Virtual currency supervision of the two sessions
There is no official recognition of any virtual currency in China. There is also no legal virtual currency
virtual currency is the proct of network, and the flow of digital information in the network is beyond everyone's control. The code of cyberspace is the basis of the operation of virtual currency, investors can only operate through the front-end interface, seemingly "control" the virtual currency. The operator of the virtual currency service organization may become the actual controller of the virtual currency through the control code
bitcoin and other so-called "virtual currencies" lack a clear value basis, the market is full of speculative atmosphere, the price fluctuates violently, and investors blindly follow suit, which is easy to cause capital losses. There is no legal basis for the establishment of various so-called "currency" trading platforms in China P>
the establishment of all kinds of bitcoin trading places has neither been approved nor supervised. To enlarge the scale of transactions, it is necessary to provide leveraged transactions such as financing and melting coins, which has aggravated the price shocks and bubbles. The public has participated in such transactions without any legal protection. p>
extended information:
virtual currency is not issued by the monetary authority, does not have monetary attributes such as compensatory and mandatory, does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot be used as currency in the market. In essence, the issuance and financing of virtual currency is a kind of illegal public financing without approval. It is suspected of illegal sale of token tickets, illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid schemes and other illegal and criminal activities. Investors should not be carried away by "high income"
There are many hidden risks in virtual currency, which seriously affect the financial order. Virtual money pyramid selling breaks through the limitation of traditional geographical space, and if there is a formal company facade as a cover, it can publicize the company on a large scale, and the propagation speed is amazing. If it can not be found and dealt with in time, it will cause great destructive power. In the future, the regulatory agencies can study and explore the relevant business models of virtual currency trading within the scope of controllable risk, improve the regulatory scheme, and promote the long-term regulatory mechanismvirtual currency and electronic currency are not the same concept
the definition of e-money is to convert a certain amount of cash or deposit from the issuer and obtain data representing the same amount. By using some electronic methods, the data can be directly transferred to the payment object, so as to pay off the debt. E-money means that consumers pay traditional money to issuers of e-money, and issuers store legal money of equal value with traditional money in electronic devices held by consumers P>
electronic currency is the electronization of the legal tender, including our common bank cards, Internet banking, electronic cash, etc., as well as the third party payment developed in recent years, such as Alipay, fortune paid and so on. No matter what form these electronic currencies are and through which institutions they circulate, their original source is the legal money issued by the central bank
but virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, Tencent Q currency and other game currency, such virtual currency is mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment. After the emergence of bitcoin, through the blockchain technology to better solve the problem of decentralization, distrust, to achieve global circulation, is sought after in the world. Electronic currency and virtual currency are collectively referred to as digital currency
In the two sessions every year, "I don't like the idea of creating a proct that can be speculated and make people rich overnight", "in the future, things in the form of traditional banknotes and coins may graally shrink, or even one day they may not exist.", This is one of the representatives of China's financial regulators who expressed the above views when talking about the central bank's digital currency and bitcoin, ICO supervision and other topics
"these things can be the digital currency based on blockchain, distributed accounting technology and DLT, or the technology evolved from the existing electronic payment." He said
then, when bookkeeping, adjust the local currency to the current common currency, and select the corresponding account when recording revenue and expenditure. You can query details and reports by selecting currency conditions
the specific rich owners can go to the dig money forum to have a look at the dig money section. The rich owners of dig money all communicate with each other on how to use dig money to keep accounts
The financial laws in China's financial supervision mainly include: Law of the people's Bank of China, commercial bank law, bill law, guarantee law, insurance law, securities law, trust law, securities investment fund law and banking supervision and management law
Financial laws and regulations mainly include: Regulations on the administration of savings, regulations on the administration of enterprise bonds, regulations on the administration of foreign exchange, measures for banning illegal financial institutions and illegal financial business activities, and measures for punishing illegal financial actsregulations on the administration of RMB, Interim Regulations on the board of supervisors of key state-owned financial institutions and regulations on the real name system of indivial deposit accounts
