The history of virtual currency
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland
on May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Laszlo hanyecz, a Florida programmer, bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC
on July 16, 2010, the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008. The first sharp price fluctuation shows the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund Union Square's US $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was US $112.09 at this time< On May 28, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for its suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99
on November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt. GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland< On May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Florida programmer Laszlo
hanyecz bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC< On July 16, 2010,
the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008, showing the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund union
square's $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was $112.09< On May 17, 2013, the San Jose bitcoin conference was held with 1300 participants. At this time, the bitcoin price was US $119.1.
on May 28, 2013, the US Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99< On November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt.
GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.
The essence of money is the general equivalent. In the process of the continuous development and evolution of human history, it has gone through the stage of physical money, the stage of substitute money, and then entered the stage of credit money. In primitive society, people exchanged livestock, salt, shells and other hard to get goods as general equivalents
in the long history, the emergence of metal currency makes the economic life achieve unprecedented prosperity. However, e to the inconvenience of carrying metal money, paper money became the mainstream form of money. With the rapid development of modern information technology, e-money has come into our life
if the evolution process from physical money to value symbol paper money is the first qualitative leap in the history of money development, then the evolution process from paper money to electronic money is the second qualitative leap in the history of money development
from the perspective of money form, physical money itself is a commodity in addition to performing monetary functions; Paper money is a symbolic tool of value for commodity exchange and a credit currency; Electronic currency is the proct of highly developed Internet economy and continuous progress of bank payment and settlement technology. It not only has the function of traditional currency, but also can continuously improve digital currency
At the same time, the virtual money market based on electronic information is also booming. By the end of 2014, the number of Internet users in China had reached 632 million, including 517 million registered users in the online game market and 114.48 billion yuan of sales revenue, an actual increase of 37.7% over the previous yeara huge virtual space based on the Internet has been formally formed. As a kind of virtual currency with intrinsic value, convenient online trading behavior, low transaction cost, and service providers' issuance, it emerges as the times require
first of all, from the functional analysis. Virtual currency is a kind of transaction medium in the Internet virtual space, which has the function of value scale, but the value scale of virtual currency is different from that of legal currency
using virtual currency to purchase virtual procts and services can only be within the scope specified and allowed by the issuer of virtual currency (Internet operator), and the size of this scope depends on the number of virtual procts and services. If the virtual procts and services provided by the website are large enough, the scope of virtual currency will be large
the currency value of virtual currency depends on the pricing of virtual currency by issuers. When no currency can communicate between virtual cyberspace and reality, the pricing of procts and services is still based on real RMB. That is to say, when issuers of virtual currency price their own virtual currency, they should first convert the price of virtual currency based on RMB
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack
In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:
1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
2
3. The evolution from local coinage to central coinage4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao
5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB
knowledge development:
commemorative coin
ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins
The history of Chinese currency development:
1. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, which has a history of more than 4000 years
there were cloth money, knife money, yuan money, five baht money, Tongbao, coin making, silver, silver yuan, copper yuan, as well as victims of gold and silver, grain and silk money and paper money, with a wide variety of forms and materials, which can be called the world's top currency
In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone five major evolutions:the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency, from disordered shape to unified shape, from local coin to central coin, from document weight to Tongbao and Yuanbao, and from metal currency to paper currency "Jiaozi"
