resources are: the grand gold Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar; Borobur in Indonesia; Angkor Wat in Cambodia; the water market in Bangkok, Thailand; HA lung Wan, Vietnam; and the garden city of Singapore
28. Countries in Southeast Asia are: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, East Timor and the Philippines
29. India is the largest country in South Asia, with the largest population in South Asia and the second largest population in the world
30. India's main neighboring countries are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka across the sea< The topography of India is divided into three parts: Himalayas in the north, Ganges plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south
32. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with tropical monsoon climate (high temperature in the whole year, divided into two seasons of drought and rain, rainy season from June to September, dry season from October to May of the next year). Due to the influence of monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, causing frequent floods and droughts. Kilapenzi is the place with the most precipitation in the world
33. The measures taken by the Indian people to solve the flood and drought disasters include the irrigation system in the Ganges and Ins river basins in the north, and the drought prevention reservoir in the south. The southwest monsoon played a significant role in the floods in India
34. Due to the rapid population growth, frequent floods and droughts, and backward proction technology, India needed to import a large amount of grain every year for most of the 20th century. After the 1960s, the green revolution was carried out. The grain was not only self-sufficient, but also had a certain amount of surplus grain for export. Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India< During the period of colonial rule, India mainly developed textile instry and mining instry. After independence, there were iron and steel instry, machinery manufacturing instry, chemical instry and cotton and linen textile instry. Moreover, India also made some achievements in the fields of atomic energy, aerospace and computer software< In 1999, India ranked first in jute proction and second in cotton proction. Calcutta is the largest bast textile center and Mum is the largest cotton textile instrial center
37. Russia is the largest country in the world. It is more than 10000 kilometers long from east to west and 4000 kilometers long from north to south, covering an area of more than 17 million. Most areas are relatively flat, with long and cold winter and short and warm summer
38. Russia is a country across Asia and Europe. It is a traditional European country with more than 130 ethnic groups, mainly Russians, who use Russian generally< Most of Russia is located in the north temperate zone with temperate continental climate. Oimyakon is the cold pole of the northern hemisphere< Russia has a wide range of natural resources and abundant reserves. There are four major instrial zones: St. Petersburg Instrial Zone (petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, papermaking and aerospace, which is the most developed area of Russian food and textile instry), Moscow Instrial Zone (the most developed area of instry, including steel, automobile, aircraft, rocket and Electronics), urar Instrial Zone (oil, steel, machinery) and Novosibirsk Instrial Zone (coal, oil, aircraft, rocket and Electronics) Russia's nuclear and aerospace instries are very important, but its light instry is underdeveloped
42. Main mineral areas: iron ore in Kursk, Qiuming oilfield and the second Baku oilfield, coal mine in kuzbas< The status of Russia's main instrial procts in the world: natural gas (the first) crude oil (the third) steel (the fourth) coal (the fourth) power generation (the fourth) chemical fertilizer (the fifth)
44. Russia has complete transportation departments, railways, highways, aviation, inland rivers, oceans and pipelines are well developed, but not balanced. The European part is very important
5. Chessippie is the spirit of the third layer of the star, and the dancer in the fire.
6. HTC International Electronics Co., Ltd., founded on May 15, 1997, is a manufacturer of mobile phones and tablets in Taiwan. Is the world's largest Windows Mobile smartphone manufacturer, the world's largest smartphone OEM and manufacturer
it was founded by Xuehong, Queen of Wang Yongqing, who is known as the "God of business" in Taiwan, and Zhuo huotu, director and chairman of HTC foundation, and Zhou Yongming, general manager and president
the slogan of HTC is "fairly brilliant" and "HTC innovation". In 2011, it developed rapidly and became a world-famous mobile phone manufacturer. HTC G1, the world's First Android phone, was launched by HTC in September 2008
HTC series mobile phones are equipped with Android system and windows phone system. HTC is also developing in the new vr virtual reality field, and released HTC vive, a vr virtual reality helmet proct jointly developed with valve, on mwc2015 in March 2015.
it was founded by Xuehong, Queen of Wang Yongqing, who is known as the "God of business" in Taiwan, and Zhuo huotu, director and chairman of HTC foundation, and Zhou Yongming, general manager and president
the slogan of HTC is "fairly brilliant" and "HTC innovation". In 2011, it developed rapidly and became a world-famous mobile phone manufacturer. HTC G1, the world's First Android phone, was launched by HTC in September 2008
HTC series mobile phones are equipped with Android system and windows phone system. HTC is also developing in the new vr virtual reality field, and released HTC vive, a vr virtual reality helmet proct jointly developed with valve, on mwc2015 in March 2015.
