Give an example of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-04-27 13:03:44
1. If there is no way to transfer virtual currency into legal currency, no matter how it is issued, there is no real harm
however, once it is legally linked with fiat money, it means that fiat money has the obligation to convert virtual money into fiat money. This is very dangerous
because there is no limit to the issuance of virtual currency, once there is a legal link, it is equivalent to the unlimited issuance of legal currency
although QQ coin seems to have the function of currency and can buy a lot of things on QQ, in the final analysis, it is all virtual things, and its essence is commodity.
however, once it is legally linked with fiat money, it means that fiat money has the obligation to convert virtual money into fiat money. This is very dangerous
because there is no limit to the issuance of virtual currency, once there is a legal link, it is equivalent to the unlimited issuance of legal currency
although QQ coin seems to have the function of currency and can buy a lot of things on QQ, in the final analysis, it is all virtual things, and its essence is commodity.
2. Market supply and demand determine the price of graphics card, but virtual currency has little effect. The number of buyers, the size of the factory's proctivity, the rising labor costs of the graphics card factory, and the rising prices of the raw materials of the graphics card will all affect the price of the graphics card
when the supply of the graphics card exceeds the demand, there are more buyers, and the seller's goods are not enough, the price will only rise
only when the goods exceed the demand and the graphics cards are piled up and can't be sold, the price will be reced
when the supply of the graphics card exceeds the demand, there are more buyers, and the seller's goods are not enough, the price will only rise
only when the goods exceed the demand and the graphics cards are piled up and can't be sold, the price will be reced
3. The so-called e-money, e-wallet and so on are commonly used bank cards, including wealth management card, debit card, credit card and so on. Foreign countries have been advocating that one day in the future, we should abolish physical money (to be honest, money is a waste of paper and easy to make fake), just use the identity credit system, that is, one day in the future, we should go out with an ID card, It's OK to buy things, work and make money. Of course, it can't be done now
e-money now refers to similar things. Credit cards and credit cards are actually e-money. When you swipe a card, do you pay? Paid, but there is no physical currency, in fact, is purely electronic trading process, so you may better understand some
Alipay paypal and so on, it is a payment platform, rather than electronic money.
remember which cards in your wallet are called e-money, e-cash
examples of ordering online with electronic money and electronic cash are: Alipay, eBay, block money, and Ctrip Travel Network, booking rooms online, etc. now, electronization is very popular. LZ should have the opportunity to use it.
e-money now refers to similar things. Credit cards and credit cards are actually e-money. When you swipe a card, do you pay? Paid, but there is no physical currency, in fact, is purely electronic trading process, so you may better understand some
Alipay paypal and so on, it is a payment platform, rather than electronic money.
remember which cards in your wallet are called e-money, e-cash
examples of ordering online with electronic money and electronic cash are: Alipay, eBay, block money, and Ctrip Travel Network, booking rooms online, etc. now, electronization is very popular. LZ should have the opportunity to use it.
4. Virtual currency originally refers to non real currency. The first type is familiar game currency, and the second type is the special currency issued by portal websites or instant messaging service providers, which is used to purchase the services in this website. The most widely used is Tencent's q-coin, which can be used to purchase membership, QQ show and other value-added services.
