The process of currency virtualization
Publish: 2021-04-26 16:20:08
1.
There are four stages of currency experience:
1, accidental barter
accidental barter refers to the human's initial commodity exchange at the end of the primitive society. It occurs under the extremely accidental situation that both sides of the tribe have surplus procts. At this time, commodity exchange has great contingency, so it is called accidental barter
With the development of proctivity and social division of labor, the frequency of barter has increased, and the types of commodities participating in the exchange have also increased. At this time, commodity exchange is the expanded barter When the scope of the transaction is expanded and the variety is increased, the exchange of things is very difficult. Even if it can be established, it will cost too much manpower, material resources and time. The low exchange efficiency has seriously hindered the development of commodity proction Therefore, the general equivalent is a special commodity separated from the commodity world as a unified expression of the value of all other commodities. This is the proct of the development of commodity proction and exchange to a certain stage The general equivalent is fixed on gold and silver.
the commodity used as the general equivalent is different in different regions and periods, which is not concive to the development of commodity economy objectively. Because gold and silver are rare and easy to be separated and stored, they are graally fixed as general equivalents, and money comes into being
extended data:
money is a fixed commodity separated from commodities and serves as a general equivalent
In essence, money is a contract between the owner and the market about the right of exchange, which is essentially an agreement between the owners. I give what I have to the market in exchange for what I need. Money is the agreement in this process, which reflects the economic cooperation between indivials and societythe nature of money contract determines that money can have different forms, such as general equivalent, precious metal money, paper money, electronic money and so on. It can be used as a medium of transaction, storage value, deferred payment standard and accounting unit
According to issuers, money can be divided into public money (fiat money), private money and regional money (community money). Generally speaking, public money is issued by the government. When it exists, it is generally dominant. Private money and regional currency are issued by non-governmental organizations According to the classification of materials, people used different goods as money in different historical periods. It can be divided into shell, bead, stick, metal currency (see commodity currency), paper currency and digital currency. In terms of nature, it can be divided into real money and virtual moneyreference: network currency
2. Currency virtualization refers to the graal separation of money from precious metals in the development and transformation into credit money. Credit money develops from paper money to bank account and credit card, and money is transformed into a pure value symbol. That is to say, money graally breaks away from its value entity (as the result of abstract labor) and value carrier (such as precious metals, bank notes) and becomes a pure value symbol
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3. Currency virtualization refers to the graal separation of money from precious metals in the development and transformation into credit money. Credit money develops from paper money to bank account and credit card, and money is transformed into a pure value symbol. That is to say, money graally breaks away from its value entity (as the result of abstract labor) and value carrier (such as precious metals, bank notes) and becomes a pure value symbol.
4. One belt, one road Summit Forum, 1. the five Session Fifth the 12th CPPCC National Committee
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack
5.
In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:
1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
2
3. The evolution from local coinage to central coinage4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao
5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB
knowledge development:
commemorative coin
ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins
6. Money originated from barter. In primitive society, people used barter to exchange the materials they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency.
7. There was no money in human society at first. Money is a special commodity separated from the long-term development of commodity exchange, which is the natural result of the development of commodity exchange. In the later period of primitive society, e to the development of social proctive forces, the procts had some surplus after meeting the needs of procers themselves, so the initial exchange of goods appeared between primitive communes. With the development of proction, commodity exchange has graally become a regular behavior, the number of exchange is increasing, the scope is also expanding. However, in the direct exchange of goods, there are often difficulties in the transfer of goods. Because the exchanged goods must have use value for both sides, and the value of the goods must be equal. The exchange of things can not always meet these two conditions at the same time, it must require a general equivalent as the medium of exchange. In the beginning, the commodity as the general equivalent is not fixed. It is only temporarily and alternately borne by one kind or another in a narrow range. When the general equivalent is graally fixed on a specific kind of commodity, it will be shaped into money
since the emergence of money, its specific form has been changing with the development of proctivity and commodity economy, mainly reflected in the change of monetary materials. From the perspective of the development process of money, it can be divided into:
physical money
refers to the money whose value is equal to that of non monetary goods. For example, in Chinese history, tortoise shells, seashells, mussels, leather, teeth, millet, cloth, agricultural implements and so on have been used as physical currency. However, these currencies in the form of physical objects have certain limitations in exchange. As the object of money generally has to have the characteristics of universal acceptance, value stability, unity, separability, rability, portability and so on, with the development of commodity economy, physical money is graally replaced by metal money<
metal money