7. Inflation money quantity theory the explanation of money supply and demand for inflation inflation means excessive growth of money in circulation. As a result, the price level rose and the unit currency depreciated. What determines the value of money? The answer is supply and demand. Suppose the money supply is determined by the central bank. One of the determinants of real money demand is transaction motivation; Nominal money demand is positively correlated with price. Because there is a reverse relationship between price level and monetary value, there is a reverse relationship between nominal money demand and monetary value. Economic meaning: when prices rise, people still need to use money as a medium of exchange; If the actual quantity of exchanged goods and services remains unchanged, or the range of change is less than that of price rise, people's demand for nominal money will rise. One of the trading equations, the equation of exchange, uses a definition to express the relationship between money and price. Money will be spent, and money may be changed many times in a certain period of time. The number of changes represents the speed of money circulation. Using macro data, we can calculate the average turnover times of goods and services purchased by currency in circulation in a country's economy in a year, which is called velocity of circulation, It is the average number of times that a country's money stock is used to purchase the output of the economy in a year; On the contrary, the less
2. Changes in the supply and demand structure of market commodities. On the one hand, commodity supply depends on the efficiency and level of output, on the other hand, it is subject to people's demand for it. Only the commodity supply that really meets people's needs can proce real money demand. The structure of commodity supply and demand changes frequently, so the demand for money also changes. Jaw
3. Price level. Monetary payment for goods and services is always carried out at a certain price level. The higher the price level is, the more money is needed; On the contrary, the less< 4. Income distribution structure. In real economic life, money demand is actually caused by the need of each department to control the social procts or income it is allocated to.. The distribution structure of income in various departments will inevitably determine the proportion or structure of each part of the total demand for money. Jaw< 5. The speed of money circulation. The faster the speed of money circulation is, the more transactions per unit of money will be realized or completed, and the less money will be needed to complete a certain amount of transactions; On the contrary, the slower the speed of money circulation, the more money is needed. Jaw
6. The more developed the credit system and credit instruments are, the less money is needed
7. Objective factors such as population size, population density, instrial structure, urban-rural relationship and economic structure, social division of labor, transportation situation, etc. For example, in densely populated areas, the demand for money will be large, and with the increase of the employment level of the population, the demand for money will increase; The departments with long proction cycle account for a large proportion of the whole instrial sector, the capital turnover is slow, and the demand for money is large; The finer the social division of labor, the more intermediate procts and business units enter the market, and the greater the demand for money; The better the technical conditions such as transportation and communication, the shorter the time required for currency payment, the faster the speed of currency turnover, the less the demand for currency, and so on< (2) micro perspective
1. Income level. The income level of families and indivials in a certain period of time, the income level of institutions and organizations, and the income level of enterprises are the primary factors that determine their holding money for various transactions and wealth storage, and for various business activities. Generally speaking, the higher the level of income, the more assets in the form of money< 2. Income distribution structure. When the amount of income is fixed, the different distribution structure of income will affect the consumption and saving behavior of currency holders, which will have a certain impact on the money demand of transaction and storage. For example, a family or an indivial whose main source of income is wages and salaries has been added other income such as extra labor remuneration, which changes the income structure. This change may change the quantity and structure of his original money demand, such as recing the money demand for purchasing goods, increasing the price and increasing the money demand for prevention or investment; Another example is: in the income distribution of an enterprise, when the original proportion of tax, staff remuneration, dividend and provident fund is changed, its money demand will be affected accordingly< 3. Price level and its changes. This is generally a reflection of the state of supply and demand in the market, that is, when the supply of goods exceeds the demand, the price tends to rise; when the supply exceeds the demand, the price tends to fall. The influence of the market supply and demand on money demand is mainly proced by changing people's expectations. For example, the shortage of commodity supply will lead to the expectation of price rise, which requires the replacement of money with physical goods and the decrease of money demand for storage. Jaw< 4. Interest rate and return on financial assets. The existence of the rate of return of financial assets such as bank deposit interest rate, bond interest rate and stock yield leads to the opportunity cost of holding money. The higher the rate of return of interest rate and various assets, the less cost-effective it is to hold money, which will rece the demand for money; On the contrary, money demand will increase. Jaw