5. Generally speaking, this kind of currency refers to the commodity separated from the commodity and fixed as the general equivalent, which is the proct of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. The essence of money is the general equivalent, which has the functions of value scale, circulation means, payment means, storage means and world money. People create money to better exchange what they want and change the single form of exchange between goods. And this great invention has promoted the development of mankind. Currency area refers to the circulation and use of a single currency countries or regions. Different currency areas need to introce the concept of exchange rate when they exchange currency with each other. However, there are many kinds of western economics, but if you are not a financial major, you don't have to explore them
6. Barter
the history of human use of money originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
metal currency
after years of natural elimination, in most societies, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency
in the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery
gold and silver
in western countries, the main currency is gold and silver, and the subsidiary currency is made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation. From the 16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
paper money
with the further development of economy, metal money also shows the inconvenience of use. A lot of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are troublesome. According to incomplete statistics, since the use of gold as currency, more than 20000 tons of gold have been worn out in the mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothing pockets. As a result, as a symbol of metal currency, paper money appeared. Jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared in Sichuan area of China ring the Song Dynasty
gold standard
the original paper money was based on gold, which could be freely exchanged with gold, and the two could circulate at the same time, and the circulation of paper money was relatively small. By the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy had an unprecedented expansion and development, so paper money graally became the main currency in circulation, but they still had gold as the guarantee of issuance. This monetary system is called the "gold standard"
currency anti-counterfeiting
the problem of counterfeiting currency appears together with the monetary system. In the era of metal currency, the method of forgery was to mix copper, lead and other cheap metals into gold coins. At that time, the only way to deal with this kind of crime was to use severe punishment to intimidate forgers once found
banknotes are more likely to be forged. After the French Revolution, bond was issued as a substitute note, which was mortgaged by the confiscated church property. In order to destroy the French economy, the British government once forged this kind of currency (at the same time, private forgery of French paper money will be sentenced to death). This is also one of the earliest economic wars. During the Second World War, Germany used to forge a large number of British and American banknotes in concentration camps. The records of counterfeit banknotes by private or criminal organizations also emerge in an endless stream. In order to avoid forgery, many anti-counterfeiting measures have been adopted: special paper, offset embossing, watermark, magnetic ink, metal safety wire, UV fluorescent mark, color changing ink, front and back pattern printing (this technology is most eye-catching in French francs), etc. Australia, New Zealand and other countries have also issued plastic currency
modern currency
under the gold standard system, the exchange rate of currencies between countries implementing the gold standard is determined according to their respective ratio of gold content - Gold parity. The system is based on the free flow of gold. After the outbreak of the first World War, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, Japan and other participating countries banned the export of gold, and the gold standard system has actually collapsed
after the first World War, the currencies of Germany, Austria and other countries depreciated significantly. Since then, there has not been a fixed exchange rate base between currencies. According to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, the currencies of the member countries of the International Monetary Fund should be linked to gold or US dollars and exchanged at a fixed exchange rate. This agreement established the international monetary status of the US dollar, and the monetary system of various countries established by this agreement is called the Bretton Woods system. In August 1971, the US dollar stopped exchanging with gold freely, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed. From then on, it entered the era of symbolic currency. Since then, floating exchange rates have been adopted among countries. Some relatively stable currencies or currencies with appreciation potential, such as the Swiss franc, the West German mark and so on
the international organization for standards (ISO) specifies a three letter notation system to represent the currencies of countries. The code name of this standard is ISO 4217
in the currency exchange rate table, we can see the exchange rate changes among currencies in the world in recent years
Chinese currency
the monetary system of ancient China was based on copper coins. Earlier forms of money have not yet been found. The original copper coins were various in shape, including knife coins, cloth coins, ant nose coins and many other forms. After the first emperor of Qin unified China, he ordered the copper coins of the whole country to be based on the copper coins of Qin. Because the sand mold is used to cast the copper coin, the cast copper coin has a rough edge, so there is a square hole in the center, which can be polished and filed with wooden sticks in series. This special shape gives it many symbolic mystical explanations. Some people think that the circle of the copper coin represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "Earth". Copper coins usually bear the year of the emperor
gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Chu in the Yangtze River Valley in southern China used gold cakes and pieces. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty once issued White Deer Skin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton, silk, rice and other living materials were used as the unit of currency (rather than the actual currency) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, silver currency was graally widely circulated. Although the silver in the national treasury and the official silver Treasury is minted into ingots according to the uniform fineness and weight for storage, the silver in circulation is not minted coins, but in pieces. When it is used in the market, it has to go through the complicated proceres of calculating the fineness and weighing. Large pieces of silver ingots need to be cut with scissors, and small pieces of silver ingots need to be recast into larger ones by silversmiths. There are many reasons why China does not use silver coins, but the most important reason is that e to political instability, the official can not provide guarantee for the issued silver coins. At the same time, e to frequent wars, people often hoard silver, resulting in insufficient market circulation to support the silver standard currency system
e to the inconvenience of carrying a large number of copper coins, jiaozi's paper currency appeared in the highly developed Northern Song Dynasty. This is also one of the earliest banknotes in the world. But it is more like a bill of exchange than paper money in the modern sense. The Yuan Dynasty established by the Mongols used paper money and regarded it as one of the best ways to solve economic difficulties. Regardless of the actual amount of money in circulation and economic level, they issued a large number of banknotes without guarantee, resulting in the earliest inflation. The Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty established by the Han people. His founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was a conservative farmer. He believes that paper money is alien and should be discarded. But the Ming Dynasty itself also issued notes called "Daming treasure notes". This kind of paper money is seldom used among the people
in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large amount of silver began to flow into China and became the same common metal currency as copper money. During the Qing Dynasty, silver had become the main currency unit of the country. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Mexican Silver began to circulate in large quantities in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, China minted its own silver coins and set up a bank of accounts to issue regular paper money. In 1935, China implemented the legal currency system and formally abolished the silver standard. According to the Sino US Silver agreement of 1936, one yuan is equal to US $0.265
Chinese currency
China's currency is called RMB, which is issued by the people's Bank of China, the national bank. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the secondary currency is Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Jiao. Yuan, Jiao and Fen have paper money, yuan and Wu Jiao and Fen also have coins. There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan for yuan, 1, 2 and 5 jiao for Jiao, and 1, 2 and 5 fen for Fen. The abbreviation of RMB is RMB ￥
foreign currency exchange
Evolution of ancient Chinese currency
1. The earliest currency: natural seashells
2. Metal currency: copper imitation seashells and Qian Kai (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the later period of the Yellow Emperor)
3 The currency of the Western Zhou Dynasty is still an important currency
metal currency is widely used: a copper shell and copper block; B money and cloth are transforming into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area
4. The currency of the spring and Autumn Period
dishonoured cloth: circulating in Guanluo Sanjin area; Zhou, Zheng, Jin and Wei are mainly flat pointed dishonoured cloth
Dao Hua (goods): circulating in the eastern Qi state, Imitation of a proction tool
ant nose money: copper imitation shell circulating in the southern Chu state
5. Round money: round hole and square hole of round money ★ Huanqiu Hot News Community
round money in Sanjin and Zhoubu coin districts
Qin round money: in two units, one or two round holes have no outline, half two round square holes
6, In the Qin Dynasty, gold was named as long, which was the upper coin; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to ornamented treasures, not coins.
8. Coins in the Western Han Dynasty
three baht coins, four baht coins, five baht coins, leather coins, and white gold coins. 9. Coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty
iron coins: Gongsun Shu minted iron coins in Sichuan in 30 A.D., and used iron for coins for the first time in history.
five baht coins: in 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu suggested restoring five baht coins from Ma Yuan In the second year of Wang Mang's reign, Cuo, Qi, and Daquan were used as currency. In the sixth year, Cuo, Qi, and wuzhu money were discarded, Koizumi was issued to replace wuzhu money, and five kinds of currency materials, gold, silver, copper, tortoise, and shellfish, were circulated
the history of human use of money originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
metal currency
after years of natural elimination, in most societies, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency
in the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery
gold and silver
in western countries, the main currency is gold and silver, and the subsidiary currency is made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation. From the 16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
paper money