regulations on financial asset management companies, regulations on the revocation of financial institutions, regulations on the administration of foreign insurance companies, regulations on the administration of foreign banks and regulations on the administration of futures trading
Interim Measures for the administration of central enterprise bond issuance, regulations on risk management of securities companies, regulations on supervision and administration of securities companies, etc
financial supervision system is the way and organizational system of responsibility division and power distribution of financial supervision. The main international financial supervision system can be divided into two-line multi supervision system, one-line multi supervision system and single supervision system
Financial supervision system is the proct of the history and national conditions of various countries. The basic principle of establishing the mode of supervision system is not only to improve the efficiency of supervision and avoid excessive overlapping and mutual restriction of responsibilities, but also to pay attention to the mutual restriction of power and avoid excessive concentration of powerin the case that the supervision power is relatively concentrated in one supervision subject, scientific and reasonable division of internal power and division of responsibilities must be implemented to ensure the correct exercise of supervision power
on April 27, 2018, the guidance on standardizing the asset management business of financial institutions was officially released, which is referred to as the "new asset management rules" in the instry
the establishment of major policy standards such as breaking rigid cashing, banning multi-layer nesting and restraining channel business will promote the development of the asset management instry to return to its original source, and the licensees with prudent investment strategy will usher in major strategic advantages
If a country wants to develop its economy, the first problem is money. With money, government agencies can pay civil servants, and various national policies can be implemented. There are two types of state institutions related to money: financial institutions and government institutions
Financial institutions in financial institutions, the State Council is the big boss. He has three financial institutions under his command: the central bank, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and the China Securities Regulatory Commission(1) people's Bank of China. Her daily work is printing and distributing banknotes, regulating currency circulation and guiding banking business. Among them, it is very important to guide the banking business, because the major banks are directly exposed to money, and the banks themselves are divided into policy banks and commercial banks
Policy banks are non-profit institutions, and the state needs to seek loans if it wants to carry out construction Commercial banks, profit-making institutions, are closely related to the common people, such as the Agricultural Bank of China, instrial and Commercial Bank of China, Bank of China and China Construction Bankthe main management currency of the above institutions is RMB, and foreign currency is also managed by the central bank. However, she gave the job to the foreign exchange administration to manage foreign exchange
(2) CIRC
the people's Bank of China mainly controls the economy by sending jobs to banks, so the institution that supervises banks will mention CIRC, which mainly manages the daily operation of banks, such as banks want to open branches, changes in senior executives, etc. The CIRC also administers non bank financial institutions and insurance institutions
in 2018, the two committees merged the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission into the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, because China's financial model has changed and entered the era of mixed operation, with frequent cross operations among various businesses, serious problems such as regulatory overlap and regulatory vacuum, and some new financial institutions, such as wealth companies, need the coordination of the two regulatory bodies, Otherwise, there will be a regulatory blind spot
the central bank and the CIRC have a lot of business intersection, and usually cooperate with each other, but the specific work is still different, the central bank is the business guidance, and the CIRC is the regulatory operation
(3) the terms "stocks, funds and futures" of China Securities Regulatory Commission (SFC) may be familiar to investors. The institutions that can operate these businesses are all elites among the elites, referred to as "jingzhongying" for short. If these institutions are not managed properly, the stability of the financial market will be affected unprecedentedly. It is the SFC that manages themfor example, if an enterprise wants to be listed, it needs to go to the CSRC for approval. Only when it is approved by the CSRC, the stock exchange will be ready and the enterprise can issue shares
the central bank, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, and the China Securities Regulatory Commission all perform their respective ties and manage their own affairs, which are equal level relationships. They are the national financial institution system
2. The government should have its own department to manage the money, otherwise, how to deal with the tax collected? How to pay civil servants' wages? It's called the Ministry of finance, whose main responsibilities are: setting tax policies, issuing treasury bonds, and managing government revenues and expenditures