5. Psychological and habit factors. For example, when people's consumption tendency rises, the money demand corresponding to trading activities will rise; When more and more units and indivials are used to using checking accounts to complete their collection and payment activities, the speed of money turnover will increase and the demand for money will decrease. Reference: money and banking
in Friedman Schwartz's analysis, the variables that affect the money multiplier are simplified into two parts: deposit reserve ratio (D / R) and deposit to currency ratio (D / C). It can be seen from the equation that the three factors determining the money stock are h, D / R and D / C, which they call "the general determinants of the money stock"
from the perspective of base currency, it is the sum of the currency held by the non bank public and the bank's deposit reserve. They are also called high-energy money because a certain amount of such money held by banks as reserves can lead to several times of deposit money. Friedman Schwartz believes that a typical feature of high-energy money is that it can be converted (or used as) reserve at any time. Without this feature, it is not high-energy money< Using the above analysis method, Friedman Schwartz examined the monetary history of the United States from 1867 to 1960, and drew the following conclusions: the change of high-energy money is the main reason for the long-term and cyclical change of the broad money stock; The changes of D / R ratio and D / C ratio have a decisive impact on the monetary movement under the condition of financial crisis. At the same time, the changes of D / C ratio also play an important role in the long-term slow cyclical change of money stock.
2. Changes in the supply and demand structure of market commodities. On the one hand, commodity supply depends on the efficiency and level of output, on the other hand, it is subject to people's demand for it. Only the commodity supply that really meets people's needs can proce real money demand. The structure of commodity supply and demand changes frequently, so the demand for money also changes. Jaw
3. Price level. Monetary payment for goods and services is always carried out at a certain price level. The higher the price level is, the more money is needed; On the contrary, the less< 4. Income distribution structure. In real economic life, money demand is actually caused by the need of each department to control the social procts or income it is allocated to.. The distribution structure of income in various departments will inevitably determine the proportion or structure of each part of the total demand for money. Jaw< 5. The speed of money circulation. The faster the speed of money circulation is, the more transactions per unit of money will be realized or completed, and the less money will be needed to complete a certain amount of transactions; On the contrary, the slower the speed of money circulation, the more money is needed. Jaw
6. The more developed the credit system and credit instruments are, the less money is needed
7. Objective factors such as population size, population density, instrial structure, urban-rural relationship and economic structure, social division of labor, transportation situation, etc. For example, in densely populated areas, the demand for money will be large, and with the increase of the employment level of the population, the demand for money will increase; The departments with long proction cycle account for a large proportion of the whole instrial sector, the capital turnover is slow, and the demand for money is large; The finer the social division of labor, the more intermediate procts and business units enter the market, and the greater the demand for money; The better the technical conditions such as transportation and communication, the shorter the time required for currency payment, the faster the speed of currency turnover, the less the demand for currency, and so on< (2) micro perspective
1. Income level. The income level of families and indivials in a certain period of time, the income level of institutions and organizations, and the income level of enterprises are the primary factors that determine their holding money for various transactions and wealth storage, and for various business activities. Generally speaking, the higher the level of income, the more assets in the form of money< 2. Income distribution structure. When the amount of income is fixed, the different distribution structure of income will affect the consumption and saving behavior of currency holders, which will have a certain impact on the money demand of transaction and storage. For example, a family or an indivial whose main source of income is wages and salaries has been added other income such as extra labor remuneration, which changes the income structure. This change may change the quantity and structure of his original money demand, such as recing the money demand for purchasing goods, increasing the price and increasing the money demand for prevention or investment; Another example is: in the income distribution of an enterprise, when the original proportion of tax, staff remuneration, dividend and provident fund is changed, its money demand will be affected accordingly< 3. Price level and its changes. This is generally a reflection of the state of supply and demand in the market, that is, when the supply of goods exceeds the demand, the price tends to rise; when the supply exceeds the demand, the price tends to fall. The influence of the market supply and demand on money demand is mainly proced by changing people's expectations. For example, the shortage of commodity supply will lead to the expectation of price rise, which requires the replacement of money with physical goods and the decrease of money demand for storage. Jaw< 4. Interest rate and return on financial assets. The existence of the rate of return of financial assets such as bank deposit interest rate, bond interest rate and stock yield leads to the opportunity cost of holding money. The higher the rate of return of interest rate and various assets, the less cost-effective it is to hold money, which will rece the demand for money; On the contrary, money demand will increase. Jaw