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four major monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out the policy of paper money and issued "Daming treasure note" and copper money However, there was no fixed issue limit and no reserve for Daming banknotes, which soon led to inflation. Therefore, after the Jiajing year in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the banknotes were no longer passable, and the folk mainly used silver and copper The Qing Dynasty copper coins follow the Ming Dynasty system, mainly casting small flat coins. Xianfeng coins are the most complex of the Qing Dynasty copper coins, which can be divided into Tongbao, chongbao and Yuanbao, with different denominations and different money bureaus. Most of the Qing Dynasty's private businesses use silver, small money uses money, and money and silver are in parallel In the early Qing Dynasty, silver ingot was the main currency, and in the late Qing Dynasty, silver ingot began to transform into silver yuan Since the middle of Ming Dynasty, foreign businessmen used their silver dollars to buy Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, etc., which made all kinds of foreign silver dollars popular in Chinain the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, since the signing of the unequal treaty of Nanjing, the silver yuan used for compensation was "foreign money". At that time, China had no silver yuan in its own country, and the foreign money in stock was not enough to offset the sharply increased amount of foreign compensation, so the government of the late Qing Dynasty was forced to start casting its own silver yuan
China has been using currency for 4000 years and is one of the earliest countries in the world
The earliest currency: natural seashells (2) metal currency: copper imitation shell and Qian Kai (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalent in the later period of the Yellow Emperor) 3. The currency of Shang and Zhou dynastiesNatural seashells are still important currencies
metal currency is widely used:
A, copper shell and copper block
In Guanluo Sanjin area, Qian and bu are transforming into metal currency The currency of the spring and Autumn period is mainly flat and sharp Dao Hua (goods): circulated in the eastern Qi State, imitating a proction toolant nose money: copper imitation shell circulating in southern Chu state
Round coin: round hole, round square holeQin yuan Qian: in the unit of two coins, one or two coins have round holes without outline, and half two coins have round square holes
6. The circulation of gold in the Warring States Period
7. The currency of Qin Dynasty was named as long, which was the upper currency; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The Pearl, jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to the jewelry treasure, not the coin
The currency of the Western Han Dynasty is three baht, four baht, five baht, leather and white gold coins Iron coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty: in 30 A.D., Gongsun Shu made iron coins in Sichuan, the first time in history In 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu proposed to restore the wuzhu coin from Ma Yuan The currency of Wang Mang's period: Cuo, Qi and Daquan In the sixth year, Koizumi was issued to replace the five baht coin with the five wrong Dao, Qi and wuzhu coin, and the five big five coin materials, namely gold, silver, copper, tortoise and shellfish, were circulated In the Han Dynasty, gold was the upper currency and copper was the lower currency, which was still the legal currency unit. The unit was changed from Yi to Jin, and 1 jin = 10000in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, there were gold (round) and gold (ellipse) imitating Qilin horseshoe
in the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for rewards and gifts. In Wang Mang's time, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold was reced, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used for rewards
The currency of the Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties was once traded with grain and silk, and the circulation of five baht money was restoredShu: qian
Wu: five hundred big springs, one thousand big springs The Western Jin Dynasty mainly used the five baht and all kinds of ancient coins from the Han and Wei dynasties, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly used the old coins circulated in the Sunwu area after the Yuan emperor crossed the Yangtze River In the Sixteen States, Zhang Gui, the governor of Liangzhou in Hexi, restored the wuzhu coin, and Hanxing coin was the earliest one in China The currency of the northern and Southern DynastiesNanqi and Xiaoliang: for the first time, a large number of cast iron coins were cast, including copper coins, five baht coins and short hundred coins
Chen: six big loans
Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe wuhb, Yongan wuhb
In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, there were five baht along Yong'anNorthern Qi Dynasty: wuzhu in Changping
In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, buquan, Wuxing Dabu, Yongtong and Wanguo were established At the end of the northern and Southern Dynasties, silk cloth was traded in the north of Jizhou, and salt rice cloth was traded in the south of Wuling The currency of Sui and Tang dynasties emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty coined the unified standard five baht coin, which became the unified currency in circulation In the legal currency circulation system of Tang Dynasty, money and silk were used at the same time The currency of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties is Huichang Kaiyuan cointhe Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were in chaos, and Zhou Shizong's casting of Zhou yuantianbao was the most
However, in the Tang Dynasty, silver was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collection (silver cakes and silver collars), bribery, gifts, military supplies and local contributions. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the public and private accumulation of silver graally formed. Lingnan road and Jiangxi Road proce the most silver16. Currency of the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. The currency issued in the early Northern Song Dynasty was Tongbao of song and Yuan Dynasties, which was the same as Tongbao of Kaiyuan Dynasty. After that, there were Taiping Tongbao and Chunhua Tongbao. Every time the emperors changed the Yuan Dynasty, they would recast new year money. The characters are Tongbao, chongbao, Yuanbao, etc., but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing
Tongqian District of Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, jingdongxi, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Liangzhe, Fujian, guangdongxi, etc
Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Sichuan
Northern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Shaanxi, Hedong
Southern Song Dynasty Tongqian District: Southeast,
Southern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Lianghuai, Jingxi, Hubei
< P > Southern Song Dynasty tieqian District: Jingmen, Hanzhong and other placesjiaozi: fully cashable credit certificate, can only be used in Sichuan
qianyin: not used as currency, only used for exchange, can be used outside Sichuan (song Huizong changed jiaozi to money)
Huizi of Southern Song Dynasty: it was initially issued in the southeast region, and later the government set up Huizi library, which completely imitated the method of Chuanyin
Local currency: Huaijiao, Huhui, Chuanyin, yinhuizi The currency of the Yuan Dynasty: the foundation of the Yuan paper money system was laid in the period of the central bank note system. Zhongtong Yuanbao banknote takes silk as its capital and Guan and Wen as its unit From the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the most important currency of the Yuan Dynasty circulated in parallel with the central bank notes In Yuan Dynasty, the circulation of silver was strictly prohibited, but there were many uses among the people Silver coins: silver coins were proced in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in the form of silver ingots and silver ingots. After the Opium War, in order to deal with the inflow of Western Silver, the Qing government made its own silver. In the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Guangxu Yuanbao, also known as "Longyang", was minted, which was divided into single dragon and double dragon, as well as silver coins with the bust of Emperor Guangxu In modern times, copper coins changed from coin making to copper yuan and silver coins from silver to silver yuan (the earliest foreign silver coin flowing into China was Spanish silver yuan, which Zhang Zhidong asked to set up a bureau in Guangdong to cast silver yuan in the 13th year of Guangxu, and was officially approved in the 16th year of Guangxu)sometimes, e to special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they all have different versions of pound sterling,
and can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected outside the UK
e to historical factors, the people's Republic of China has three kinds of legal tender: RMB is used in the mainland, while Hong Kong and Macao adopt one country, two systems. Hong Kong's legal tender is Hong Kong dollar and Macao's is Macao dollar; They are not directly or indirectly linked to the US dollar
New Taiwan dollar is used in Taiwan
each basic unit of currency can also be divided into smaller coins. The most commonly used proportion is 1 / 100 of the main currency, for example, 100 points = 1 yuan
Before the French Revolution popularized metric system, 1 / 20 / 240 system was used for a long time in European history. For example, in Britain, 1 pound was equal to 20 shillings and 240 pence; In France, 12 deniers are sol and 20 sous are Livre. 1: 7, 1:14, 1:25, 1:10, 1:1000 and other carry systems were also used The history of human use of money originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axebut sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of materials used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
After years of natural elimination, in the vast majority of society, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency. Marx said that money is not gold and silver by nature, but gold and silver are money by naturethe early metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established
people in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia minted coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery
The earliest metal currency in China was copper shell of Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is also called Bronze Age in Chinese history. At that time, the well-developed bronze smelting instry promoted the development of proction and the increase of trading activities. As a result, the most widely circulated shell coins at that time were inconvenient to trade e to the unstable source, so people searched for more suitable currency materials, and naturally concentrated on bronze, and bronze coins came into beingbut this kind of metal currency made of bronze is rough in making, simple in design, unfixed in shape, without unit of use, and not widely used in the market. Because of its shape is very similar to the shell as a currency, so most people call it copper shell
according to the analysis of archaeological materials, after the emergence of copper shell, it was circulated with shell coins at the same time. In the middle of the spring and Autumn period, a new form of currency appeared, that is, copper shell wrapped with gold, which is not only luxurious but also wear-resistant. Copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world
20, gold and silver
the main coins in western countries are gold and silver coins, and the subsidiary coins are made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation
since the 16th century, a large number of gold and silver from America have flowed into Europe through Spain, saving the European monetary system and creating conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
With the further development of economy, the use of metal coins is also inconvenient. A large number of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are worrying According to incomplete statistics, since the human use of gold as currency, there have been more than 100 yearsChina is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:
first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China
with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history
with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that half Liang coins with round square holes could be used in the whole country
the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. According to the records of Shi Huo Zhi in the history of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang allowed the people to make coins privately after the founding of the Han Dynasty. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."