refers to money made of metal and cast into a certain shape. Compared with physical money, metal money has the characteristics of acting as a monetary object, which is the proct of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. China is one of the earliest countries to use metal currency. As early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties, metal currency has become the main form of currency. Due to the wear and tear of metal currency in circulation, the artificial policy of deterioration of coins, and the continuous expansion of commodity exchange, the growth of the circulation of metal currency, especially precious metal currency, is far from meeting the needs of the huge growth of proction, trade, finance and other transactions, so the metal currency is graally replaced by paper currency or credit currency
credit currency
in a broad sense, it refers to all kinds of credit documents used as means of payment and circulation, including bank bills, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. In a narrow sense, it refers to bank credit currency, namely bank notes and bank checks. Credit currency is based on the circulation of bills, and directly comes from the function of monetary means of payment. Credit money is the inevitable proct of the development of commodity money economy and the direct consequence of the collapse of metal money system. With the development of commodity economy, the credit system is developing day by day, and the function of money as a means of payment is deepening day by day. Especially in the 1930s, e to the world economic crisis, the major capitalist countries were forced to give up the gold standard and silver standard monetary system, paper money was no longer exchanged for metal money, and credit money made great progress. Credit currency has become one of the currency forms adopted by almost all countries
paper money
the value symbol of national issuance and compulsory circulation. Its own value is much lower than the value of money as a symbol of value, so it is customary to think that paper money itself has no value. Paper money comes from the circulation function of money. Money acts as the medium of commodity exchange in circulation. As a medium, coins will wear out in circulation and become worthless coins. However, this kind of coins with insufficient value can still be used as a means of circulation like coins with sufficient value to a certain extent, which makes it possible for coins to be made into symbols or symbols instead of other materials. Because the rulers consciously used this feature to rece the fineness or weight of coins, and even replaced the original coins with base metals, and then used the state power to issue and force the circulation of banknotes without intrinsic value to replace coins. The forced circulation made banknotes recognized by the society as currency symbols. China is the first country in the world to use paper money. In the 11th century, jiaozi in the Northern Song Dynasty was a typical paper currency, which was printed and enforced by the state. Later, the treasure notes issued in the yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties also belonged to typical banknotes<
deposit currency
refers to the deposits of financial institutions. Because the depositor can write a check according to the bank's current deposit or check deposit, and the check can be transferred and circulated in the market, it has the function of circulation means and payment means, which makes the bank deposit play a monetary role. Therefore, in western countries, the bank's current deposit and check deposit are generally called deposit currency or deposit currency. But the check itself is not money, just a bill issued by the drawer to the bank and asked the bank to pay. Current deposit is the real currency. As long as the depositor still has a balance in the bank current account, he can withdraw it at any time and use it as cash by writing a check. It is the lowest cost medium of transaction and means of payment. In the calculation of money supply in western countries, according to the sign of asset liquidity, current deposits of commercial banks are regarded as cash, and they are calculated together as money supply in a narrow sense
the process of currency reform: Pre Qin currency - & gt; Currency from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty; Currency of Tang and Song Dynasties; The currency of Xia Jin Yuan in western Liaoning Province & gt; Currency of Ming and Qing Dynasties; Modern currency & gt; Currency in revolutionary base areas; Modern currency
since the emergence of money, its specific form has been changing with the development of proctivity and commodity economy, mainly reflected in the change of monetary materials. From the perspective of the development process of money, it can be divided into:
physical money
refers to the money whose value is equal to that of non monetary goods. For example, in Chinese history, tortoise shells, seashells, mussels, leather, teeth, millet, cloth, agricultural implements and so on have been used as physical currency. However, these currencies in the form of physical objects have certain limitations in exchange. As the object of money generally has to have the characteristics of universal acceptance, value stability, unity, separability, rability, portability and so on, with the development of commodity economy, physical money is graally replaced by metal money<
metal money
refers to money made of metal and cast into a certain shape. Compared with physical money, metal money has the characteristics of acting as a monetary object, which is the proct of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. China is one of the earliest countries to use metal currency. As early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties, metal currency has become the main form of currency. Due to the wear and tear of metal currency in circulation, the artificial policy of deterioration of coins, and the continuous expansion of commodity exchange, the growth of the circulation of metal currency, especially precious metal currency, is far from meeting the needs of the huge growth of proction, trade, finance and other transactions, so the metal currency is graally replaced by paper currency or credit currency
credit currency
in a broad sense, it refers to all kinds of credit documents used as means of payment and circulation, including bank bills, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. In a narrow sense, it refers to bank credit currency, namely bank notes and bank checks. Credit currency is based on the circulation of bills, and directly comes from the function of monetary means of payment. Credit money is the inevitable proct of the development of commodity money economy and the direct consequence of the collapse of metal money system. With the development of commodity economy, the credit system is developing day by day, and the function of money as a means of payment is deepening day by day. Especially in the 1930s, e to the world economic crisis, the major capitalist countries were forced to give up the gold standard and silver standard monetary system, paper money was no longer exchanged for metal money, and credit money made great progress. Credit currency has become one of the currency forms adopted by almost all countries