Because the Ministry of finance is a national institution, its structure has the typical characteristics of the government Their working mode is also very simple: the Ministry of finance makes policies, the Department of Finance implements them, and the finance bureau implements them The relationship between the central bank and the Ministry of finance is under the leadership of the State Councilwhen the state wants to manage the economy, it needs the cooperation of two institutions, such as "deleveraging" in recent years, the central bank makes banks "tighten", that is, less lending to enterprises, and the Ministry of finance should follow up "tightening", that is, the government should also spend less
summary of laws and regulations related to Internet Finance:
according to the people's Bank of China, Ministry of instry and information technology, Ministry of public security, Ministry of finance, State Administration for Instry and commerce, Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission
the guidance on promoting the healthy development of Internet Finance (YF [2015] No. 221, hereinafter referred to as the guidance) jointly issued by the state Internet Information Office on July 28, 2015
at present, China's legal Internet Finance formats include: Internet payment, Internet lending, equity crowdfunding, Internet fund sales, Internet insurance, Internet trust and Internet consumer finance
in addition to the traditional laws and regulations and regulatory systems and policies, the regulatory provisions specifically for new formats mainly start from the regulation of third-party payment institutions in the people's Bank of China Document No. 2 (administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions) in 2010 (it is generally believed that the development and supervision of payment business is also a landmark event in the development of China's Internet finance instry)
Document No. 221 (guidance) issued by ten ministries and commissions in 2015 is not only a comprehensive summary, carding and confirmation of Internet Financial formats in recent years, but also a programmatic and "guiding" document for the implementation of regulatory policies in the future
On August 23, 2011, China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) issued the notice on risk warning of Renren loan [2011] Nothis kind of intermediary companies collect information about borrowers and lenders, evaluate borrowers' collateral, such as real estate, cars, equipment, etc., then match them, and charge intermediary service fees
a lot of reports have been made on the operation and influence of such intermediary companies by the relevant media, which has aroused much attention. In this regard, the CBRC organized a special investigation, found a large number of potential risks and gave tips
It can be seen that the notice is only a risk warning document for Renren loan. At the inter ministerial joint meeting of nine ministries to deal with illegal fund-raising held on November 25, 2013, the central bank clearly defined the illegal fund-raising behavior of P2P network lending instrymainly includes three types: fund pool mode; The risk of illegal fund-raising caused by unqualified borrowers and Ponzi scheme< On June 4, 2010, the people's Bank of China issued the measures for the administration of payment services of non financial institutions (No.2 [2010]). Article 1 of the measures stipulates that the purpose of the measures is to promote the healthy development of the payment service market, regulate the payment service behavior of non-financial institutions, prevent payment risks, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties
Article 2 of the measures specifies that the payment services of non-financial institutions referred to in the Measures refer to the following part or all of the monetary fund transfer services provided by non-financial institutions as intermediaries between the payees and payers:(1) online payment
(2) issuance and acceptance of prepaid cards (3) bank card receipt (4) other payment services determined by the people's Bank of China
the term "online payment" in the Measures refers to the behavior of transferring monetary funds between the payee and the payee relying on public network or private network, including currency exchange, Internet payment, mobile phone payment, fixed phone payment, digital TV payment, etc
the term "prepaid card" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the prepaid value of goods or services issued for profit and purchased outside the issuing institution, including prepaid cards issued in the form of cards, passwords, etc. by adopting magnetic stripe, chip and other technologies
the bank card acquiring in the Measures refers to the behavior of collecting monetary funds for the bank card merchants through the point of sale (POS) terminals The administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions is an important regulatory regulation for third-party payment< On June 4, 2009, the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the notice on strengthening the management of virtual currency in online games (Wen Shi Fa [2009] No. 20), which stipulates that market access should be strictly enforced and the management of issuers and providers of virtual currency trading services in online games should be strengthened