with the further development of economy, metal money also shows the inconvenience of use. A lot of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are troublesome. According to incomplete statistics, since the use of gold as currency, more than 20000 tons of gold have been worn out in the mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothing pockets. As a result, as a symbol of metal currency, paper money appeared. Jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared in Sichuan area of China ring the Song Dynasty
gold standard
the original paper money was based on gold, which could be freely exchanged with gold, and the two could circulate at the same time, and the circulation of paper money was relatively small. By the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy had an unprecedented expansion and development, so paper money graally became the main currency in circulation, but they still had gold as the guarantee of issuance. This monetary system is called the "gold standard"
currency anti-counterfeiting
the problem of counterfeiting currency appears together with the monetary system. In the era of metal currency, the method of forgery was to mix copper, lead and other cheap metals into gold coins. At that time, the only way to deal with this kind of crime was to use severe punishment to intimidate forgers once found
banknotes are more likely to be forged. After the French Revolution, bond was issued as a substitute note, which was mortgaged by the confiscated church property. In order to destroy the French economy, the British government once forged this kind of currency (at the same time, private forgery of French paper money will be sentenced to death). This is also one of the earliest economic wars. During the Second World War, Germany used to forge a large number of British and American banknotes in concentration camps. The records of counterfeit banknotes by private or criminal organizations also emerge in an endless stream. In order to avoid forgery, many anti-counterfeiting measures have been adopted: special paper, offset embossing, watermark, magnetic ink, metal safety wire, UV fluorescent mark, color changing ink, front and back pattern printing (this technology is most eye-catching in French francs), etc. Australia, New Zealand and other countries have also issued plastic currency
modern currency
under the gold standard system, the exchange rate of currencies between countries implementing the gold standard is determined according to their respective ratio of gold content - Gold parity. The system is based on the free flow of gold. After the outbreak of the first World War, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, Japan and other participating countries banned the export of gold, and the gold standard system has actually collapsed
after the first World War, the currencies of Germany, Austria and other countries depreciated significantly. Since then, there has not been a fixed exchange rate base between currencies. According to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, the currencies of the member countries of the International Monetary Fund should be linked to gold or US dollars and exchanged at a fixed exchange rate. This agreement established the international monetary status of the US dollar, and the monetary system of various countries established by this agreement is called the Bretton Woods system. In August 1971, the US dollar stopped exchanging with gold freely, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed. From then on, it entered the era of symbolic currency. Since then, floating exchange rates have been adopted among countries. Some relatively stable currencies or currencies with appreciation potential, such as the Swiss franc, the West German mark and so on
the international organization for standards (ISO) specifies a three letter notation system to represent the currencies of countries. The code name of this standard is ISO 4217
in the currency exchange rate table, we can see the exchange rate changes among currencies in the world in recent years
Chinese currency
the monetary system of ancient China was based on copper coins. Earlier forms of money have not yet been found. The original copper coins were various in shape, including knife coins, cloth coins, ant nose coins and many other forms. After the first emperor of Qin unified China, he ordered the copper coins of the whole country to be based on the copper coins of Qin. Because the sand mold is used to cast the copper coin, the cast copper coin has a rough edge, so there is a square hole in the center, which can be polished and filed with wooden sticks in series. This special shape gives it many symbolic mystical explanations. Some people think that the circle of the copper coin represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "Earth". Copper coins usually bear the year of the emperor
gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Chu in the Yangtze River Valley in southern China used gold cakes and pieces. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty once issued White Deer Skin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton, silk, rice and other living materials were used as the unit of currency (rather than the actual currency) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, silver currency was graally widely circulated. Although the silver in the national treasury and the official silver Treasury is minted into ingots according to the uniform fineness and weight for storage, the silver in circulation is not minted coins, but in pieces. When it is used in the market, it has to go through the complicated proceres of calculating the fineness and weighing. Large pieces of silver ingots need to be cut with scissors, and small pieces of silver ingots need to be recast into larger ones by silversmiths. There are many reasons why China does not use silver coins, but the most important reason is that e to political instability, the official can not provide guarantee for the issued silver coins. At the same time, e to frequent wars, people often hoard silver, resulting in insufficient market circulation to support the silver standard currency system