paper money
the value symbol of national issuance and compulsory circulation. Its own value is much lower than the value of money as a symbol of value, so it is customary to think that paper money itself has no value. Paper money comes from the circulation function of money. Money acts as the medium of commodity exchange in circulation. As a medium, coins will wear out in circulation and become worthless coins. However, this kind of coins with insufficient value can still be used as a means of circulation like coins with sufficient value to a certain extent, which makes it possible for coins to be made into symbols or symbols instead of other materials. Because the rulers consciously used this feature to rece the fineness or weight of coins, and even replaced the original coins with base metals, and then used the state power to issue and force the circulation of banknotes without intrinsic value to replace coins. The forced circulation made banknotes recognized by the society as currency symbols. China is the first country in the world to use paper money. In the 11th century, jiaozi in the Northern Song Dynasty was a typical paper currency, which was printed and enforced by the state. Later, the treasure notes issued in the yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties also belonged to typical banknotes<
deposit currency
refers to the deposits of financial institutions. Because the depositor can write a check according to the bank's current deposit or check deposit, and the check can be transferred and circulated in the market, it has the function of circulation means and payment means, which makes the bank deposit play a monetary role. Therefore, in western countries, the bank's current deposit and check deposit are generally called deposit currency or deposit currency. But the check itself is not money, just a bill issued by the drawer to the bank and asked the bank to pay. Current deposit is the real currency. As long as the depositor still has a balance in the bank current account, he can withdraw it at any time and use it as cash by writing a check. It is the lowest cost medium of transaction and means of payment. In the calculation of money supply in western countries, according to the sign of asset liquidity, current deposits of commercial banks are regarded as cash, and they are calculated together as money supply in a narrow sense
the process of currency reform: Pre Qin currency - & gt; Currency from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty; Currency of Tang and Song Dynasties; The currency of Xia Jin Yuan in western Liaoning Province & gt; Currency of Ming and Qing Dynasties; Modern currency & gt; Currency in revolutionary base areas; Modern currency
8. Monetary system also refers to the international monetary system, that is, the organizational form of international currency circulation. In order to solve the needs of international monetary problems such as international means of payment and international reserve assets in international trade and international settlement, all countries are concerned with all aspects of international monetary circulation, including currency exchange and exchange rate setting, balance of payments adjustment, international settlement system, international reserve system, international monetary relations, international financial market, etc, A set of systematic principles, regulations, methods and institutions spontaneously or through negotiation and adjustment within the international scope will form the international monetary system. The original international monetary system the international gold standard monetary system was formed spontaneously from 1870s to the beginning of the 20th century to meet the needs of international economic relations at that time and the reality of domestic monetary systems in various countries. After the first World War, especially ring the global economic crisis in 1930s, it graally disintegrated and split into several currency groups. After the Second World War, the international monetary system centered on the US dollar was formed in western countries, and graally disintegrated e to the weakening status of the US dollar after the 1970s. The reform of the international monetary system and the establishment of a new and reasonable international monetary system have become the focus of world attention.
9. Money refers to any kind of commodity that can perform the functions of medium of exchange, value scale, deferred payment standard and fully mobile means of wealth storage. It can be regarded as money
money originated from barter. In primitive society, people used barter to exchange the materials they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
later, the commodity separated from the commodity and fixed as the general equivalent became the currency; Money is the proct of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. The essence of money is the general equivalent
the commodity separated from the commodity serves as the unified value expression material of all other commodities. Its appearance is the inevitable result of the development of commodity proction and exchange. Historically, the general equivalent was undertaken by some special commodities. With the progress of society, gold and silver have become the most suitable currencies to perform the function of general equivalent. Money is a special commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a general equivalent.
money originated from barter. In primitive society, people used barter to exchange the materials they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
later, the commodity separated from the commodity and fixed as the general equivalent became the currency; Money is the proct of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. The essence of money is the general equivalent
the commodity separated from the commodity serves as the unified value expression material of all other commodities. Its appearance is the inevitable result of the development of commodity proction and exchange. Historically, the general equivalent was undertaken by some special commodities. With the progress of society, gold and silver have become the most suitable currencies to perform the function of general equivalent. Money is a special commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a general equivalent.