5. Psychological and habit factors. For example, when people's consumption tendency rises, the money demand corresponding to trading activities will rise; When more and more units and indivials are used to using checking accounts to complete their collection and payment activities, the speed of money turnover will increase and the demand for money will decrease. Reference: money and banking
in Friedman Schwartz's analysis, the variables that affect the money multiplier are simplified into two parts: deposit reserve ratio (D / R) and deposit to currency ratio (D / C). It can be seen from the equation that the three factors determining the money stock are h, D / R and D / C, which they call "the general determinants of the money stock"
from the perspective of base currency, it is the sum of the currency held by the non bank public and the bank's deposit reserve. They are also called high-energy money because a certain amount of such money held by banks as reserves can lead to several times of deposit money. Friedman Schwartz believes that a typical feature of high-energy money is that it can be converted (or used as) reserve at any time. Without this feature, it is not high-energy money< Using the above analysis method, Friedman Schwartz examined the monetary history of the United States from 1867 to 1960, and drew the following conclusions: the change of high-energy money is the main reason for the long-term and cyclical change of the broad money stock; The changes of D / R ratio and D / C ratio have a decisive impact on the monetary movement under the condition of financial crisis. At the same time, the changes of D / C ratio also play an important role in the long-term slow cyclical change of money stock.
8. There are many factors, such as: the country's economic development, energy supply, people's trust in the notes issued by the state, and so on. However, we need to know that almost all the currencies in the world are linked to the US dollar. Every interest rate adjustment of the US Federal Reserve affects the gold content of US Treasury bonds (the prediction and guidance of the future market). As the only financial country in the world (the country whose government does not have the right to coin), the United States is the only financial country in the world, It depends on the people's consumption and the government's repayment of the bank's debt (using the people's tax to repay the interest of the government's debt to the bank). So the rise and fall of money is actually the accumulation of wealth by bankers
the most direct reason for the rise and fall of money is the relationship between supply and demand, The close relationship between gold and crude oil prices and the US dollar is mainly reflected in the fall of the US dollar, where both gold and oil are priced in US dollars, which directly reflects the rise of gold and oil. In the carry trade, what we buy is the high interest currency yen, which is sold as a low interest currency, so the price falls. On the contrary, in the carry trade, we close out the position, the supply of yen rises, and the price rises in such trades are all e to It is the change of money supply and demand that affects the price, which is that the short-term price does not affect the long-term price trend of the currency. If the Central Bank of a country decides to raise the domestic interest rate, it will cause the appreciation of the local currency, and the domestic currency is in a strong pattern. A negative example is that the Federal Reserve has been recing the interest rate since 2005, leading to the decline of the US dollar, the domestic currency, and the sharp depreciation of the US dollar. Of course, this is not only because of interest rates, but also because the U.S. economy is in recession, which has forced the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates to stimulate domestic investment and boost economic growth< (2) money supply and demand. If the amount of money supply increased by the central bank exceeds the amount of market demand, or the rate of supply growth exceeds the rate of money demand growth, it will also lead to currency devaluation. For example, in the period of the Kuomintang, the amount of money supply was too large, which directly led to the sharp depreciation of the currency
(3) macroeconomic operation. If a country's economic operation is stable without big ups and downs, then the country's currency is more attractive compared with foreign currency, and its currency is more popular in countries with good economic operation than in countries with economic crisis. Not long ago, Vietnam's financial crisis led its citizens to abandon their own currency and turn it into the international dollar, or the stronger RMB and Australian dollar. The Dong has also seen a sharp decline in value. This is the rise and fall of domestic currency relative to foreign currency< (4) international trade. Current account deficits and surpluses also affect exchange rates. A deficit means a trade deficit, with more imports and less exports. Then the country must take out part of the foreign exchange reserves or gold reserves to pay for imports. The original balance between foreign currency and local currency is 100:100. Now the foreign currency is reced to 100:80, and the local currency is devalued relative to foreign currency
2. Market factors
are mainly determined by the foreign exchange market according to the buying and selling prices. It is a free floating exchange rate, and the rise and fall of local currency and foreign currency are mostly in the same range. Unless there is a sudden change in the exchange rate.