in the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency
since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<
in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the meaning of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China
Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a large number of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history
Jiaozi is not only the earliest paper currency in China, but also the earliest paper currency in the world< In the late Qing Dynasty, with the graal introction of foreign advanced science and technology, Guangxu began to buy coin making machines abroad to make silver and copper coins. Later, Guangdong began to use machine-made holes when ten copper. Because of the huge profits of the manufacturers, many provinces followed suit
the emergence of mechanism currency in the late Qing Dynasty is an important evolution from manual coinage to mechanism currency in the history of ancient Chinese currency.
since the emergence of money, its specific form has been changing with the development of proctivity and commodity economy, mainly reflected in the change of monetary materials. From the perspective of the development process of money, it can be divided into:
physical money
refers to the money whose value is equal to that of non monetary goods. For example, in Chinese history, tortoise shells, seashells, mussels, leather, teeth, millet, cloth, agricultural implements and so on have been used as physical currency. However, these currencies in the form of physical objects have certain limitations in exchange. As the object of money generally has to have the characteristics of universal acceptance, value stability, unity, separability, rability, portability and so on, with the development of commodity economy, physical money is graally replaced by metal money<
metal money
refers to money made of metal and cast into a certain shape. Compared with physical money, metal money has the characteristics of acting as a monetary object, which is the proct of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. China is one of the earliest countries to use metal currency. As early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties, metal currency has become the main form of currency. Due to the wear and tear of metal currency in circulation, the artificial policy of deterioration of coins, and the continuous expansion of commodity exchange, the growth of the circulation of metal currency, especially precious metal currency, is far from meeting the needs of the huge growth of proction, trade, finance and other transactions, so the metal currency is graally replaced by paper currency or credit currency
credit currency
in a broad sense, it refers to all kinds of credit documents used as means of payment and circulation, including bank bills, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. In a narrow sense, it refers to bank credit currency, namely bank notes and bank checks. Credit currency is based on the circulation of bills, and directly comes from the function of monetary means of payment. Credit money is the inevitable proct of the development of commodity money economy and the direct consequence of the collapse of metal money system. With the development of commodity economy, the credit system is developing day by day, and the function of money as a means of payment is deepening day by day. Especially in the 1930s, e to the world economic crisis, the major capitalist countries were forced to give up the gold standard and silver standard monetary system, paper money was no longer exchanged for metal money, and credit money made great progress. Credit currency has become one of the currency forms adopted by almost all countries
paper money
the value symbol of national issuance and compulsory circulation. Its own value is much lower than the value of money as a symbol of value, so it is customary to think that paper money itself has no value. Paper money comes from the circulation function of money. Money acts as the medium of commodity exchange in circulation. As a medium, coins will wear out in circulation and become worthless coins. However, this kind of coins with insufficient value can still be used as a means of circulation like coins with sufficient value to a certain extent, which makes it possible for coins to be made into symbols or symbols instead of other materials. Because the rulers consciously used this feature to rece the fineness or weight of coins, and even replaced the original coins with base metals, and then used the state power to issue and force the circulation of banknotes without intrinsic value to replace coins. The forced circulation made banknotes recognized by the society as currency symbols. China is the first country in the world to use paper money. In the 11th century, jiaozi in the Northern Song Dynasty was a typical paper currency, which was printed and enforced by the state. Later, the treasure notes issued in the yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties also belonged to typical banknotes<
deposit currency
refers to the deposits of financial institutions. Because the depositor can write a check according to the bank's current deposit or check deposit, and the check can be transferred and circulated in the market, it has the function of circulation means and payment means, which makes the bank deposit play a monetary role. Therefore, in western countries, the bank's current deposit and check deposit are generally called deposit currency or deposit currency. But the check itself is not money, just a bill issued by the drawer to the bank and asked the bank to pay. Current deposit is the real currency. As long as the depositor still has a balance in the bank current account, he can withdraw it at any time and use it as cash by writing a check. It is the lowest cost medium of transaction and means of payment. In the calculation of money supply in western countries, according to the sign of asset liquidity, current deposits of commercial banks are regarded as cash, and they are calculated together as money supply in a narrow sense
the process of currency reform: Pre Qin currency - & gt; Currency from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty; Currency of Tang and Song Dynasties; The currency of Xia Jin Yuan in western Liaoning Province & gt; Currency of Ming and Qing Dynasties; Modern currency & gt; Currency in revolutionary base areas; Modern currency