e to the inconvenience of carrying a large number of copper coins, jiaozi's paper currency appeared in the highly developed Northern Song Dynasty. This is also one of the earliest banknotes in the world. But it is more like a bill of exchange than paper money in the modern sense. The Yuan Dynasty established by the Mongols used paper money and regarded it as one of the best ways to solve economic difficulties. Regardless of the actual amount of money in circulation and economic level, they issued a large number of banknotes without guarantee, resulting in the earliest inflation. The Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty established by the Han people. His founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was a conservative farmer. He believes that paper money is alien and should be discarded. But the Ming Dynasty itself also issued notes called "Daming treasure notes". This kind of paper money is seldom used among the people
in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large amount of silver began to flow into China and became the same common metal currency as copper money. During the Qing Dynasty, silver had become the main currency unit of the country. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Mexican Silver began to circulate in large quantities in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, China minted its own silver coins and set up a bank of accounts to issue regular paper money. In 1935, China implemented the legal currency system and formally abolished the silver standard. According to the Sino US Silver agreement of 1936, one yuan is equal to US $0.265
Chinese currency
China's currency is called RMB, which is issued by the people's Bank of China, the national bank. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the secondary currency is Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Jiao. Yuan, Jiao and Fen have paper money, yuan and Wu Jiao and Fen also have coins. There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan for yuan, 1, 2 and 5 jiao for Jiao, and 1, 2 and 5 fen for Fen. The abbreviation of RMB is RMB ￥
foreign currency exchange
Evolution of ancient Chinese currency
1. The earliest currency: natural seashells
2. Metal currency: copper imitation seashells and Qian Kai (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the later period of the Yellow Emperor)
3 The currency of the Western Zhou Dynasty is still an important currency
metal currency is widely used: a copper shell and copper block; B money and cloth are transforming into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area
4. The currency of the spring and Autumn Period
dishonoured cloth: circulating in Guanluo Sanjin area; Zhou, Zheng, Jin and Wei are mainly flat pointed dishonoured cloth
Dao Hua (goods): circulating in the eastern Qi state, Imitation of a proction tool
ant nose money: copper imitation shell circulating in the southern Chu state
5. Round money: round hole and square hole of round money ★ Huanqiu Hot News Community
round money in Sanjin and Zhoubu coin districts
Qin round money: in two units, one or two round holes have no outline, half two round square holes
6, In the Qin Dynasty, gold was named as long, which was the upper coin; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to ornamented treasures, not coins.
8. Coins in the Western Han Dynasty
three baht coins, four baht coins, five baht coins, leather coins, and white gold coins. 9. Coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty
iron coins: Gongsun Shu minted iron coins in Sichuan in 30 A.D., and used iron for coins for the first time in history.
five baht coins: in 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu suggested restoring five baht coins from Ma Yuan In the second year of Wang Mang's reign, Cuo, Qi, and Daquan were used as currency. In the sixth year, Cuo, Qi, and wuzhu money were discarded, Koizumi was issued to replace wuzhu money, and five kinds of currency materials, gold, silver, copper, tortoise, and shellfish, were circulated
7. In the 16th century, in England, precious metals were not enough for coinage, so other metals had to be added to the newly minted coins. Therefore, there were two kinds of coins on the market at that time. One was the currency without impurities, the other was the currency added with other metals. Although the legal value of two kinds of money is equal, people can identify them, store the money without impurities, and trade the money with impurities. Therefore, the good money on the market is graally stored and reced circulation, leaving only the bad money in the market Good money here refers to money without impurities.)
another kind of situation in which bad money drives out good money will happen under the gold and silver plicate system. The gold silver double standard was adopted for a long time by Britain, the United States and France from the 18th century to the 19th century. Since the exchange rate between gold and silver coins is set by the government through law, it will remain stable for a long time, but the relative price of gold and silver in the market will fluctuate e to the law of supply and demand. If the actual value of gold exceeds the legal exchange rate, people will melt the valuable gold coins (good coins) into gold nuggets, and then sell the gold for silver coins (bad coins). After this process, more silver coins can be exchanged than gold coins for silver coins. Sometimes people even repeat this process many times, so the good money on the market is increasingly melted and reced, and the bad money will flood the market and seriously disrupt the market order The term "good currency" here does not refer to a currency with a high unit price, but refers to a currency with an advantage over the exchange rate. Suppose that the legal exchange rate of gold coin to silver coin is 1:10. If one gold coin can exchange more than 10 silver coins after melting, the gold coin is good; If more than one gold coin can be exchanged after 10 silver coins are melted, the silver coin is good.)