engaging in "online game virtual currency trading service" business must comply with the relevant provisions of the competent department of Commerce on e-commerce (platform) services. In addition to legal currency purchase, online game operation enterprises shall not provide online game virtual currency to users in any other way
on July 20, 2009, the Ministry of Culture issued the declaration guide for "online game virtual currency issuing enterprises" and "online game virtual currency trading enterprises", which provides operational guidance rules for the declaration and approval work of operating Internet cultural units applying for "online game virtual currency issuing service"< On September 28, 2008, the State Administration of Taxation made clear the tax treatment of virtual currency in the reply to the issue of personal income tax on the income of indivials from online trading of virtual currency (Guo Shui Han [2008] No. 818)
that is to say, the income obtained by indivials from purchasing players' virtual currency through the Internet and selling it to others after price increase belongs to the taxable income of indivial income tax, which should be calculated and paid according to the item of "income from property transfer"
When people still think that digital currency is a joke in the virtual world of the Internet, Mu Changchun, deputy director general of the payment and Settlement Department of the people's Bank of China, said at the third Yichun community forum of CF40 on August 10,
digital currency
Second, to avoid hype before, people criticized the digital currency because it became a grey Swan after being hyped. Wearing the packaging of blockchain applications, digital currencies such as BTC are virtual currencies created on the basis of blockchain applications
Thirdly, we should assiously integrate into the digital currency era from the perspective of improving the availability and the application intention of the masses, the central bank's selling of digital currency adopts a two-tier business framework,the decision-making adopts a two-tier framework, which is also to make full use of the resources, talents and technical advantages of commercial institutions, promote independent innovation and market competition
the era of digital currency has come, so don't go against the development trend. The use of digital currency is an inevitable trend. In this situation, we should assiously integrate the authenticity of digital currency. Although it is virtual,
is exchanged by commercial institutions for everyone, it is also very missing, which is real gold and silver. At this time, it seems that the new pattern and new trend are very critical. Try to do something that meets the long-term trend opportunities and integrate into the overall upward opportunities of the sales market
2013, Robin Li, founder and CEO of Internet company, proposed NPC and CPPCC proposals to encourage private enterprises to go overseas (VIE) and cancel investment restrictions on mergers and acquisitions. Since then, the instry has been discussing vie issues one after another, which has also aroused the high attention of regulators
However, the prospective investment consultant, a financing and listing advisory body, believes that the draft foreign investment law is a great progress in bringing the vie model, legal rationality and investment practicality into the regulatory system. However, for vie enterprises listed abroad, including Internet companies such as bat, there are still many obstacles to return to a shares, such as pricing transfer, tax avoidance, exchange rate and so onaccording to Reuters, 95 of the more than 200 Chinese companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq use the vie structure. This way of holding shares originated from Sina, which was listed in the United States in 2000. Since then, New Oriental and Internet have raised funds from international investors in this way. Most of these enterprises are registered in the Caymans. Tencent technology once counted: in the past 20 years, among the 50 largest family enterprises listed in Hong Kong, 44 of them were registered in the Caymans{ RRRRR}
The ultimate goal of China's monetary policy is to maintain currency stability and promote economic growth
The monetary policy objective is the ultimate goal of monetary policy adopted by the central bank or monetary authority of a country. Including: economic growth, stable price level, full employment, stable interest rate, stable exchange rate and balance of paymentsalthough the central bank can not directly bring these situations, it can make different policies according to the variables it can influence. There are often conflicts between the two targets of monetary policy. Policy can achieve one goal, but it also makes the other more difficult to achieve
extended data:
the content of monetary policy objectives:
the ultimate goal expected to be achieved through the formulation and implementation of monetary policy, which is the highest code of conct of monetary policy makers - the central bank
The objectives of monetary policy can be summarized as: stabilizing prices, full employment, economic growth, balance of payments, financial stabilityprice stabilization refers to controlling the change of general price level in a relatively small range without significant or sharp fluctuation in the short term
Full employment refers to recing the unemployment rate to a level that a society can beareconomic growth means that the economy is always in a state of stable growth in a long period of time, and one period is better than another, with no big ups and downs and no recession
the objectives of monetary policy include: ultimate goal, intermediate goal and operational goal