10. Virtualization means that computer components run on a virtual basis rather than on a real basis. Virtualization technology can expand the capacity of hardware and simplify the process of software reconfiguration. CPU virtualization technology can simulate multi CPU parallel with single CPU, allowing a platform to run multiple operating systems at the same time, and applications can run in independent space without affecting each other, thus significantly improving the efficiency of the computer
virtualization is a broad term, which means that computing elements run on a virtual basis rather than on a real basis. It is a solution to simplify management and optimize resources. Like an open and transparent office building, the walls of the whole floor can hardly be seen. Users can use the same cost to build a more independent and applicable office space, so as to save costs and maximize the utilization of space. This kind of limited fixed resources according to different needs to re plan to achieve the maximum utilization of ideas, in the field of it is called virtualization technology
virtualization technology can expand the capacity of hardware and simplify the process of software reconfiguration. CPU virtualization technology can simulate multi CPU parallel with single CPU, allowing a platform to run multiple operating systems at the same time, and applications can run in independent space without affecting each other, thus significantly improving the efficiency of the computer
virtualization technology is totally different from multitasking and hyper threading technology. Multitasking means that multiple programs run in parallel in one operating system, while in virtualization technology, multiple operating systems can run at the same time, and there are multiple programs running in each operating system, and each operating system runs on a virtual CPU or virtual host; The hyper threading technology is just a single CPU simulation of two CPUs to balance the performance of the program, the two simulated CPUs can not be separated, can only work together
virtualization technology is also different from vmware workstation and other software that can also achieve the virtual effect, which is a huge technological progress, specifically in recing the related overhead of software virtual machine and supporting a wider range of operating systems
there are many definitions of virtualization technology. Here are some of them
"virtualization is the process of representing computer resources in a way that users and applications can easily benefit from, rather than in a proprietary way based on the implementation, geographical location or physical packaging of these resources. In other words, it provides a logical view of data, computing power, storage resources, and other resources, not a physical view. "—— Jonathan Eunice， Illuminata Inc
"virtualization is the process of representing logical groups (or subsets) of computer resources so that they can be accessed in a way that benefits from the original configuration. The new virtual view of this resource is not limited by the implementation, geographic location, or physical configuration of the underlying resource. "—— Wikipedia
"Virtualization: provides a common set of abstract interfaces for a group of similar resources, so as to hide the differences between properties and operations, and allow resources to be viewed and maintained in a common way."—— Open Grid Services Architecture Glossary of Terms
virtualization is a broad term, which means that computing elements run on a virtual basis rather than on a real basis. It is a solution to simplify management and optimize resources. Like an open and transparent office building, the walls of the whole floor can hardly be seen. Users can use the same cost to build a more independent and applicable office space, so as to save costs and maximize the utilization of space. This kind of limited fixed resources according to different needs to re plan to achieve the maximum utilization of ideas, in the field of it is called virtualization technology
virtualization technology can expand the capacity of hardware and simplify the process of software reconfiguration. CPU virtualization technology can simulate multi CPU parallel with single CPU, allowing a platform to run multiple operating systems at the same time, and applications can run in independent space without affecting each other, thus significantly improving the efficiency of the computer
virtualization technology is totally different from multitasking and hyper threading technology. Multitasking means that multiple programs run in parallel in one operating system, while in virtualization technology, multiple operating systems can run at the same time, and there are multiple programs running in each operating system, and each operating system runs on a virtual CPU or virtual host; The hyper threading technology is just a single CPU simulation of two CPUs to balance the performance of the program, the two simulated CPUs can not be separated, can only work together
virtualization technology is also different from vmware workstation and other software that can also achieve the virtual effect, which is a huge technological progress, specifically in recing the related overhead of software virtual machine and supporting a wider range of operating systems
there are many definitions of virtualization technology. Here are some of them
"virtualization is the process of representing computer resources in a way that users and applications can easily benefit from, rather than in a proprietary way based on the implementation, geographical location or physical packaging of these resources. In other words, it provides a logical view of data, computing power, storage resources, and other resources, not a physical view. "—— Jonathan Eunice， Illuminata Inc
"virtualization is the process of representing logical groups (or subsets) of computer resources so that they can be accessed in a way that benefits from the original configuration. The new virtual view of this resource is not limited by the implementation, geographic location, or physical configuration of the underlying resource. "—— Wikipedia
"Virtualization: provides a common set of abstract interfaces for a group of similar resources, so as to hide the differences between properties and operations, and allow resources to be viewed and maintained in a common way."—— Open Grid Services Architecture Glossary of Terms
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