this rule has worked since human beings gave money a certain value
back in ancient Rome, people used to cut a corner from gold and silver coins, which means that when money was used as a medium of trading, the value content of money decreased. The ancient Romans were not fools. They soon realized that money was getting lighter and lighter. When they know the truth of the rection of money, they accumulate enough gold and silver money and use those less valuable money. This example shows that bad money pushes good money out of circulation. In order to control the spread of this phenomenon, the government issued serrated currency with small grooves on the edge of the full value currency. If the groove on the edge of the currency is flattened, people will know that the currency is too passive
in China, as early as the 2nd century BC, Jia Yi of the Western Han Dynasty pointed out the fact that "money is stolen more and more, and money is just lost more and more". Here, "money is stolen" refers to bad money, and "money is just money" refers to good money. The theory appeared in the practice of gold and silver plicate system. At that time, gold and silver were legal compensation currency, which had the same value according to a certain price in law. But in reality, the mining cost of gold and silver and the market supply and demand are unlikely to change completely at the same time. Therefore, when gold is more valuable than silver, people will inevitably store more valuable gold and use relatively worthless silver, because the exchange is based on the legal price rather than the actual price. If silver is relatively more valuable, bad money becomes gold and silver becomes good money
in the era of paper money circulation, the shortage of money is more obvious, and the state must have more powerful means to protect its legal compensation. It is also at this time that Gresham's law began to be questioned by some scholars. In fact, without the appearance of good money or the strong government's ban on the use of good money, bad money can not be used all the time
a very obvious example, Chinese mainland at the end of the national government, the French currency depreciated, prices rose rapidly, the people began to use silver yuan, refused to accept bad money. At this time, although the national government could not deal with the PLA, it was still possible to prohibit the people from using silver and then confiscate silver and issue silver certificates. However, the people did not accept the silver coupon because of this. Many private organizations began to pay for rice, and social exchange degenerated into the era of barter
the root of the problem is that bad money driving good money is not proced under the premise of competition. Every set of currency is issued by the state to force the people to accept. Although the payer is willing to use bad currency, the receiver is not willing to accept it. Only when the state can ensure that the bad currency accepted by the receiver can continue to circulate, can the bad currency continue to exist, and this rule can continue to work
in other words, if the state abuses its right to issue currency and plunders private wealth through the trick of "bad money driving good money", this process can be said to be a process of strengthening the government's reputation. When the consumption process exceeds a certain limit, the people may refuse the so-called legal compensation currency and make the currency spontaneously establish new laws through free choice
in today's society, this situation still exists. For example, there are ten dollar notes and ten dollar coins in circulation in Hong Kong. As ten yuan coins are easy to forge, heavy and inconvenient to carry, they are regarded as "inferior coins". If a person has both ten dollar coins and banknotes, he will give priority to the use of coins, resulting in a higher circulation of "bad money" than "good money"< The so-called "bad money expels good money" means that when two kinds of currencies with different real value and the same denomination value circulate at the same time, the currency with higher real value (so-called good money) will be melted by people and exported out of circulation; On the contrary, the market will be flooded with the currency with lower real value (the so-called bad currency)
assuming that excellent man a, inferior man B, and beautiful woman C
from the perspective of resource allocation, the combination of a and C is a happy Pareto improvement. However, the reality is not so simple
male a has a wide range of choices because of his own endowment or objective conditions, and the opportunity cost of "hanging in a tree" is too high, while male B, on the contrary, may be "nothing" and simply "put all his eggs in one basket and fight desperately". In this way, B man in the pursuit of beauty C efforts will obviously be greater than a man, and C woman can only rely on each other's behavior to judge the degree of their love for themselves. He is often confused by B man's admiration and loyalty of "the sea is dry and the stone is rotten" and dragged into the "Besieged City" of marriage. As a result, the marriage competition has come to an end. In Chinese style love, bad money drives out good money. Let's assume that a girl with good qualifications has five or six suitors at the same time in a period of time, or she will meet about a dozen suitors from the time she starts to fall in love to get married. Then, among all the pursuers, the men who are eloquent, courteous and persistent tend to win the return of beauty, while the men who are upright and simple in character tend to be eliminated. The girl finally chose bad money
ring the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the white deer skin in the forbidden court was made into coins, and the value of a piece of white deer skin was set at 400000, which was sold to the royal family by force. In Europe, for the gold and copper coins minted by the government, some people always try to get some scraps from the edge, which reces the real value of the currency. However, because they are legal tender, they can still circulate. In short, in every large-scale case of bad money expelling good money, we can see the shadow of "legal tender". twelve
another kind of situation in which bad money drives out good money will happen under the gold and silver plicate system. The gold silver double standard was adopted for a long time by Britain, the United States and France from the 18th century to the 19th century. Since the exchange rate between gold and silver coins is set by the government through law, it will remain stable for a long time, but the relative price of gold and silver in the market will fluctuate e to the law of supply and demand. If the actual value of gold exceeds the legal exchange rate, people will melt the valuable gold coins (good coins) into gold nuggets, and then sell the gold for silver coins (bad coins). After this process, more silver coins can be exchanged than gold coins for silver coins. Sometimes people even repeat this process many times, so the good money on the market is increasingly melted and reced, and the bad money will flood the market and seriously disrupt the market order The term "good currency" here does not refer to a currency with a high unit price, but refers to a currency with an advantage over the exchange rate. Suppose that the legal exchange rate of gold coin to silver coin is 1:10. If one gold coin can exchange more than 10 silver coins after melting, the gold coin is good; If more than one gold coin can be exchanged after 10 silver coins are melted, the silver coin is good.)