the most direct reason for the rise and fall of money is the relationship between supply and demand, The close relationship between gold and crude oil prices and the US dollar is mainly reflected in the fall of the US dollar, where both gold and oil are priced in US dollars, which directly reflects the rise of gold and oil. In the carry trade, what we buy is the high interest currency yen, which is sold as a low interest currency, so the price falls. On the contrary, in the carry trade, we close out the position, the supply of yen rises, and the price rises in such trades are all e to It is the change of money supply and demand that affects the price, which is that the short-term price does not affect the long-term price trend of the currency. If the Central Bank of a country decides to raise the domestic interest rate, it will cause the appreciation of the local currency, and the domestic currency is in a strong pattern. A negative example is that the Federal Reserve has been recing the interest rate since 2005, leading to the decline of the US dollar, the domestic currency, and the sharp depreciation of the US dollar. Of course, this is not only because of interest rates, but also because the U.S. economy is in recession, which has forced the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates to stimulate domestic investment and boost economic growth< (2) money supply and demand. If the amount of money supply increased by the central bank exceeds the amount of market demand, or the rate of supply growth exceeds the rate of money demand growth, it will also lead to currency devaluation. For example, in the period of the Kuomintang, the amount of money supply was too large, which directly led to the sharp depreciation of the currency
(3) macroeconomic operation. If a country's economic operation is stable without big ups and downs, then the country's currency is more attractive compared with foreign currency, and its currency is more popular in countries with good economic operation than in countries with economic crisis. Not long ago, Vietnam's financial crisis led its citizens to abandon their own currency and turn it into the international dollar, or the stronger RMB and Australian dollar. The Dong has also seen a sharp decline in value. This is the rise and fall of domestic currency relative to foreign currency< (4) international trade. Current account deficits and surpluses also affect exchange rates. A deficit means a trade deficit, with more imports and less exports. Then the country must take out part of the foreign exchange reserves or gold reserves to pay for imports. The original balance between foreign currency and local currency is 100:100. Now the foreign currency is reced to 100:80, and the local currency is devalued relative to foreign currency
2. Market factors
are mainly determined by the foreign exchange market according to the buying and selling prices. It is a free floating exchange rate, and the rise and fall of local currency and foreign currency are mostly in the same range. Unless there is a sudden change in the exchange rate.
9. When a country allows its currency to float freely, it is determined by international supply and demand. However, in China, RMB and foreign currency can not be freely exchanged, and the decision-making power of exchange rate is mainly controlled by the state. The exchange rate is adjusted according to the surplus and deficit of import and export trade, so that foreign trade is most concive to the development of national instry. There are many factors affecting the exchange rate, such as the national inflation index CPI. When in the inflation cycle, the country has to stabilize the exchange rate and not allow the RMB to appreciate too fast, otherwise, a large number of hot money will flow into the country and aggravate inflation. The exchange rate is also related to the country's economic situation, linked to the US dollar, and also related to the US economy. If the US dollar depreciates, the RMB will naturally appreciate. It is also related to power politics. In those years, the US forced Japan's currency to appreciate through the Hiroshima agreement, plundering Japan. In a word, there are many complicated and uncertain factors that affect the exchange rate. Therefore, China has not completely liberalized the RMB exchange rate and still holds the decision-making power in its hands.
10. And it can avoid the financial crisis caused by the blind development of the third-party payment market
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