this rule has worked since human beings gave money a certain value
back in ancient Rome, people used to cut a corner from gold and silver coins, which means that when money was used as a medium of trading, the value content of money decreased. The ancient Romans were not fools. They soon realized that money was getting lighter and lighter. When they know the truth of the rection of money, they accumulate enough gold and silver money and use those less valuable money. This example shows that bad money pushes good money out of circulation. In order to control the spread of this phenomenon, the government issued serrated currency with small grooves on the edge of the full value currency. If the groove on the edge of the currency is flattened, people will know that the currency is too passive
in China, as early as the 2nd century BC, Jia Yi of the Western Han Dynasty pointed out the fact that "money is stolen more and more, and money is just lost more and more". Here, "money is stolen" refers to bad money, and "money is just money" refers to good money. The theory appeared in the practice of gold and silver plicate system. At that time, gold and silver were legal compensation currency, which had the same value according to a certain price in law. But in reality, the mining cost of gold and silver and the market supply and demand are unlikely to change completely at the same time. Therefore, when gold is more valuable than silver, people will inevitably store more valuable gold and use relatively worthless silver, because the exchange is based on the legal price rather than the actual price. If silver is relatively more valuable, bad money becomes gold and silver becomes good money
in the era of paper money circulation, the shortage of money is more obvious, and the state must have more powerful means to protect its legal compensation. It is also at this time that Gresham's law began to be questioned by some scholars. In fact, without the appearance of good money or the strong government's ban on the use of good money, bad money can not be used all the time
a very obvious example, Chinese mainland at the end of the national government, the French currency depreciated, prices rose rapidly, the people began to use silver yuan, refused to accept bad money. At this time, although the national government could not deal with the PLA, it was still possible to prohibit the people from using silver and then confiscate silver and issue silver certificates. However, the people did not accept the silver coupon because of this. Many private organizations began to pay for rice, and social exchange degenerated into the era of barter
the root of the problem is that bad money driving good money is not proced under the premise of competition. Every set of currency is issued by the state to force the people to accept. Although the payer is willing to use bad currency, the receiver is not willing to accept it. Only when the state can ensure that the bad currency accepted by the receiver can continue to circulate, can the bad currency continue to exist, and this rule can continue to work
in other words, if the state abuses its right to issue currency and plunders private wealth through the trick of "bad money driving good money", this process can be said to be a process of strengthening the government's reputation. When the consumption process exceeds a certain limit, the people may refuse the so-called legal compensation currency and make the currency spontaneously establish new laws through free choice
in today's society, this situation still exists. For example, there are ten dollar notes and ten dollar coins in circulation in Hong Kong. As ten yuan coins are easy to forge, heavy and inconvenient to carry, they are regarded as "inferior coins". If a person has both ten dollar coins and banknotes, he will give priority to the use of coins, resulting in a higher circulation of "bad money" than "good money"< The so-called "bad money expels good money" means that when two kinds of currencies with different real value and the same denomination value circulate at the same time, the currency with higher real value (so-called good money) will be melted by people and exported out of circulation; On the contrary, the market will be flooded with the currency with lower real value (the so-called bad currency)
assuming that excellent man a, inferior man B, and beautiful woman C
from the perspective of resource allocation, the combination of a and C is a happy Pareto improvement. However, the reality is not so simple
male a has a wide range of choices because of his own endowment or objective conditions, and the opportunity cost of "hanging in a tree" is too high, while male B, on the contrary, may be "nothing" and simply "put all his eggs in one basket and fight desperately". In this way, B man in the pursuit of beauty C efforts will obviously be greater than a man, and C woman can only rely on each other's behavior to judge the degree of their love for themselves. He is often confused by B man's admiration and loyalty of "the sea is dry and the stone is rotten" and dragged into the "Besieged City" of marriage. As a result, the marriage competition has come to an end. In Chinese style love, bad money drives out good money. Let's assume that a girl with good qualifications has five or six suitors at the same time in a period of time, or she will meet about a dozen suitors from the time she starts to fall in love to get married. Then, among all the pursuers, the men who are eloquent, courteous and persistent tend to win the return of beauty, while the men who are upright and simple in character tend to be eliminated. The girl finally chose bad money
ring the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the white deer skin in the forbidden court was made into coins, and the value of a piece of white deer skin was set at 400000, which was sold to the royal family by force. In Europe, for the gold and copper coins minted by the government, some people always try to get some scraps from the edge, which reces the real value of the currency. However, because they are legal tender, they can still circulate. In short, in every large-scale case of bad money expelling good money, we can see the shadow of "legal tender". twelve
8.
Monetary function is the embodiment of the essence of money. Under the condition of developed commodity economy, money has five functions: value scale, circulation means, storage means, payment means and world money
The five functions of money are graally formed with the development of commodity economy. Among them, the value scale and circulation means are the most basic functions of money. Money is first used as a value scale to measure whether a commodity has value and how much value it has, and then used as a circulation means to realize the value of commodityvalue scale -- the function of money to express the value of goods and measure the value of goods
money performs the function of value measurement, that is, showing the value of all goods as a certain currency, because money itself is a valuable commodity
Means of circulation: in commodity circulation, money acts as the medium of commodity exchange The circulation function of money is developed in commodity exchange. Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange took the form of direct exchange 
extended data:
world currency
meaning: when money plays a role as a general equivalent in the world market, we call it world currency. As a world currency, it must have full value, be a precious metal block, and play its role according to its actual weight. In fact, it is gold and silver that play the role of world currency. Paper money cannot be used as world currency
function: purchase foreign goods in the world market and pay the balance of payments. The need for real money, as a representative of social wealth, is generated when countries transfer from one country to another
Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange was a direct exchange. After the emergence of money, it plays a medium role in the commodity exchange relationship. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is commodity circulation, which is composed of two processes: commodity to currency (w-g) and currency to commodity (G-W). The stage of w-g selling is the first form change of commoditythis stage is very important and difficult to realize. Because if the commodity can not be sold and the original commodity form can not be converted into currency form, the use value and value of the commodity can not be realized, and the owner of the commodity may go bankrupt. G-W is the buying stage, which is the second form change of goods. Since money is the general equivalent of all goods, if there are enough goods, money can buy goods. This stage is relatively easy to achieve
As a medium of exchange, currency functions as a means of circulation in commodity circulation, breaking the restrictions of direct barter and local exchange, expanding the variety, quantity and geographical scope of commodity exchange, thus promoting the development of commodity exchange and commodity proction9. Currency is the most common equivalent issued by a country or group of countries for commodity circulation, value measurement, transaction or transfer payment. That is to say, money is a special commodity that acts as a general equivalent
cash, the so-called currency, refers to the medium of exchange that can be put into circulation immediately. It is generally acceptable and can be used to purchase goods, goods, services or repay debts immediately. It is the most circulating asset in an enterprise
cash must be money, and money is not necessarily cash.
cash, the so-called currency, refers to the medium of exchange that can be put into circulation immediately. It is generally acceptable and can be used to purchase goods, goods, services or repay debts immediately. It is the most circulating asset in an enterprise
cash must be money, and money is not necessarily cash.
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